Transportation

2. 0
Eng . Ramy Adel
 00

Introduction
Qoutes
Transportation is the center of the
world! It is the glue of our daily
lives. When it goes well, we
don't see it. When it goes
wrong, it negatively colors our
day, makes us feel angry and
impotent, curtails our
possibilities.
 Out Lines

01 05

Geometric design Traffic control

02 04

Pavement design
Transportation planning
 01
Transportation
planning
 Transportation planning
• Outlines :
• Highway Capacity & Level of services

• Traffic Flow Relationships

 Transportation planning
Highway Capacity & Level of services

• Definitions :

• Capacity :

• The capacity of a facility is the maximum hourly rate

at which persons or vehicles reasonably can be expected
to traverse a point or a uniform section of a lane
or roadway during a given time period under prevailing
roadway, traffic, and control conditions.

• Level of Service

• Measures how well the traffic moves along the road way

• Rating scale A-F indicate best to worst operation

 Transportation planning
Measuring traffic volume in a certain road in a given period
 Transportation planning
• Basic Freeway Segment Characteristics 2 miles

• Minimum interchange spacing 2 miles

L ≥ 6 ft
• Only passenger cars

• Lane widths ≥ 12 feet W ≥ 12 ft

• Lateral obstructions ≥ 6 ft from roadway edge

• regular traffic
• Road Ramp

• a short section of road that allows vehicles to enter or exit

a controlled-access highway
• Lateral Road clearance

• the lateral offset distance from the edge of the traveled way
 Transportation planning

Factors Influencing LOS

Speed Flow rate Density

 Transportation planning
• Operational Analysis steps

• Speed :

• As the speed affects L.O.S for roads we need to determine the Flow Free Speed (FFS)

• FFS:

• a term used to describe the average speed that a driver would travel if there were no congestion

• Using certain reduction factors based on road status we can calculate the actual Flow Speed

• Equation used :

• .

• the value of FFS should be rounded to the nearest 5 mi/h

 Transportation planning
FSS parameters

Base Speed Reduction Factors based on road status

BFFS FLW FRLC TRD

BFFS: base free flow TRD: total ramp density

speed of basic freeway (ramps/mi)
segment (mph) “ No of ramps in one mile
*default is 75.4 mph “

FLW : Factor for lane width FRLC : Factor for Right lateral Clearance @ road side
Average lane width is given Average lane width is given
 Transportation planning
• Flow rate (Vp) :

• Volume (V) :

• The number of persons or vehicles passing a point on a lane, roadway, or other traffic-way
during some time interval

• The flow:

• The equivalent hourly rate at which vehicles, bicycles, or persons pass a point on a certain
lane

• computed as the number of vehicles, bicycles, or persons passing the point, divided by the
time interval (usually less than 1 h) in which they pass a certain lane
 Transportation planning
Equation used :

Vp: demand flowrate under equivalent base conditions (pc/h/ln)

pc/h/ln : passenger cars per hour per lane =pcphpl
V = demand volume under prevailing conditions (veh/h)
N = number of lanes in analysis direction (on direction lane number) N= total lanes no (Two direction) /2
PHF = peak-hour factor

V = hourly volume (veh/hr) (given)

V15 = peak 15-min. volume (veh/15 min) (given)
 Transportation planning
fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor

PT = percent of single unit trucks and tractor trailers in traffic stream (given)
ET = passenger-car equivalent (PCE) factor based of terrain type

Rolling terrain

Level terrain
 Transportation planning

After determining the value of the flow rate Vp check whether it exceeds the break point or not as follows :
- Use the value of FFS
- Using the row of the needed FFS

- Determine whether
Vb calculated < breakpoint (3rd col)
same units

- If Vp came greater than the break point u must find another Vp by using the formula given at the
table which will be used at the next calculations
 Transportation planning
• Density

• The number of vehicles on a roadway segment averaged over space, usually expressed
as vehicles per km

• Equation used :

• .

