Class – XII

SALT ANALYSIS
Test for Acid radicals ( dilute acid group; CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2-)
1. For carbonate ( CO32-)
Experiemnt Observation Inference
Salt + dil. H2SO4 brisk effervescene carbonate present
Confirmation
Pass the gas in the lime water it turns milky Carbonate confirmed
On passing excess of CO2 milkyness disappears Carnbonate confirmed
Reaction Involved
CaCO3 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O ; CaCO3+ H2O + CO2  Ca(HCO3)2
Lime water milky soution. Milkyness disappears

Test For acid radicals ( conc. Group,Cl-, Br-, I-, CH3COO-, NO3-)
2. For Chloride (Cl-)
Salt + dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved dil. H2SO4 gr. Absent
Salt + conc. H2SO4 colorless gas with pungent Cl- present
Smell
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH White fumes evolves Cl- present
Near the mouth of the TT
Confirmation
1. O.S. + aq. Solution of AgNO3 white ppt Cl- confirm
2. Salt + MnO2+ Con. H2SO4 greenish yellow gas evolves Cl- confirm
Chromyl chloride test
Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + con H2SO4 reddish brown fumes of
Chromyl chloride evolves Cl- confirm
Reaction involve:
NaCl + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + HCl ; NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
2 NaCl + MnO2 +3 H2SO4  2 NaHSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2
NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3 H2SO4  2Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2 CrO2Cl2 + 3 H2O
Chromyl chloride

3. Test for Nitrate ( NO3-)

Salt + dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved dil. H2SO4 gr. Absent
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + heat reddish brown gas with NO3- present
Pungent smell
Cu chip test :
Heat salt with con. H2SO4 + Cu Dark Brown fumes of NO2 NO3- present
Chips
Ring Test :
O.S. + Freshly prepared FeSO4 A dark brown ring is formed NO3- Confirmed.
Sol + Conc. H2SO4 slowly along at the junction of 2 solutions.
 with side Of TT.

Chemical Reaction Involved:

KNO3 + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HNO3 ; Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2 NO2
2 HNO3 + 6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4  3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2 NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5 H2O  [ Fe (H2O)5NO]SO4
pentaaquanitrosyl Iron(II) sulphate ( brown Ring)

4. Test for Acetate ( CH3COO-)

Salt + dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved dil. H2SO4 gr. Absent
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 colourless vapours with CH3COO- present
Vinegar like smell turns
Blue litmus red
ESTER TEST :
Salt + con. H2SO4 + Heat + ethyl pleasant fruity smell CH3COO- confirmed
Alcohol + shake. Put the content of ester
Of TT in beaker full of water
FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST:
O.S. + neutral FeCl3 Reddish brown color solution
Add dil. HCl Reddish brown color disappear CH3COO- confirmed

Reactions involved:
CH3COONa + H2SO4  CH3COOH + NaHSO4 ; CH3COOH + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Vinegar smell fruity smell
3 CH3COONa + FeCl3  (CH3COO)3Fe + 3 NaCl
(CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O  (CH3COO)(OH)2Fe + CH3COOH
Reddish brown color

Test for Special group acid radical.

5. Test for Sulphate ( SO42-)
Salt + dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved dil. H2SO4 gr. Absent
Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No gas evolved conc. H2SO4 gr. Absent
O.S. + aqueous solution of Curdy white ppt. SO42- confirmed
BaCl2

Chemical reaction involved:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2  2 NaCl + BaSO4
 Test for Basic Radicals
1. Test for ammonium ( NH4+)
Salt + conc. NaOH solution A gas evolved with a NH4+ may be
+ Heat characteristic ammonical
Smell
Bring a glass rod dipped in white dense fumes of NH4+ present
Con. HCl sol. Near the mouth NH4Cl
Of test tube
Confirmation :
Salt + NaOH + Nessler’s Brown ppt in clear sol. NH4+ confirm
Reagent
Chemical Reactions involved:
NH4Cl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O + NH3 ; NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl ( white dense fumes)
2 K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3 KOH  H2N.HgO.HgI + 7 KI + 2 H2O
Brown ppt
2+
2. Test for I group ( Lead, Pb )
O.S. + dil. HCl white ppt Pb2+ present
Confirmation :
O.S. + KI yellow ppt Pb2+ confirms
O.S. + K2CrO4 yellow ppt Pb2+ confirms
Reactions involved:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 HCl  PbCl2 + 2 HNO3 ; PbCl2 + 2 KI  PbI2 + 2KCl
White ppt yellow ppt
PbCl2 + K2CrO4  PbCrO4 + 2 KCl
3. Test for Copper ( Cu2+)
1. O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
2. O.S. + dil. HCl + pass H2S gas Black ppt Cu2+ may be
3. O.S. + NH4OH in excess Deep blue color sol Cu2+ present
Confirmation:
O.S. + NH4OH + acetic acid a chocolate brown ppt Cu2+ confirmed
+ K4[Fe(CN)6]
Chemical Reactions involved:
CuSO4 + H2S  H2SO4 + CuS ; CuSO4 + 4 NH4OH  [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
Black ppt deep blue color
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 4 CH3COOH  CuSO4 + CH3COONH4
2 CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Cu2[Fe(CN)6]( Chocolate brown ppt) + 2 K2SO4

