Climate Change

Climate is condition of region determined by meteorological influents i.e ..

Relative humidity of Air,
Temperature,
Wind pressure and
Evaporation rate

Characteristic of Climate in particular region. Climate of any region is ever -

changing.
Some climatic changes are favourable & other harmful. However, from
last few decades -Extensive growth in population.
Industrialization -Deforestation - Increases in automobiles
Utilization of chemical fertilization & pesticides.

Which causes a dramatic change in climate.

Causes of climate change
1. Natural causes
a) Flood b) Soil erosion
c) Cyclone d) Anticyclone
e) Landslides f) Volcano
g) Earthquake h) Drought
i) Jungle fire j)Lightening
2. Anthropogenic causes
a) Population growth b) Industrialization
c) Deforestation d) Transportation
e) Urbanization ) Over - exploitation
g) Agriculture h) Over -grazing

1) Scientific attitude these causes were several problems which harmful

tohuman being & nature.

These changing climatic problems are

1. Green House Effect 2.Acid Rain
3.Ozone Layer Depletion 4. Nuclear Holocaust
5. Landslides 6. Jungle fires
7. Desertification 8. Natural disasters
9. Environmentalpollution
However public health depend on safe drinking water, sufficient food,
secure shelter & good social condition.
All these factors are affected by climate change. It will increase various current
health problems also bring new &unexpected ones. Earth losing its Equilibrium
due to imbalance created by human activity. Hence, it will necessary to create
early warning system &education for epidemic preparedness. The training of
researchers & health professionals is an essential part of world become more
responsible towards the expected outcome of Global climate change (GCC]
making more difficult for mankind to survive Global warming
-Under normal CO, concentration the temp. at the surface of earth is
maintained by energy balance of sun rays. That strike the planet &heat that is
radiated back into space. When there is an increase in CO, layer act as a glass
panels of greenhouse. Allowing the sunlight to filter through but preventing the
heat from being re- radiated in outer space .This is the greenhouse effect .Thus
most heat is absorbed by CO, layer and water vapours in atmosphere .Which
add to the heat that is already present. The net result is heating up the
atmosphere. Thus increasing CO, levels tend to warm the air in lower layer of
atimosphere. On a global scale 100 years ago CO; level was 275 ppm. Now
today it is 375 ppm.

Green House Effect:

Increasing CO, concentration in atmosphere acting as green house Trapping
incoming solar radiation and resulting in increase in atmospheric temperature
OR
. The increase in temp. due to formation of thick cover of carbon -dioxide in
atmosphere is called as "Green house effect'.
The excess CO, is absorbed by oceans. But due tom industrializing, increased
consumption of energy, CO, was released into atmosphere at faster rate,
According to computerized models, doubling the CO, level will increase thÃ
global mean temp. (15°C) by 2°C.
There are also other gases which contribute to green house effect. These are
CH4(Methane), SO, N20, CFC, NO, discharge by industry and agriculture

Green House Effect

Some solar radiation
SUN
is reflected by
the earth & OUTER
atmosphoro

Sotar raditian
Atmosphere
Soma of the
infrared
passing tirough radiation is
he cle ar absorbed &
atmospher -mited byy he
roorn house gases
Surfas Iower
atmophere

Most vudiaion is absnrbed y Intraud

the ar urace &watms he eaeUs Surtace Earth
Causes of iscrcused CO2 content
1The conbustinn of fosil fucls sch as al, gas, oil & woad increase quay afCa2 6 in
Effect of GlobalWarming /Green house rainfall pattern, evaporation of
1. Climatic changes- Inerease in temp. change flood low lying land.
water , thus reducing grain yield. Rise insea level causing
melts in mountain causing
There may occur hurricanes & cyclones, early snow
more floods during monsoon.
transpiration, disease
2. Effect on agriculture-Inerease rate of photosynthesis,
&pest problem as well as yield of crop. appropriately
The United National Environment Programme (UNEP) has
the people.
chosen the slogan " Global Warming - Global Warning" to alert
Otherwise it will be too late.

as acid rain. Acid rain is

Acid Rain -Rain water PH drops below 7.0 considered Rainfall
HNO; ). i.e.
intact a cocktailof Sulphuric acid (H,S04) & Nitric acid ( relative
containing acidic water. The ratio of two acid may vary depending on
gaseous
quantities of oxides of Sulphur& Nitrogen emitted, which are important fossil
combustion of
pollutants of air. These pollutants are produced mainly by
etc.
fuels, power plants, automobile exhausts, domesticfire
atmosphere &
These are swept up into atmosphere. Longer they stay in
Oxidized into acid.
dissolve in water in
-Sulphuric acid & Nitric acid are main acids, Which
atmosphere in clouds
atmosphere. Fall to ground as acid rain, or may remain in
HNO; & 60-70 % to H,S0,.
& fogs. On an average 30-40 % of acidity is due to
almost 60-70 % of total
Burning of fossil fuels for power generation contributed
SO, globally. Acid rain assumed global ecological problem they
-Because oxides travel a long distance. During their journey in atmosphere
more hazardous
undergo physical & chemical transformation to produce
products.
Effect of Acid Rain
1. Soil acidity increase
2. Affecting land, flora & fauna
3. Causes acidification of lakes & streams
4. Affecting aquatic life
5. Affects crop productivity & human health
soil fertility.
6. Cause leaching of soil nutrients & thus reduces
lead, cadmium,
7. Levels of heavy metals like aluminium, manganese, zinc,
copper in water Increases beyond the safe limits.
8. Bacteria & blue green algae's killed
9. Forests is damaged
Sweden
-The impact of acid rains is very much 1000 of lakes in USA, Canada,
etc.
- Have become unproductive due to acidification. The problems of acid rains
are increase in India also there is urgent need for proper regular monitoring to
provide timely warning about acidification of our environment.
Ozone layer depletion Ozone (O;) in the stratosphere acts as a protective
layer .
-Because it protects us from the harmful UV - radiation from the sun. It filters
out all radiations below 3000 A(UV radiation). Which are biologically harmful
& controlling thermal budget of earth. Thus it is intimately connected with the
life sustaining process. Any depletion of ozone would have catastrophic effects
on life vegetation & immunity .Over last few year the O3 concentration of
earth's atmosphere is thinning out due to increasing in use of CFC. That is
depleted at global level.

Causes of Ozone layer depletion

-Ozone layer by absorption of UV radiation heats the stratosphere, causing the
temperature inversion. This temperature inversion limits the vertical mixing of
pollutants. However some pollutants also enter the stratosphere and remain
there for years until they react with ozone and converted to other products.
These pollutants thus deplete ozone in the stratosphere. Major pollutants
responsible for this depletion are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Nitrogen oxides
(coming from fertilizers) and hydrocarbons. The threat to O, is mainly from
CFC's which are known to deplete O; by 14% at current emission rate
Effect of ozone layer depletion
1. Leads to serious temperature changes on the earth and consequent damage to
life support system.
2. Failure of rainfall on earth.
3. When the ozone layer becomes has a hole it causes skin cancer and cataracts
4. Loss of vegetation and immunity.
S. Destruction of aquatic life.
6. Under greenhouse effect condition, reduction in growth, chlorophyll content.
7. Damage to certain crops &Plankton, thus affecting natural food chain & food
webs, which decrease in vegetation lead to an increase in CO,.