• S = mean speed of traffic stream under base conditions (mph)= FFS

 Transportation planning
Determine L.O.S from the following table based on the density value :
 Transportation planning
Example :
Determine the level of service (LOS) for divided 4-lane highway with the next characteristics :
• Base Flow Free Speed is designed To be 65 mph
• Each lane has width of 10 ft with right lateral clearance 4 ft ,with 2 ramps exists in one mile
• 10% heavy trucks on rolling terrain,
• base volume is 2,500 veh/hour in one direction
• Peak Hour Factor 0.9.
Solution:
Given : BFFS=65 mph , Lw=10ft , RLC=4 ft , TRD=2 ramp/mile , PHF=.9 , V=2500/veh/hour

1st step : determine FFS

A- FLW from the table in H.B is based on lane width which is =10ft
From table FLW=6.6
 Transportation planning
B- determine the value of FRlc from the next table
RLC= right lateral clearance =4 ft
No of lanes in one direction = 4/2= 2 lanes
Frlc= 1.2

TRD =2 ramp/mile

FFS= = 65-6.6-1.2-3.22∗ 2. =51.43=55 mph

2nd step : determine the traffic flow rate Vp

Given : PHF=.9 N=2 V=2500 veh/h

 Transportation planning
ET condition :rolling terrain
ET=3
Pt=10%=.1

FHV=1/1+.1(3-1)=.833
\

VP=2500/.9*.833*2=1667.33 pcphpl

Step 3: check Vp range from the next table using FFS=55 mph
Breakpoint =1800
Vp=1667.33
Vp < Break point okay no need for another calculations ^_^

Step 4: get the traffic density D

D=Vp/s=1667.33/55=30.31
 Transportation planning
Get LOS using density =30.31

LOS= D
 Transportation planning
• Traffic Flow
• is the study of the movement of individual drivers and vehicles between two points
and the interactions they make with one another.

• To better represent traffic flow, relationships have been established These

relationships help in planning, design, and operations of roadway facilities.

• Traffic Flow Relationships

• Greenshields Model

• Gravity Model

• Logit Model

• Queueing model
 Transportation planning
• Greenshields Model

• Assumed linear speed-density relationships

• It`s considered be a short cut for finding the three factor that
affects the road flow which are

• Density (D)

• Speed (S)

• Flow (V)

• Flow = density * speed

• All that happens when the relation between speed and density is linear
 Transportation planning
1. Relation between Speed (S) And Density (D)

Relation between Speed (S) And Density (D) Relation between Speed (S) And Flow(V) Relation between Density (D) And Flow(V)
The optimum density (Do) is reached when The optimum flow is reached when both Do The optimum flow is reached when both Do
The optimum speed (So) Is established and So are reached and So are reached
@ D=zero S=Sf @ So and Do Vm @ So and Do Vm
@ S= zero D=Dj

Sf: is the theoretical speed at which it won`t exist any density

Sf: mean free speed
So: The optimum speed
(Dj): Density at jam
Do: The optimum density
Vm: max Flow
 Transportation planning
• All of these relation are related and depends on one another

• The optimum density (Do) is reached when

The optimum speed (So) Is established (1st graph)

• Based on the previous condition a maximum flow (Vm)

is created , making an ideal case of flow

• Equations used

Sf: is the theoretical speed at which it won`t exist any density

Sf: mean free speed
So: The optimum speed
(Dj): Density at jam
Do: The optimum density
Vm: max Flow
 Transportation planning
• Notes :

• Sf= is the theoretical speed at which it won`t exist any density

sf= mean free speed

• @ D=zero S=Sf

• Density at jam (Dj): established when the velocity S equal zero

• @ S= zero D=Dj

• Maximum flow is achieved when the optimum density and speed

are established

• Vm = So . Do
 Transportation planning
Example :
The relationship between traffic density and mean vehicle speed is shown for a particular road.
what is most nearly the maximum traffic volume for this road?

Solution :
Given : Sf=53 Dj=66.25 req: Vm?

