Industrial Training Report

On
Purvanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited

Conducted At: 33/11KV Substation Gidahi , Basti

Under supervision of:

Er. A. B. Bharti
Executive Engineer
Purvanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited
Vidyut Vitran Khand- 3 ,District - Basti
Submitted By:

PANKAJ KUMAR
Roll No.: 2107350200028

Session: 2024 – 2025

Submitted To:

Dr. Archana Sharma & Dr. Mohmmad Ahmad

(Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering)

Rajkiya Engineering College, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh 246725

Affiliated to Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, U. P.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the industrial training report on Purwanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Ltd,
conducted at 33/11KV Substation Gidahi, Basti is an authentic record of my own work as
requirement of industrial training during the period from 01-07-2024 to 28-07-2024 for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology (Electrical Engineering), Rajkiya Engineering
College Bijnor under the guidance of Dr. Archana Sharma and Dr. Mohmmad Ahmad.

PANKAJ KUMAR

2107350200028

Date: ……………………

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our
knowledge and belief.

SIGNATURE
Examined By:
TRAINING CERTIFICATE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
LIST OF FIGURES ii

1. Introduction 1-2
1.1 About 33/11KV substation Gidahi, Basti

2. Transformers 3-5
2.1 Types of Transformers 3-5
2.1.1 Power transformer 4
2.1.2 Instrument transformer 4
2.1.3 Autotransformer 4
2.1.4 On the basis of working 5
2.1.5 On the basis of structure 5

3. Specification of C.T. used in 33/11 KV substation Gidahi 6

4. Substation 7 -12

4.1 Types of substation 8

4.1.1 According to the service requirement 8
4.1.2 According to the constructional features 8

4.2 Substation characteristics 9

4.3 Steps in designing substation 10

4.3.1 Earthing and bonding 10
4.3.2 Substation earthing calculation methodology 11
4.3.3 Earthing material 11
4.3.4 Switch yard fence earthing 11

4.4 Conductors used in substation designing 12

5. Chronological training diary 13-16
5.1 Power line carrier communication (PLCC) 13

5.1.1 Applications 13

5.2 Principle of PLCC 14

5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap 14

5.2.2 Coupling capacitor 14
5.2.3 Protective device of coarse voltage arrester 15
5.2.4 Coupling of filter 15
5.2.5 H.F. cable 16

6. Bus bars 17-18

7. Insulators 19-23

7.1 Circuit breakers 20

7.2 Oil circuit breaker 21
7.3 Air blast circuit breaker 21
7.4 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6) circuit breaker 22
7.5 Vacuum circuit breaker 23

8. Metering and Indication equipment 25-28

8.1 Relay 25
8.2 Relays used in control panel of substation 26

8.2.1 Differential relay 26

8.2.2 Over current relay 26
8.2.3 Directional relay 27
8.2.4 Tripping relay 27
8.2.5 Auxiliary relay 28

9. Miscellaneous Equipment’s 29-27

9.1 Capacitor bank 29
9.2 Fuse 30
9.3 Bus coupler 30

10. Lighting arrester 31

11. Protection of substation 32
11.1 Transformer protection 32
11.2 Conservation and breather 32
11.3 Marshalling box 32
11.4 Transformer cooling 32

12. Conclusion 33

References 34
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry. It was a great
experience for me to work on training at Purwanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam
Ltd, through which I could learn how to work in a professional environment. Now, I would
like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of inspiration
throughout the tenure of my summer training. I am sincerely grateful to Er. A.B. Bharti (Sub
Divisional Officer) at 33/11 KV substation, Gidahi Basti. who rendered me his valuable
assistance, constant encouragement and able guidance which made this training actually
possible. I wish my deep sense of gratitude to Er. Nirmal Kumar (Junior Engineer) whose
affectionate guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully. I also wish my
deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Archana Sharma and training guide Dr. Mohmmad Ahmad
and other faculty members whose guidance and encouragement made my training successful.

PANKAJ KUMAR
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Name of figure Page no.

