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    INTRODUCTION

    • What is cancer ?

    Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal


    cells in the body. Normally, cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly way, but in cancer,
    genetic mutations disrupt this cycle, causing cells to divide uncontrollably. These cells
    can form masses called tumors (except in blood cancers like leukemia) and may invade
    nearby tissues or spread to distant parts of the body through the bloodstream or
    lymphatic system—a process called metastasis. Cancer can affect nearly any part of the
    body and is classified based on its origin, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias,
    lymphomas, and melanomas.

    TYPES OF CANCER

    1. Carcinomas

    • Cancers that start in epithelial tissues (e.g., skin, lungs, breast). They are the
    most common type.

    2. Sarcomas

    • Cancers that develop in connective tissues, such as bone, cartilage, fat, or


    muscle.

    3. Leukemias

    • Cancers of blood-forming tissues, leading to an abnormal increase in white


    blood cells.

    4. Lymphomas

    • Cancer of the lymphatic system,which effects lymph nodes and immune tissue

    5. Melanomas

    • Cancer that orginate from melanocytes, the pigment producing cells in the skin.
    CAUSES OF CANCER

    Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by


    physical, chemical or biological agents. These agents are called carcinogens.
    • Ionizing radiations like X-rays and gamma rays and non-ionizing
    radiations like UVcause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation.
    • The chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a
    major cause of lung cancer.
    • Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes called viral
    oncogenes.
    • Furthermore, several genes called cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto
    oncogeneshave been identified in normal cells which, when activated under
    certain conditions, could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells.

    CANCER DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS

    Cancer detection and diagnosis involve various methods to identify cancer early. Key
    methods include:

    1. Imaging Techniques: These include X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds,


    which help visualize internal organs and detect tumors.
    2. Biopsy: This involves taking a tissue sample from a suspected tumor to examine
    for cancer cells under a microscope.
    3. Blood Tests: Some tests can detect tumor markers in the blood, which may
    indicate the presence of cancer.
    4. Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for detection of certain
    cancers.

    Early detection is vital for effective treatment and improving survival rates
    TREATMENT OF CANCER .

    • The common approaches for treatment of cancer are surgery, chemotherapy,


    radiation therapy and immunotherapy.
    • In radiotherapy, tumor cells are Irradiated lethally, taking proper care of the
    normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass.
    • Several chemotherapeutic drugs are used to kill cancerous cells. Some of these
    are specific for particular tumors. Majority of drugs have side effects like hair
    loss, anemia, etc.
    • Most cancers are treated by combination of surgery, radiotherapy and
    chemotherapy.
    • Tumor cells have been shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune
    system. Therefore, the patients are given substances called biological response
    modifiers such as a-interferon which activate their immune system and help in
    destroying the tumor.

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