Vm is obtained at the optimum speed and optimum density

Optimum speed
So= Sf - .Do

Do=Dj/2=66.25/2=33.125
So=53-( *33.125)=26.5
.
Vm=So.Do=26.5*33.125=877.8125
Another way
Vm=Sf.Dj/4=53*66.25/4=877.8125
 Transportation planning
Example :
 Transportation planning
Gravity model

• The gravity model assumes that the trips produced at an origin 400
and attracted to a destination are directly proportional
to the total trip productions at the origin and
1100
the total attractions at the destination.
300
• can be used for prediction of future travel demand
100
• Attraction trips = production trips Internal 300
trips
• Trips types

• Internal within the same zone

• External to other zones

• Equation used :
 Transportation planning
Example : A study area consists of three zones. The data have been determined as shown in
the following tables. Assume a Kij =1.

• Solution :
• The 1st table shows the production and
attraction trips for each zone
• The 2nd table shows the travel time
between zones
• The 3rd table shows the friction factor for
every minute of the travelling time

so we need to make a table to get

the friction factor based on the travelling
time
 Transportation planning
The friction factor table

Let`s get the trips produced from zone 1 to zone 1 , zone 2 and zone 3
Applying H.B equation :

What you need to obtain

 Transportation planning
For zone 1 to zone 1
P1=140 A1=300 F=39 K=1
A2=270 F=52 K=1
A3=180 F=50 K=1
𝐴1. 𝐹1. 𝐾1
𝑇 = 𝑃1
∑ 𝐴𝑖. 𝐹𝑖. 𝐾𝑖

∑ 𝐴𝑖. 𝐹𝑖. 𝐾𝑖=300*39+270*52+180*50=34740

∗ ∗
𝑇 = 140 ∗ =47
34740

Similarly
∗ ∗
𝑇 = 140 ∗ =57
34740
∗ ∗
𝑇 = 140 ∗ =36
34740
Note that the number of attraction
must equal the number of production
𝑇 +𝑇 + 𝑇 =P
47+53+36=140
 Transportation planning
The final answer making the same steps :

380+209+161=140+330+280=750
 Transportation planning
• Logit Model (mode of choice modelling)

• In most situations, a traveler has a choice of modes (Transit, walk, bike, carpool, motorcycle, drive
alone )

• Mode choice determines the type of trips between zones made by auto or other mode, usually
transit

• Characteristics Influencing Mode Choice

• Availability of parking • Income

• Availability of transit • Auto ownership

• Type of trip • Old and young are more likely to be transit dependent

• Cost • Parking costs, gas prices, maintenance?

• • Transit fare • Safety • Time

 Transportation planning
• A numerical method to describe how people choose among competing alternatives

• Utility function

• measures satisfaction derived from choices

• Disutility function:

• represents generalized costs of each choice

• Equation used:

• .

• U: utility derived from your choice n : number of attributes that attached to this utility

• X: attribute values associated to your choice (time, cost,comfort…)

a: model parameters negative as it`s an disutility
 Transportation planning
• At the end we need to calculate the probability of selecting a specific trip type as follows :

• If two modes auto (A) and transit (T), the probability of selecting the auto Mode A can be written as:

• .

• If n modes of travel are being considered, the probability of selecting Mode x can be written as:

• .
 Transportation planning
Example : data has been obtained for travel between an additional suburban and downtown zone the
logit model has been developed to estimate the mode share between private private automobile and
public transit between these two zones :

Auto Ua= -.46-.35 T1 -.08 T2 -.5 C

Transit Ut=-.07-.35 T1- .08T2-.5C
T1: total travel time T2: waiting time C: cost

the previous attribute values are summarized at the following table :

use the logit model to determine the percent of travel in the zone
by auto and transit
 Transportation planning
Using the given table to get the utility value for every travel method
Ua= -.46-.35 T1 -.08 T2 -.5 C
=-.46-.35*20-.08*8-.5*3.2=-9.7

Ut=-.07-.35 T1- .08T2-.5C

=-.07-.35*30-.08*6-.5*1=-11.55

For two modes

.
P(A)= . . = .86

P(T)=1-.86=.14
 Transportation planning
• Queueing model :
• In this model we predict the number of vehicles that will align/queue at a certain
road

• The equations exists at the industrial part page H.B 419

• WHERE :

• L = expected number of units in the system W = expected waiting time in system

• μ = mean service rate (constant). λ = mean arrival rate (constant)

 Transportation planning
Example :
An interstate weigh station can weigh an average of 20 trucks per hour. Trucks arrive at the average rate of 12 trucks per
hour. Performance is described by an M/ M/1 model.
What is most nearly the steady-state value of the trucks' time spent waiting to be weighed?

