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Keratormeter

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Naty Seyoum
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25 views20 pages

Keratormeter

Uploaded by

Naty Seyoum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Keratometer

Prepared by: Natnael S.


Anatomy of Eye
Eye Ball:
Three layers of tissue form the eye ball:
 the sclera,
 the choroids, and
 the retina
Sclera consists of:
 Outer layer which is though fibrous tissue
 White of the eye which is front surface of the sclera
 Other part of the front surface of the sclera is called the cornea
Cornea
 At a casual glance, however, it does not look transparent but
appears
 Blue,
 Brown,
 Gray, or
 Green because it lies over the iris, the colored part of the eye.

 The middle layer of the eyeball, the choroid, contains a dark


pigment to prevent the scattering of incoming light rays
Pupil
 Two involuntary muscles make up the front part of the
choroids:
 One is the iris, the colored structure seen through the cornea,

 The ciliary muscle

 The black center of the iris is really a hole in this doughnut-


shaped muscle; it is pupil of the eye
 Pupils constrict in bright light(reduced in size) and dilate in dim
light(increased in size)
Retina
 The retina or innermost layer of the eyeball contains
microscopic receptor cells, called rods and cones because of
their shapes.
 Dim light stimulates the rods, but fairly bright light is
necessary to stimulate the cones
 In other words, rods are the receptors for night vision and
cones for daytime vision.
Blurry Vision
 Eye inters light through pupil
 When we need more light pupil opens wider(dilates)
 When we need less night pupil becomes smaller
 In addition to the pupils reaction light rays coming should be
bent precisely to the exact point of focus on the retina found
In the inner back of the eye.
 When this does not happen our vision is blurred,
 Eye lenses and contact lenses sharpens focus by bending light
and changing the way it enters the eye
Farsightedness
 Eye ball to short

 Light rays reach focus beyond the retina in this case you see

blurry images up-close

Nearsighted
 When your eye ball is too long light rays reach focus before

they reach retina

 Object becomes blurred at a distance


Astigmatism
 Irregularly shaped corneas(clear part of eye)
 When this happens light rays will have multiple focus
Instruments for Examining the
interior eye
 Keratoscope
 Keratometer
 Operating microscope
 Tonometer
 Slit-lamp or biomicroscope
Keratoscope
 Study the shape of the corneal surface

 Detect astigmatism, irregularities

 Essential for contact lens fitting


keratometer
 The Keratoscope gives qualitative information only
and
 Akeratometer provides quantitative measurement of the
radius of the cornea
Operating microscope
Instrument to view the eye while doing
surgery

Applanation Tonometer
Measure intraocular pressure P Measure the
force F needed to flatten a circle of 3.06 mm
of the eye
Slit Lamp
 Slit lamp is the ophthalmologist's most frequently used
and most universally applicable examination
instrument
 Most important field of application is the examination
of the anterior segment of the eye
 Its is also used in photography
Keratometry and Keratometer
 A keratometer, also known as a ophthalmometer, is a
diagnostic instrument for measuring the curvature of the
anterior surface of the cornea,
 For assessing the extent and axis of astigmatism. This device, also
known as an ophthalmometer
 It is an instrument that gives 2 corneal curvature values (
maximum and minimum) 90 degrees apart
 The two basic Keratometers are the
 Helmholtz type and
 The Javal-Schiotz type
Keratometry and keratometer
 Keratometer measure the size of an image reflected from two
paracentral points on the cornea.
 The instrument contains doubling prisms to stabilize the image
allowing more accurate focusing.
 The anterior corneal curvature is then obtained from the convex
mirror formula and
 Corneal power is calculated empirically using Snell’s law of
refraction with simplified optics.
Assignments: What are the convex mirror formula and snell’s
law ?
Keratometry and Keratometer
 A keratometer uses the relationship between
 Object size (O)---object size is fixed
 Image size (I), ----manipulated
 The distance between the reflective surface and the object (d),-
--fixed
The radius of the reflective surface (horizonal/vertical)
 If three of these variables are known (or fixed), the fourth
can be calculated using the formula
Symmetry
 The keratometer assumes that the cornea has a symmetric
spherocylindrical shape with a major and minor axis
separated by 90 degrees
Clinical application
 Clinically, this corneal curvature data is primarily used for :
 Contact lens fitting,
 IOL calculations, and
 Corneal refractive surgery.
 It is also helpful for detecting irregular astigmatism, which is
visible as distortion or irregularity in the appearance of the
mires.
Related instruments
 Automated instruments that provide Keratometry readings
alone or in addition to a number of other functions include
 Autorefractors that measure refraction,
Corneal topographers that map the anterior corneal surface,
and
The IOL Master that calculates axial length, anterior chamber
depth, white-to-white distance, and IOL powers for cataract
surgery
 The advantage of corneal topography is the ability to
measure and quantify irregular astigmatism

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