Figure 1.1 33/11 KV Substation 1
Figure 2.1 Transformer 3
Figure 2.2 Power transformer 4
Figure 2.3 Instrument transformer 4
Figure 2.4 Auto transformer 5
Figure 2.5 Core type 5
Figure 2.6 Shell type 5
Figure 3.1 Current transformer 6
Figure 4.1 View of substation 7
Figure 4.2 Transformer substation 8
Figure 5.1 Power line carrier communication (PLCC) 13
Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars 17
Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substation 19
Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements 20
Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker 21
Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker 22
Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker 22
Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker 23
Figure 8.1 Typical view of Relay 25
Figure 8.2 Differential Relay 26
Figure 8.3 Over current Relay 26
Figure 8.4 Directional Relay 27
Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay 27
Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay 28
Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank 29
Figure 9.2 Substation fuse 30
Figure 9.3 Bus coupler 30
Figure10.1 Lightning arrestor 31
 INTRODUCTION
Purwanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. is a company incorporated under the Companies Act,
1956 and having its registered office at 4-A, Kotwali Road, Basti, for carrying out the business
of Distribution of electricity within the Area of Supply. Area of supply will include the
following districts of the State of Uttar Pradesh: Budaun, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur,
Lakhimpur, Hardoi, Sitapur, Unnao, Bahraich, Shrawasti, Balrampur, Gonda, Barabanki, Rae
Bareli, Ayodhya, Sultanpur, Ambedkarnagar, Lucknow and Amethi.

MVVNL started functioning as an independent Distribution company in July 2003.

1.1 ABOUT 33/11 KV SUBSTATION GIDAHI

Figure 1.1 33/11KV Substation Gidahi

The substation 33/11KV Gidahi have three incoming lines

1. 33KV Govindnagar
2. 33KV Rudhauli
3. 33KV Vikramjot Bagha Nala

1
Now the transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge,
followed by CVT (continuous variable transmission) connected parallel. At the location a wave
trap is connected to carrier communication at higher frequencies. A current transformer is
connected in series with line which measure current and step down for control panel.

Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having an

isolator at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler. At both ends
of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear equipment provided.
Transformer step downs voltage from 33KV to 11KV. The main bus is provided with
switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives way to 13 feeders transmitting power
to Vrindavan Yojna.

A step-down transformer of 11KV/440V is connected to control panel to provide supply to the

equipment’s of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 11KV. It is provided
to improve power factor & voltage profile.

2
 2. TRANSFORMERS

Figure: 2.1 Transformer

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction
principle. When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step
up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

2.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

2.1.1 Power transformer

2.1.2 Instrument transformer

2.1.3 Auto transformer

2.1.4 On the basis of working

2.1.5 On the basis of structure

3
2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER:

Figure 2.2 Power Transformers

Types of power transformer:

2.1.1.1 Single phase transformer

2.1.1.2 Three phase transformer

2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

Figure: 2.3 Instrument Transformers

a) Current transformer
b) Potential transformer

4
2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Figure 2.4 Auto Transformer

a) Single phase transformer

b) Three phase transformer

2.1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING

2.1.4.1 Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage.
2.1.4.2 Step up: Converts low voltage into high voltage.

2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE

Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type

5
 3. SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 33/11 KV SUB STATION, GIDAHI

Figure 3.1 Current transformer

3.1 Standard: IS-2785

3.2 Highest System Voltage: 145 KV
3.3 Frequency: 50Hz
3.4 C.T. Current: 25 KA/1Sec.
3.5 Rated primary current: 800 Ampere

6
 4. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1 View of substation

The present day electrical power system is A.C .i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted
& distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at power
plant stations which are located at favourable places generally quite away from the consumers.
It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution.

At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV
or 33 KV) at the power station is set up to high voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for
transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this
purpose in the substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be
step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called
substation.
The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is
called substation.

7
The two most ways to classify substation are:-

4.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION

4.1.1 According to the service requirement:

4.1.1.1 Transformer substation

4.1.1.2 Switch substation

4.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation

4.1.1.4 Frequency change substation

4.1.1.5 Converting substation

4.1.1.6 Industrial substation

4.1.2 According to the constructional features:

4.1.2.1 Indoor substation

4.1.2.3 Outdoor substation

4.1.2.4 Underground substation

4.1.2.5 Pole mounted substation

4.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION

Figure 4.2 Transformer substation

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main component
employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served transformer
substations may be classified into:

8
4.1.1.1.1 STEP UP SUBSTATION

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission of

electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.2 PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to
11KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.3 SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines runs
along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type.

4.1.1.1.3 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V, 3-phase,
4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is 400V &
between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS:

4.2.1 Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.

4.2.2 A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the
transformer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating
the faulty circuit breaker.

4.2.3 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
4.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION:

9
The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.
4.3.1 Earthing and Bonding:

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system

connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be
connected in order to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also
ensures that no thermal or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within
the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel.
The earthing system also guarantees equipotent bonding such that there are no
dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation.
In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered these are:

4.3.1.1 Touch Voltage: This is the difference in potential between the

surface potential and the potential at earthed equipment whilst a man is
standing and touching the earthed structure.

4.3.1.2 Step Voltage: This is the potential difference developed when a

man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet while not touching any other
earthed equipment.

4.3.1.3 Mesh Voltage: This is the maximum touch voltage that is

developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.

