1

Introduction to Computers and C++

Programming

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 2

Evaluating

• Project & Exercises 8

• Midterm 3
• Final 9
• Presence 1
_____________________________
Total 21

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 3

Introduction

• Software
– Instructions to command computer to perform actions and
make decisions
• Hardware
• Structured programming
• Object-oriented programming

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 4

What is a Computer?

• Computer
– Device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
• Computer programs
– Sets of instructions that control computer’s processing of
data
• Hardware
– Various devices comprising computer
• Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM,
processing units, …
• Software
– Programs that run on computer

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 5

Computer Organization

• Six logical units of computer

1. Input unit
2. Output unit
3. Memory unit
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
5. Central processing unit (CPU)
6. Secondary storage unit

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 6
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
• Three types of computer languages
1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. High-level languages

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 7

History of C and C++

• History of C
– Evolved from two other programming languages
• BCPL and B
– “Typeless” languages
– Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
• Added data typing, other features
– Development language of UNIX
– Hardware independent
• Portable programs
– 1989: ANSI standard
– 1990: ANSI and ISO standard published
• ANSI/ISO 9899: 1990

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 8

History of C and C++

• History of C++
– Extension of C
– Early 1980s: Bjarne Stroustrup (Bell Laboratories)
– “Spruces up” C
– Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
• Objects: reusable software components
– Model items in real world
• Object-oriented programs
– Easy to understand, correct and modify
– Hybrid language
• C-like style
• Object-oriented style
• Both

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 9

C++ Standard Library

• C++ programs
– Built from pieces called classes and functions
• C++ standard library
– Rich collections of existing classes and functions
• “Building block approach” to creating programs
– “Software reuse”

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 10

Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Program is created in
Editor Disk
• Phases of C++ Programs:
the editor and stored
on disk.

Preprocessor Disk Preprocessor program

processes the code.
1.Edit Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.
2.Preprocess Linker links the object
Linker Disk code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
3.Compile Primary stores it on disk
Memory
Loader

4.Link Loader puts program

in memory.
Disk ..

5.Load ..
..

Primary

6.Execute CPU
Memory

CPU takes each

instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
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 11

Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

• Input/output
– cin
• Standard input stream
• Normally keyboard
– cout
• Standard output stream
• Normally computer screen
– cerr
• Standard error stream
• Display error messages

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 12

Introduction to Visual Studio

• New Application
– C++ language
– Win32 Console Application
– Additional options
• Select Empty project
• Learn How to
– Edit
– Debug
• Breakpoints
– Run

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 13
A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• Comments
– Document programs
– Improve program readability
– Ignored by compiler
– Single-line comment
• Begin with //
• Preprocessor directives
– Processed by preprocessor before compiling
– Begin with #

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 14
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

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 15
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
Single-line comments.
2 // A first program in C++.
3 #include <iostream>
Preprocessor directive to
4
Function main returns Function main appears include input/output stream
an integer value. exactly once in every C++ header file <iostream>.
program..
5 // function main begins program execution
6 int main()
7 { Left brace { begins function
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; body.
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main Function main returns an
integer value.
Corresponding right brace }
ends function body.
Welcome to C++!

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All rights reserved.
 16
1 // Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
2 // A first program in C++.
3 #include <iostream>
4
Statements end with a
Name cout belongs to
semicolon ;.
namespace std.

5 // function main begins program execution

6 int main()
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully Stream insertion operator.
11
12 } // end function main
Keyword return is one of several means to exit
function; value 0 indicates program terminated
successfully.
Welcome to C++!

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 17
A Simple Program:
Printing a Line of Text

Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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 18
1 // Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
2 // Printing a line with multiple statements.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution Multiple stream insertion
6 int main() statements produce one line
7 {
of output.
8 std::cout << "Welcome ";
9 std::cout << "to C++!\n";
10
11 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
12
13 } // end function main

Welcome to C++!

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 19
1 // Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
2 // Printing multiple lines with a single statement
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution Using newline characters to
6 int main() print on multiple lines.
7 {
8 std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n";
9
10 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
11
12 } // end function main

Welcome
to

C++!