4. Test for III group ( Ferric ions, Fe3+)

1. O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt I group absent

2. O.S. + dil. HCl + pass H2S gas no ppt II group absent
3. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH reddish brown ppt Fe3+ present
 Confirmation:
O.S. + K4[Fe(CN)6] Prussian blue color Fe3+ confirmed
O.S. + Potassium thiocynate Blood red coloration Fe3+ confirmed

Chemical Reaction involved:

FeCl3 + 3 NH4OH  3 NH4Cl + Fe(OH)3 ; 4 FeCl3+ 3K4[Fe(CN)6]  12 KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

FeCl3 + 3 KCNS  3 KCl + Fe(CNS)3 ; AlCl3 + 3 NH4OH  3 NH4Cl + AlCl3

Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl  AlCl3 + 3 H2O dissolution AlCl3 + 3 NH4OH -> 3 NH4Cl+ Al(OH)3

5. Test for III group (Aluminium, Al3+)

1. O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
2. O.S. + dil. HCl + pass H2S gas no ppt II group absent
3. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH White gelatinous ppt Al3+ present
Confirmation:
OS + NaOH white ppt Al3+ present
Excess of NaOH ppt disappears Al3+ confirmed
LAKE TEST :
OS + 2 drop of blue litmus Blue ppt floating in Al3+ confirmed
+ NH4OH colorless sol.

6.Test for IV group [ for Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+]

1. O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
2. O.S. + dil. HCl + pass H2S gas no ppt II group absent
3. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt III group absent
4. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH Black ppt May be Co2+ or Ni2+
+ pass H2S
Confirmation for Co2+
O.S. + ether (1 ml) + a few
Crystal of amm. Thiocynate Blue colour Co2+ confirmed
2+
Confirmation for Ni
O.S. + NH4OH + few drops of Bright rose red ppt Ni2+ confirmed
Dimethyl glyoxime ( solid)
For manganese ( Mn2+)
O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH Buff ( flesh red color ppt) Mn2+ present
Pass H2S
Confirmation:
O.S. + NaOH+ Shake White ppt Mn2+ present
Add bromine water ppt turns black or brown Mn2+ confirmed
2+
Test for Zn
O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH dirty white ppt Zn2+ present
 Pass H2S
Confirmation:
1. O.S. + Add NaOH sol dropwise white ppt appears Zn2+ present
Add excess of NaOH white ppt disappears Zn2+ confirmed
2. O.S. + K4[Fe(CN)6] sol bluish white ppt formed Zn2+ confirmed
Reaction involved:
CoCl2 + H2S  CoS + 2 HCl ; NiSO4 + H2S  H2SO4 + NiS
Black ppt black ppt
ZnCl2 + H2S -> 2 HCl + ZnS ; MnCl2 + H2S  2 HCl + MnS
Dirty white buff red
CoCl2 + 4 NH4CNS  (NH4)2[Co(CNS)4] + 2 NH4Cl

NiCl2 + 2 NH4OH + 2 DMG  Bright red complex

MnCl2 + 2 NaOH  Mn(OH)2 + 2 NaCl ; Br2 + H2O  2 HBr + O
White ppt
Mn(OH)2 + O  MnO(OH)2 ; ZnCl2 + 2 NaOH  Zn(OH)2 + 2 NaCl
Brown ppt white ppt
2 ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6]  Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

7. Test for V group ( Ba2+, Sr2+ , Ca2+)

1. O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
2. O.S. + dil. HCl + pass H2S gas no ppt II group absent
3. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt III group absent
4. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH no ppt IV group absent
+ pass H2S
5. O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution white ppt V group present
( May be Ba2+, Sr2+ or Ca2+)
Test for Ba2+
Dissolve the ppt in acetic acid
+ KrCrO4 yellow ppt Ba2+ present
2+
Test for Sr
Ppt + solid (NH4)2SO4 white ppt Sr2+ present
2+
Test for Ca
Ppt + ammonium oxalate white ppt Ca2+ present
CONFIRMATION Of V group Radicals
Flame Test
Salt + conc. HCl  Make semi solid paste
1. For Ba2+ Apple green flame Ba2+ present
2+
2. For Sr Crimson red flame Sr2+ present
2+
3. For Ca Brick red flame Ca2+ present

Chemical reactions involved:

BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3  2 NH4Cl + BaCO3 ; SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3  NH4Cl + SrCO3
CaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3  2 NH4Cl + CaCO3
 BaCl2 + 2 CH3COOH  Ba(CH3COO)2 + 2 HCl
Ba(CH3COO)2 + K2CrO4  2 CH3COOK + BaCrO4 ( yellow ppt)
Sr(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2SO4  2 CH3COONH4 + SrSO4 ( white ppt)
Ca(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2C2O4  2 CH3COONH4 + CaC2O4 ( white ppt)

Test for VI group ( Mg2+ )

1. O.S. + dil. HCl No ppt I group absent
2. O.S. + dil. HCl + pass H2S gas no ppt II group absent
3. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH No ppt III group absent
4. O.S. + NH4Cl + NH4OH no ppt IV group absent
+ pass H=S
O.S. + (NH4)2CO3 solution no ppt V group absent
6. O.S. + Sodium dihydrogen Curdy white ppt Mg2+ present
Phosphate ( NaH2PO4)

Chemical Reaction involved:

3MgCl2 + 2 NaH2PO4  Mg3(PO4)2 + 4 HCl + 2 NaCl
White ppt