Solution:
Given: service rate (μ)=20 truck/hr arrival rate (λ)=12 truck/hr req : time spent waiting (w)
 Transportation planning
Example :
A highway weigh station can inspect an average of 16 trucks per hour. Trucks arrive at the average rate of 10 trucks per hour.
Performance is described by an M/ M/ 1 model.
What is most nearly the steady-state value of the number of trucks in the station?

Solution :
Given: service rate (μ)=16 truck/hr arrival rate (λ)=10 truck/hr req : number of trucks (L)
 02
Traffic
control
 Traffic control
• Out lines :
• Traffic Signal Timing

• Traffic Safety Equations

 Traffic control
Traffic Signal Timing :

• involves deciding how much

• green time the traffic signal provides to an intersection

by movement or approach

• how long the pedestrian WALK signal should be

• whether trains or buses should be prioritized or not

 Traffic control
• In this type we need to determine the length of the each traffic light (green,yellow.red)
using the following equations :

• .
 Traffic control
Example :

Solution :
Given : W=60ft , v=35mph ,L=19 ft , t=2.3 sec req: r??

The velocity used units is ft/sec so we need to convert the given velocity with mph to ft/sec
35*1.47=51.5 ft/sec 1 mph=1.47 ft/sec
 Traffic control
Example :

Solution :
Given : W=60ft , v=40mph ,a=11 ft/sec2 , t=2.3 sec req: Y??
No grade has been mentioned so, we can say that G=0

The velocity used units is ft/sec so we need to convert the given velocity with mph to ft/sec
40*1.47=58.8 ft/sec 1 mph=1.47 ft/sec memorize it ^_^
.
y=2.3+ =4.97 sec
∗
 Traffic control
• Traffic Safety Equations

• Crash rate

• Crash prevented
 Traffic control
Crash rate

Crash rate

Crash Rates at Crash Rates for Roadway

Intersections Segments
 Traffic control
• Crash Rates at Intersections:

• Equation used :

• .
• RMEV = crash rate per million entering vehicles

• A = number of crashes, total or by type occurring in a single year at the intersection

• V = ADT × 365

• ADT = average daily traffic entering intersection

 Traffic control
Example :
A dangerous intersection in a highway road existed Over a period of 12 years, the average daily traffic has
been 1500 vehicles. During that same period, there have been 7 fatal accidents, 16 nonfatal personal injury
accidents, and 23 property damage only accidents .
what is most nearly the accident rate per million entering vehicles (RMEV)?

(A) 0.39 accidents/MEV (B) 3.5 accidents/MEV (C) 7.0 accidents/MEV (D) 84 accidents/MEV

Solution:
Given :
ADT=1500 vehicles
A is the Number of total crashes including all crashes types =7+16+23= 47 accidents
Using H.B equation

RMEV=47*1000000/1500*365*12= 7.0 accidents/MEV

We can re-write the previous equation with the following equation :
 Traffic control
• Crash Rates for Roadway Segments

• Equation used :

• .

• RMVM = crash rate per million vehicle miles

• A = number of crashes, during a given period

• VMT = vehicle miles of travel during the given period;

• = ADT × (number of days in study period) × (length of road)

• ADT = average daily traffic on the roadway segment

 Traffic control
• Crash prevented
• This values is measured after the maintenance and road improvements are made

• CR examples:

• Increase road width

• Increase design speed

 Traffic control

Solution :
Number of crash reduction factors =3
Applying H.B equations :

CR=CR1+CR2(1-CR1)+CR3(1-CR1)(1-CR2)=.4+.28(1-.4)+.2(1-.4)(1-.28)=.65

N is the final number of crashes for the third year before improvements are made N=13

Crash prevented =N*CR* = 13*.65* = 9.7

This number represents the crash number that have been prevented due to the improvements
what is the number of crashes at this location ??
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The End