4.3.2 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances, touch and step potentials are based on site
measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with
particular conductors is then analysed to determine the effective substation
earthing resistance, from which the earthing voltage is calculated.

In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid
calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin
such that expansion of the system is catered for.

10
 To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These
tests are best performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings
are obtained.

4.3.3 Earthing Materials

4.3.3.4 Conductors:

Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The
copper bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square
millimetres, and they are laid at a shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m
squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a separate above
ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation
plant is bonded.

4.3.3.4 Connections:

Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered
because the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered
joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted.

4.3.3.5 Earthing Rods:

The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the

dissipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation
earthing resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper
clad steel.

4.3.4 Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different
utilities.

11
4.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfil the following requirements:

4.4.1 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.

4.4.2 Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise
self-weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and
atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
4.4.3 Should be corona free at rated voltage.

4.4.4 Should have the minimum number of joints.

4.4.5 Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.

4.4.6 Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminium’s. Steel may be
used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors

4.5 Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.

4.5.1 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
4.5.2 Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

12
 5. CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY

(based on study & observation at different Departments and sections)

5.1 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

Introduction:

Figure 5.1: PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION)

Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economical power
supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the
interconnected grid system in optimum working condition; to coordinate the
operation of various generating unit communication network is indispensable for
state electricity board.
In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally
located at a far distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided
through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick.
As we have available very reliable physical paths viz. the power lines, which
interconnected, hence power line carrier communication is found to be most
economical and reliable for electricity boards.

13
5.1.1 APPLICATIONS:

The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:

5.1.1.1 Telephony

5.1.1.2 Tele protection

5.1.1.3 Remote control or indication

5.1.1.4 Telemetry

5.1.1.5 Teleprinting

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:

The principle of PLCC is the simple one:

All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500 KHz.
The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and
filtered out again at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band
amplitude modulation was more common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the
high voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly
connected to high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipment’s have therefore
to be employed which will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without
undue loss and with absolute protection of communication equipment’s or operating
personal from high voltage hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:

5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap:

Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of
coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier.
Wave trap stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the
event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can
be following type:

14
 5.2.1.1 ALL WAVE

5.2.1.2 SINGAL FREQUENCY

5.2.1.3 DOUBLE FREQUENCY

5.2.1.4 BROAD BAND

5.2.2 Coupling capacitor:

The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially
designed to with stand line voltage under all-weather condition. The upper end of the
coupling capacitor is connected directly to the line and the lower end is connected to
the ground through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor
forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power line. The coupling capacitor
used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal
atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow,
anticipated wind load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case
capacitive voltage transformers (CVT) used as a source of line voltage for metering and
protection as also used coupling capacitor for PLCC.

5.2.3 Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester:

This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to
the bottom of the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect
the coupling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order
of 1.8 to 2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on line.

5.2.4 Coupling of Filter:

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling
capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Sometime an
earth switch is also provided with this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions;
firstly it isolates the connection of equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves
to match characteristic impedance of the power line to that of the H.F. cable to
connection equipment’s.

15
5.2.5 H.F. Cable:

H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal. The
cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable
is so as to match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of
coupling filter.

5.2.5.1 TYPES OF COUPLING:

The following three types of coupling are being used in UPSEB depending on the
requirement:
5.2.5.1.1 Phase to ground coupling

5.2.5.1.2 Phase to phase coupling

5.2.5.1.3 Internal coupling

5.2.5.2 COUPLING LOSSES:

5.2.5.2.1 Composite loss

5.2.5.2.2 Tapping loss

5.2.5.2.3 H.F. cable loss

5.2.5.2.4 Additional loses

16
 6. BUSBARS

Figure 6.1 bus bars

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are
made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars
arrangements used at substations:
6.1 Single bus bar system

6.2 Single bus bar system with section alisation.

6.3 Duplicate bus bar system

In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as
little as possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used.
Such a system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of
bus coupler, which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance
and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making
capacity. In some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.

17
 While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing
a circuit the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply
side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for
the purpose of maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by
using bus coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or
maintenance of any section is required.

18
 7. INSULATORS

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator
is porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post
insulator etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For
example, post insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body,
cast iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can
be directly bolted to the cap.

Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations

With the advantage of power system, the lines and other equipment operate at very high
voltage and carry high current.
The arrangements of switching along with switches cannot serve the desired function of
switchgear in such high capacity circuits. This necessitates employing a more dependable
means of control such as is obtain by the use of the circuit breakers. A circuit breaker can
make or break a circuit either manually or automatically under all condition as no load, full
load and short circuit condition.
A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These contacts can be
opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of

19
the system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and the moving contacts are pulled apart
by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit.

