X-Ray Generator

X—Ray Generator
Topic covered
• Basic x-ray circuit
• X-ray generator component Design
• Types of x-ray generators
Cont…
The principal function of the x-ray generator is:
• to provide current at a high voltage to the x-
ray tube.
• provides up to 20,000 to 150,000 V needed for
x-ray production.
Transformer are main components of x-ray
generators;
• it convert low voltage into high voltage
through a process called electromagnetic
induction.
BASIC X-RAY CIRCUIT
The types of x-ray circuit
• main circuit and
• filament circuit
Main Circuit
• PRIMARY CIRCUIT–Control Panel

• Main Switch: The switch that generates the
power to the x-ray tube.
• Exposure Switch: a button to start an exposure
• Timer: Device used to end the exposure at an
accurately measured preset time.
• SECONDARY CIRCUIT–high voltage
transformers, rectification & x-ray tube.
Filament circuit
• FILAMENT CIRCUIT–varies current sent to the

filament in order to provide the required mA value.
• Filament circuit adjusts to mA ratings
(50,100,200,etc.)
Rheostat (variable resistor)
• this variable resistor adjusts the current going to
the filament.
• represented by the mA stations on the control
panel
Cont…
• step-down transformers to energize the
filament, and
• a focal spot size selector switch to energize
either the large or the small filament
Cont…
The major components of x-ray generator
• Control panel
• Transformer assembly
Control panel
Permits the selection of technique factors and

initiation of radiographic exposures
• mA
• kV
• exposure time
• focal spot size
Transformer assembly
• Transformer
• Rectifiers
Three major circuits:
• High voltage circuit
• The filament circuit
• Timer circuit
Autotransformer
• a single coil of wire wrapped around an iron core.
• It has a fixed number of turns,
• The autotransformer operates on the principle of
self-induction
• Supplies precise voltage to the high voltage
(secondary) and filament circuits
• Is used in the x- ray circuit to provide a small
increase in voltage before the step up transformer.
Cont…
• A switching autotransformer has a number of taps
on the input and output sides to permit small
incremental increases or decreases in the output
voltage.
• The switched autotransformer is used to adjust the
kVp produced by an x-ray generator
The output voltage from the autotransformer is equal
to:
• the input voltage multiplied by the ratio of
secondary to primary turns.
switched autotransformer
Rectifier circuits
• is an electrical apparatus that changes
alternating current into direct current.
• rectifier circuits to ensure proper electrical
polarity at the x-ray tube.
• A rectifier restricts current flow in an x-ray
tube to one direction (from cathode to
anode), thereby preventing damage to the x-
ray tube filament
Two types
Half wave
Full wave
Bridge
half-wave rectified
• in the high-voltage circuit allows electron flow
during only one half of the AC cycle and halts
the current when the polarity is reversed.
• As a result, a "single-pulse" waveform is
produced from the full AC cycle and this is
called a half-wave rectified system.
Full wave Rectifier
• Full-wave rectified systems use several diodes
(a minimum of two or four in a bridge
rectifier) arranged in a specific orientation to
allow the flow of electrons from the cathode
to the anode of the x-ray tube throughout the
AC cycle
• X-rays are produced in two pulses per cycle
Cont…
• Three-phase 6-pulse and 12-pulse generator
systems also use rectifiers in the secondary
circuit.
• In a three-phase system, multiple
transformers and multiple rectifier circuits
deliver direct current to the x-ray tube with
much less voltage fluctuation than in a single-
phase system.
High voltage generator properties
• full-wave rectification better than half-wave

• three phase better than single phase
• twelve-pulse, full-wave better than six-pulse,
full wave
Types of Generator
• single-phase x-ray generator
• Three-phase x-ray generators
• constant-potential generator
• high-frequency inverter generator
single-phase x-ray generator
• uses a single-phase input line voltage source

(e.g.,220 V at 50 Hz), and produces either a
single-pulse or a two-pulse DC waveform,
depending on the high-voltage rectifier
circuits.
Three-phase generators
• use a three-phase AC line source

• bridge rectifier on the high-voltage side in
each circuit produces two pulses per cycle for
each line, resulting in six pulses per cycle for a
three-phase six-pulse generator
Cont…
• another group of three transformers in a
"wye" transformer configuration and
additional bridge rectifiers provides a doubling
of the number of pulses, or 12 pulses per
cycle, in the three-phase 12-pulse generator
Three-phase generators
• deliver a more constant voltage to the x-ray

tube and
• can produce very short exposure times.
• are more expensive than single-phase systems,
• are more difficult to install,
• have a large amount of bulky hardware and
electronics,
• and occupy significant floor space.
constant-potential generator
• provides a nearly constant voltage to the x-ray

tube
• With this generator, there is NO ripple factor,
and the voltage applied to the X-ray tube is
pure DC.
• To achieve this, the output of a conventional
six-pulse generator is smoothed by high
voltage capacitors.
high-frequency inverter generator
• a high-frequency alternating waveform (up to

50,000 Hz) is used for efficient transformation
of low to high voltage.
• In a high-frequency inverter generator, a
single- or three-phase alternating current (AC)
input voltage is rectified and
• smoothed to create a direct current (DC)
waveform.
Cont…
• An inverter circuit produces a high-frequency
square wave as input to the high-voltage
transformer.
• Rectification and capacitance smoothing
provide the resultant high-voltage output
waveform, with properties similar to those of
a three-phase system.
Comparative wave
shape:
•100% ripple for single

phase,
•12 % ripple for three
phase,
•1-2 % ripple for high
frequency
conclusion

X-Ray Generator

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X—Ray Generator

• PRIMARY CIRCUIT–Control Panel

• FILAMENT CIRCUIT–varies current sent to the

Permits the selection of technique factors and

• full-wave rectification better than half-wave

• uses a single-phase input line voltage source

• use a three-phase AC line source

• deliver a more constant voltage to the x-ray

• provides a nearly constant voltage to the x-ray

• a high-frequency alternating waveform (up to

•100% ripple for single

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