science script

GOOD MORNING ma’am and sir..
I’m anika from 10A…and I’m

Somya from 10A. and we are here with our presentation about
refection and refection of light through different glass medium..
These phenomena’s take place in our day-to-day activities.Ever
wondered how a rainbow is formed? why does the sky look
orange during sunrise and sunset?? Wondered how double
rainbows are formed?or did the twinkling get u thinking how thy
always twinkle even though thy aren’t?
Its all because of refraction of light..
What Is Refraction?
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another.
The bending is caused due to the differences in density between the two
substances.
Causes of Refraction
Change of Speed Results in Change in Direction
A light ray refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a medium of different
refractive indices. This change in speed results in a change in direction. As an
example, consider air travelling into water. The speed of light decreases as it
continues to travel at a different angle.
Refraction of Light through Glass Slab
What Is the Refractive Index?

The refractive index, also called the index of refraction, describes how fast light
travels through the material.
The refractive Index is dimensionless. For a given material, the refractive index is the
ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in the medium .
If the refractive index for a medium is represented by n, then it is given by the
following formula:
Lateral Displacement
There is a distance between the incident and the emergent ray that
emerged. This distance is known as lateral displacement or shift. We
consider it a shift from the original path from where the incident ray of light
was supposed to emerge if it would not have experienced or undergone
any refraction. The thicker the glass slab is the more shift or displacement
from the original incident position is observed.
It depends upon the thickness of the given glass slab and on the angle of
incidence and refraction respectively.
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

The phenomenon of splitting up of white light into its constituent seven colours on
passing through a prism is called dispersion of light.
In the year 1665, Newton discovered that if a beam of white light is passed through a
triangular glass prism, the white light splits to form a band of seven colours on a
white screen held on the other side of the prism.
RECOMPOSITION OF WHITE LIGHT:

For this experiment, two prisms P1 and P2 of the same material and of the same
refracting angle A are arranged as shown is figure. Sunlight from a narrow slit S falls
on the first prism P1 with its base downwards and gets dispersed into constituent
colours (VIBGYOR) and the bending takes place downwards. Now this dispersed
light falls on the second prism P2 with its base upwards so that is deviates the light
upwards.
FORMATION OF A RAINBOW
A rainbow is a natural spectrum appearing in the sky in the form of an arch of seven
colours which is produced by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets,
present in the atmosphere.
A rainbow is always formed in the opposite direction to that of the sun. The colours
come from the dispersion of white light by raindrops suspended in air. The water
droplets act like small prisms. Sunlight entering a drop gets refracted and is split into
its component seven colours. These light rays of the component colours travel
through the drop and fall on its other side.
These light rays get reflected and again fall on the surface of the drop and get
refracted on the way out. The two refractions bend the light through a large angle,
keeping them separate.
Explain the Primary and Secondary Rainbows ?
Both the primary and secondary rainbows are formed by the reflection and
refraction of sunlight in tiny water droplets. When a sunbeam is being refracted
twice and reflected once by the droplet, a primary rainbow will form. If the beam
is being refracted twice and reflected twice, a secondary rainbow will form. As
the secondary rainbow is formed by one more reflection than the primary
rainbow, it is much fainter and rare to see. On the other hand, since the paths of
sunbeams in a primary rainbow and a secondary rainbow are different, the colors
of the secondary rainbow are arranged in just the reverse order of the primary
one.
These lights of different colours emerging from the rain drops form a rainbow, such
that the red colour is at the top and violet colour at the bottom.
Sun appears red at sunrise and sunset. This is due to light having
Sunlight consists of seven colours; violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,

orange and red.
Among all these seven colours, red colour has the maximum wavelength
whereas, violet has the shortest wavelength.
During sunrise and sunset, the rays have to travel a larger part of the
atmosphere because they are very close to the horizon. Therefore, light
other than red having shorter wavelengths is mostly scattered away.
Most of the red light, which is the least scattered, enters our eyes. Hence,
the sun and the sky appear red.
Why do the stars twinkle?

As a star’s light penetrates the Earth’s atmosphere, every individual stream of starlight is
refracted – caused to change direction, slightly – by the various temperature and density
layers in Earth’s atmosphere. You might think of it as the light travelling a zig-zag path to our
eyes, instead of the straight path the light would travel if Earth didn’t have an atmosphere.
Why Don’t Planets Twinkle?

Planets are closer to us as compared to stars. Stars are very far away from us and
appear as point sizes to us. Due to this, it seems as if the light is coming from one
point source. On the contrary, planets are at a lesser distance from us as compared
to stars. Due to this reason, they appear much more prominent, and the light seems
to come from more than one point source. The dimming effect of some of the points
of light coming from the planet is nullified by the brightening effect of light coming
from other points.

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GOOD MORNING ma’am and sir..

I’m anika from 10A…and I’m

Refraction of Light through Glass Slab

What Is the Refractive Index?

DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT BY A GLASS PRISM

RECOMPOSITION OF WHITE LIGHT:

Sunlight consists of seven colours; violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow,

Why do the stars twinkle?

Why Don’t Planets Twinkle?

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