HEAT TRANSFER

ACCE-3161
Chapter 1-Flow of Heat

Md. Asiqul Islam(Proloy)

2010275145
MATH-1: A flat furnace wall is constructed of a 4.5 inch layer of sil-o-cel brick with a
thermal conductivity of 0.08, backed by a 9 inch layer of common brick, of conductivity 0.8.
The temperature of the inner face of the wall is 1400°F and that of the outer face is 170°F.
Calculate the heat loss through this wall in Btu/(sq ft) (hr). What is the temperature of the
interface between the refractory brick and the common brick? Supposing that the contact
between the two brick layers is poor and that a "contact resistance" of 0.50°F-h-ft'/Btu
(0.088°C-m'jW) is present, what would be the heat loss?
SOLUTION: Thermal resistance has been defined as L/kA. Considering 1 (sq ft) of wall
(A=1), the thermal resistances are
4.5Τ
For Sil-o-cel brick, R1 = 12
(0.08)(1)
= 4.687
9Τ
For common brick, R2 = 12
(0.8)(1)
= 0.938
Since the totat resistance is the sum of the individual resistances,
R=R1 + R2 = 4.687+0.938 = 5.625
Rate of Heat flow is (temperature drop or driving force)/resistance. Hence

𝑞 1400 −170
= = 219 Btu/(sq ft)(hr)
𝐴 5.625

The temperature drop over any one of a series of thermal resistances is to the total drop
As the individual resistance is to the total resistance , or

∆t1 : ∆t : : R1 : R
∆t1 (1400-170) : : 4.687 : 5.625
∆t1 = 1025°F

and the temperature of the interface is (1400 – 1025)= 375°F.

The total resistance, which now includes a contact resistance, is

R = 5.625 + 0.500 = 6.125

The heat loss from 1 ft2 is ,

1400 −170
q= = 201 Btu/h (58.9 W)
6.125
MATH-2:A 3-inch Schedule 40 pipe (0.0-3.5 in) is insulated with a 2-inch thickness of an
insulation having a mean thermal conductivity of 0.05 and 1.25-inch thickness of an insulation
having a mean thermal conductivity of 0.037. If the temperature of the outer surface of the
pipe is 670°F and the temperature of the outer surface of the insulation is 100°F, Calculate the
heat loss in Btu per foot of the pipe.

SOLUTION:
O.D of pipe = 3.5inch, r1= 1.75 inch
O.D of first layer = 7.5 inch, r2= 3.75 inch
O.D of second layer =10.0 inch r3=5.00 inch

3.75 −1.75 2.00

For first layer of insulation, rm= = = 2.63 inch
ln(3.75/1.75) 0.761

5.00+3.75
For 2nd layer of insulation, rm= = 4.83 inch
2
Here, for the second layer of insulation r2/r1 =5/3.75 =1.33 .Consequently, the arithmetic
mean is used since the error made by using the arithmetic mean is less than 1 percent.
2Τ
12
R1= = 2.42
(0.050)(2𝜋)(2.63/12)

1.25Τ
12
R2= =1.226
(0.037)(2)(4.83/12)

670 − 100 570

q= = = 156.2 Btu/(hr)(ft of pipe)
2.42 + 1.226 3.646
MATH-3:A layer of pulverized cork 6 inch (152 mm) thick is used as a layer of thermal
insulation in a fiat wall. The temperature the cold side of the cork is 40°F (4.4°C), and that of
the warm side is 180°F (82.2°C). The thermal conductivity of the cork at 32°F (O°C) is 0.021
Btu/ft-h°F (0.036 W/m-°C), and that at 200°F (93.3°C) is 0.032 (0.055). The area of the wall is
25 ft2 (2.32 m2). What is the rate of heat flow through the wall in Btu per hour (watts)?

SOLUTION: The arithmetic average temperature of the cork layer is (40 + 180)/2 = 110°F.
By linear interpolation the thermal conductivity at 11O°F is

(110 −32)(0.032 −0−021)

k= 0.021 +
(200 −32)
= 0.021 + 0.005
=0.026 Btu/ft-h-°F
6
Also, A=25 ft2 ∆t=180 – 40 = 140°F B= = 0.5
12

0.026×25×140
Hence, q= = 182 Btu/h (53.3 W)
0.5
MATH-4: A tube 60 mm (2.36 inch) OD is insulated with a 50-mm (1.97-inch) layer of silica
foam, for which the conductivity is 0.055 W/m-°C (0.032 Btu/ft-h-°F), followed with a 40-mm
(1.57-inch) layer of cork with a conductivity of 0.05 W/m-°C (0.03 Btu/ft-h-°F). If the
temperature of the outer surface of the pipe is 150°C (302°F) and the temperature of the inner
surface of the cork is 30°C (86°F), calculate the heat loss in watts per meter of pipe.

SOLUTION: These layers are too thick to use the arithmetic mean radius, and the logarithmic
mean radius should be used. For the silica layer ,
80 −30
rL = = 50.97 mm
ln(80/30)
And for the cork layer,
120 −80
rL = = 98.64 mm
ln(120/80)
Call silica substance A and cork substance B;
𝑘𝐴 𝐴𝐴 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑥 ) 𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝐵 (𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇˳ )
qA = qB =
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵
where Tx is the temperature at the interface between the silica and the cork.
 AA = 2(0.05097)L = 0.3203L AB = 2(0.09864)L = 0.6198L
Then,
0.055×0.3203𝐿(𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑥 )
qA = =0.3522 (Ti - Tx)
0.050

0.05×0.6198(𝑇𝑥 −𝑇𝑖 )
qB = =0.7748 (Tx - T˳ )
0.040

Hence,
2.839q/L= Ti - Tx 1.291q/L= Tx - T˳
Adding these gives,
4.13q/L = Ti - T˳ =150 -30 = 120

q/L =29.1 W/m (30.3 Btu /ft-h)

MATH-5:Methyl alcohol flowing in the inner pipe of a double-pipe exchanger is cooled with
water flowing in the jacket. The inner pipe is made from 1-inch (25-mm) Schedule 40 steel pipe.
The thermal conductivity of steel is 26 Btu/ft-h-°F (45 W/m °C). The individual coefficients and
fouling factors are given in Standard Table. What is the overall coefficient, based on the outside
area of the inner pipe? [Alcohol coefficient 180,Water coefficient 300, Inside fouling factor
1000, Outside fouling factor 500 Btu/ft2-h-F° ]

SOLUTION: The diameters and wall thickness of I-in. Schedule 40 pipe [from Standard Table]

1.049 1.315 0.133

Di = = 0.0874 ft Do= = 0.1096 ft xw= = 0.0111 ft
12 12 12

The logarithmic mean diameter DL is calculated using diameter in place of radius:

𝐷𝑜 −𝐷𝑖 0.1096 −0.0874

DL = = = 0.0983 ft
ln(𝐷𝑜 /𝐷𝑖 ) ln(0.1096/0.0874)
The overall coefficient is found

1
Uo= 0.1096 0.1096 0.0111×0.1096 1 1
+
0.0874×1000 0.0874×180
+ 26×0.0983
+ +
300 500

=71.3 Btu/ft2-h-°F (405 W/m2-°C).