Introduc on to the Emerging Trends

Ar ficial Intelligence (AI)

Ar ficial intelligence, or I, refers to devices or programmes that resemble
human intelligence in order to carry out tasks and have the ability to itera vely
improve themselves based on the data they gather.
Ar ficial intelligence aims to imitate human intelligence naturally in machines
so that they will act intelligently. An intelligent machine should be able to
mimic some of the cogni ve processes that people use to learn, make
decisions, and solve problems. Machines are trained to build a knowledge base
and base judgments off of it in order to complete jobs with the least amount of
human involvement. In order to make new judgments, AI systems can also
learn from their prior ac ons or results.

Machine Learning
Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to
learn from data using statistical methods without explicit human
programming. It includes algorithms that use information to learn on their own
and anticipate the future.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language Processing (NLP) It deals with how people and computers
communicate using human spoken languages like Hindi, English, etc. In fact,
using our voice to conduct a web search, use a device, or control another
device is achievable. NLP has made all of this feasible. An NLP system can
convert speech to text and text to speech.

Immersive Experiences
Now movies are three dimension, video games are also begin developed to
provide immersive experiences to the player. Immersive experiences allow us
to visualize, feel and react by stimulating our senses. It enhances our
interaction and involvement, making them more realistic and engaging.
Immersive experiences have been used in the field of training, such as driving
simulators , flight simulator and so on.
 Virtual Reality – Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional, computer-
generated situation that simulates the real world. The user can interact
with and explore that environment by getting immersed in it while
interacting with the objects and other actions of the user.

Augmented Reality – The term “augmented reality” refers to the

superimposition of computer-generated perceptual information over the
actual physical surroundings (AR). Consider Pokémon Go as an
illustration, where players look for animated characters that appear in
their real-world surroundings on their phone or tablet.

Robo cs
A robot is essentially a machine that can complete one or more activities
accurately and precisely on its own. A robot is programmable by a computer,
which implies it can obey commands supplied by computer programmes,
unlike other devices.

1. Mars Exploration Rover (MER) is a robotic space mission launched

by NASA to learn more about the planet Mars.
2. Sophia is a humanoid robot that mimics human movements and
facial expressions and uses artificial intelligence, visual data
processing, and facial recognition.
3. An unmanned aircraft called a drone can be remotely piloted or
can fly on its own using software-controlled flight plans in
embedded systems in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.

Big Data
Every day, over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are generated, and the rate is
rising due to the Internet of Things’ ongoing development (IoT). As a result, big
data—data sets with a large volume and high level of complexity—are created.

Such data cannot be handled and analyzed using conventional data processing
methods because it is not only large but also unstructured, such as our posts,
conversations, and instant messages, as well as the pictures. This data is highly
valuable in the businesses, So, there is a strong focus on developing tools and
processes to process and analyze big data.
 Characteris cs of Big Data

There are five different types of characteristics of Big Data –

1. Volume – Size presents the biggest challenge for large data.

It will be challenging to process a certain dataset if it is
large.
2. Velocity – Velocity is the term used to describe the speed
with which informa on must be processed a er being input
into a system. For example, Amazon record every click of the
mouse when the shoppers are browsing on its website.
3. Variety – All the organized and unstructured data that could
be produced by either people or machines is referred to as
variety in big data.
4. Veracity – Big data can occasionally be inaccurate, distorted,
noisy, or contain errors. It can also have problems with the
methods used to obtain the data. Veracity relates to how
reliable the data is.
5. Value – Big data is more than just a large collec on of data;
it also contains hidden pa erns and insigh ul informa on
that may be highly valuable to businesses.

Data Analy cs
The practise of analysing datasets to make judgments about the information
they contain is known as data analytics. You can take raw data and use data
analytical tools to find patterns and gain insightful conclusions from it.

“Data analytics is the process of examining data sets in order to draw

conclusions about the information they contain, with the aid of specialised
systems and software.”

Internet of Things (IoT)

The “Internet of Things” is a collection of interconnected devices that can
connect to one another and exchange data in the same network or you can
say, It is a overall network of interconnected devices as well as the technology
that enables communication between them.

Web of Things (WoT)

Internet of Things allows us to interact with different devices through Internet
with the help of smartphones or computers, Web of Things (WoT) allows use
of web services to connect anything in the physical world, besides human
identities on web. It will pave way for creating smart homes, smart offices,
smart cities and so on.

Sensors
Sensors are frequently used as monitoring and observing components. The
development of IoT is being greatly aided by the evolution of smart electronic
sensors. It will result in the development of fresh, intelligent systems with
sensors.
A smart sensor is a device that receives input from the physical world and uses
internal computer power to carry out predetermined tasks when a certain
input is detected. The data is then processed before being transmitted.

Smart Ci es
A smart city use the information and communication technologies (ICT), for
creating, implementing, and promoting sustainable development methods to
handle the issues of expanding urbanisation. Smart City handle transportation
systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law
enforcement, information systems, schools, libraries, hospitals and other
community services work in unison to optimise the efficiency of city operations
and services through the information and communication technologies.

Cloud Compu ng
Cloud computing is a new trend where computer-based services are supplied
via the Internet or the cloud and are accessible to the user from any location
using any device. Cloud computing is the distribution of computer services
over the Internet (“the cloud”), including servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, and intelligence.

Cloud Services
There are three standard models to categories different computing services
delivered through cloud –

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Pla orm as a Service (PaaS)
 3. So ware as a Service (SaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – IaaS is a particular kind of cloud
computing service that provides necessary computation, storage, and
networking resources on demand for example different types of
computer infrastructure, such as servers, virtual machines (VM), storage
and backup facilities, network components, operating systems, or any
other hardware or software, can be offered by IaaS providers.

Platform as a Service (PaaS) – a cloud-based service that enables users

to install and run applications without worrying about their setup or
underlying infrastructure. In other words, PaaS offers a platform or
setting for creating, testing, and distributing software applications.

Software as a Service (SaaS) – SaaS offers on-demand access to

application software; often, this service requires user licencing or
subscription. We utilise SaaS from the cloud when using Google Doc,
Microsoft Office 365, Drop Box, etc. to modify a document online.

Grid Compu ng
Grid computing refers to a network of computers from various administrative
domains cooperating to complete a task. Grid computing enables simple
completion of complicated tasks that may be intractable for a single computer
machine.

Grid can be of two types —

1. Data grid, used to manage large and distributed data having

required multi-user access, and
2. CPU or Processor grid, where processing is moved from one PC to
another as needed or a large task is divided into subtasks and
divided to various nodes for parallel processing.

Blockchains
The blockchain technology is based on the idea of a shared, decentralised
database that is replicated on every computer. A block is a safeguarded section
of data or a legitimate transaction. Only the block’s owner has access to the
block’s private data, which is hidden behind the header of each block, which is
visible to all other nodes. These blocks come together to form the blockchain.