When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to
continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also
generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest
possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value.
The general way of classification is on the basis of the medium used for arc extinction.

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements

7.1. Circuit breakers

They can be classified into:

7.1.1 Oil circuit breaker

7.1.2 Air-blast circuit breaker
7.1.3 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)
7.1.4 Vacuum circuit breakers

Note: SF6 and Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 33KV distribution substation.

20
7.2 Oil Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose
high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor.

7.3 Air blast circuit breaker

Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break
constructions, simple assembly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air
blast circuit breakers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the
air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc
furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for
interconnected lines and important lines where rapid operation is desired. High pressure
air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/ cm2 stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken from
the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir
with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top
of the hollow insulator chambers.

21
 Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker
The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chambers to each other in
series and the pole to the neighbouring equipment. Since there exists a very high voltage
between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire arc extinction chambers assembly
is mounted on insulators.

7.4 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker

22
In such circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium.
The SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF6
circuit breaker have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service.
SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10
MVA.
It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts
are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards
the arc interruption chamber. The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these
holes.

7.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers which are used to protect medium and high
voltage circuits from dangerous electrical situations. Like other types of circuit breakers,
vacuum circuit breakers literally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing
through it, thereby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge.
These devices have been utilized since the 1920s, and several companies have introduced
refinements to make them even safer and more effective.

23
7.2.1 Rating of 132 KV SF6 circuit breaker:

7.2.1.1 Breaking current: 50A

7.2.1.2 Making capacity: 80KA

7.2.1.3 Total break time < 60msec

7.2.1.4 Rated short circuit breaking current:

7.2.1.4.1 Symmetrical: 31.5 KA

7.2.1.4.2 Asymmetrical: 36.86 KA

7.2.1.5 Rated duration of short circuit current: 3sec

7.2.1.6 Rated nominal current: 1250 A

7.2.1.7 Rated voltage: 145 KV

7.2.1.8 Rated SF6 gas pressure: 6 KG

24
 8. METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT

8.1 RELAY:

Figure 8.1 Typical view of Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur somewhere
in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected
and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For
high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective
gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
frequency, current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission
line the current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy
current flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This
in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the
faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the
circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system.
Basically relay work on the following two main operating principles:
8.1.1 Electromagnetic attraction relay

8.1.2 Electromagnetic induction relay

8.2 Relays used in control panel of the substation:

25
8.2.1 Differential Relay:

Figure 8.2 Differential Relay

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than
the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty
section.

8.2.2 OVER CURRENT RELAY:

Figure 8.3 Overcurrent Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined
value. The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a
current transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for
fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

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 8.2.3 DIRECTIONAL RELAY:

Figure 8.4 Directional Relay

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touches the earth due to any
fault. A directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque
by the interaction of magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source
of the circuit it protects. The direction of torque depends upon the current relative
to voltage.

8.2.4 TRIPPING RELAY:

Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay

This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault in the
system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section.

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8.2.5 AUXILIARY RELAY:

Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

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 9. MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT

9.1 CAPACITOR BANK:

Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take
lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current,
resulting in additional losses. So, in order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply
system from engineering and economical stand point it is important to have power factor as
close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading
power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of the such device can be capacitor
bank. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging
reactive component of load current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:

9.1.1 Supply reactive power

9.1.2 Increases terminal voltage

9.1.3 Improve power factor

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9.2 FUSE:

Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse

A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which melts when excessive current through
it for sufficient time. It is inserted in series with the circuit under normal operating
conditions; the fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the
normal load current overheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both
detection and interruption functions.

9.3 BUS COUPLER:

Figure 9.3 bus coupler

The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler.

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 10. LIGHTINING ARRESTER

The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against
travelling waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other
words, lightning arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting
the continuity of supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the
equipment to be protected at the substation.

Figure 10.1 Lightening Arrester

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 11. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION

11.1 Transformer protection:

Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of
even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected
from the system. This provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against
possible faults.

11.2 Conservator and Breather:

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the
top of the tank.
Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil
air is drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt
chloride. Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

11.3 Marshalling box:

It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank.
If temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound
an alarm. If there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit
to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

11.4 Transformer cooling:

When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal
of heat is called cooling.

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 12. CONCLUSION

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life. We
are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about
the various parts of the Substation system.
The Purvanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited has got radio communication in microwave
range in order to transmit and receive data with various Substations in Uttar Pradesh to get
reliable transmission and distribution of electricity.

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 References

1. www.mvvnl.in/en

2. www.scribd.com/document/686636980/Industrial-Training-Report-Sample

3. www.slideshare.net

4. www.google.co.in/imghp

5. https://academicanswers.waldenu.edu

6. guides.library.uq.edu.au

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