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 20
Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Location in memory where value can be stored
– Common data types
• int - integer numbers
• char - characters
• double - floating point numbers
– Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
– Can declare several variables of same type in one declaration
• Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

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 21
Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Variables
– Variable names
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive

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 22
Another Simple Program:
Adding Two Integers
• Standard output stream object
– std::cout
– <<
• Stream insertion operator
• Value to right (right operand) inserted into output stream
• Input stream object
– std::cin
– >>
• Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return) key
• Stores value in variable to right of operator
– Converts value to variable data type
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns value to variable
– Binary operator (two operands)
– Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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 23
1 // Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
2 // Addition program.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 // function main begins program execution Declare integer variables.
6 int main()
7 {
8 int integer1; // first number to be input by user
9 int integer2; // second number to be input by user
Use stream extraction operator
10 int sum; // variable in which sum will be stored
with standard input stream to
11
12 std::cout << "Enter first integer\n"; // prompt
obtain user input.
13 std::cin >> integer1; // read an integer
14 Stream manipulator std::endl
15 std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt outputs a newline, then “flushes
16 std::cin >> integer2; // read an integer
output buffer.”
17
18 sum = integer1 + integer2; // assign result to sum
19
20 std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum
21
22 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
23 Concatenating, chaining or cascading
24 } // end function main
stream insertion operations.
Enter first integer
45 Calculations can be performed in output statements: alternative for
Enter second integer lines 18 and 20:
72
Sum is 117 std::cout << "Sum is " << integer1 + integer2 << std::endl;
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 24

Variables

• Variables
– Variable names
• Correspond to actual locations in computer's memory
• Every variable has name, type, size and value
• When new value placed into variable, overwrites previous
value
• Reading variables from memory nondestructive
• Valid identifier
– Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
– Cannot begin with digit
– Case sensitive

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 25

Memory Concepts

std::cin >> integer1; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 45

std::cin >> integer2; integer1 45

– Assume user entered 72 integer2 72

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117

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 26

Arithmetic

• Arithmetic calculations
– *
• Multiplication
– /
• Division
• Integer division truncates remainder
– 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– %
• Modulus operator returns remainder
– 7 % 5 evaluates to 2

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 27

Arithmetic

• Rules of operator precedence

– Operators in parentheses evaluated first
• Nested/embedded parentheses
– Operators in innermost pair first
– Multiplication, division, modulus applied next
• Operators applied from left to right
– Addition, subtraction applied last
Operator(s) • Operators applied fromOrder
Operation(s) leftoftoevaluation
right (precedence)
() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level”
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re
Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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 28
Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
• if structure
– Make decision based on truth or falsity of condition
• If condition met, body executed
• Else, body not executed
• Equality and relational operators
– Equality operators
• Same level of precedence
– Relational operators
• Same level of precedence
– Associate left to right

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 29
Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators

Standard algebraic C++ equality Example Meaning of

equality operator or or relational of C++ C++ condition
relational operator operator condition
Relational operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y

 >= x >= y x is greater than or equal to y

 <= x <= y x is less than or equal to y

Equality operators
= == x == y x is equal to y

 != x != y x is not equal to y

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 30
Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
• using statements
– Eliminate use of std:: prefix
– Write cout instead of std::cout

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 31
1 // Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp
2 // Using if statements, relational
using statements eliminate
3 // operators, and equality operators.
need for std:: prefix.
4 #include <iostream>
5
6 using std::cout; // program uses cout Declare variables.
7 using std::cin; // program uses cin
8 using std::endl; // program uses endl
9 Can write cout and cin
10 // function main begins program execution without std:: prefix.
11 int main()
12 {
13 int num1; // first number to be read from user if structure compares values
14 int num2; // second number to be read from user of num1 and num2 to test for
15 equality.
16 cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
17 << "the relationships they satisfy: "; If condition is true (i.e.,
18 cin >> num1 >> num2; // read two integers values are equal), execute this
19 statement.
20 if ( num1 == num2 )
21 cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl; if structure compares values
22 of num1 and num2 to test for
23 if ( num1 != num2 )
inequality.
24 cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl;
25
If condition is true (i.e.,
values are not equal), execute
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 32
26 if ( num1 < num2 )
27 cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl;
28
29 if ( num1 > num2 )
30 cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
Statements may be split over
31
32 if ( num1 <= num2 )
several lines.
33 cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to "
34 << num2 << endl;
35
36 if ( num1 >= num2 )
37 cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
38 << num2 << endl;
39
40 return 0; // indicate that program ended successfully
41
42 } // end function main

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 7 7
7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
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 33
Precedence and Associativity of the
Operators

Operators Associativity Type

() left to right parentheses
* / % left to right multiplicative
+ - left to right additive
<< >> left to right Stream insertion/extraction
< <= > >= left to right relational
== != left to right equality
= right to left assignment

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