History

Your final test will be in two parts.

1. You will complete the short answer questions related to the entire
year (12-15 questions)
2. You will complete an in-class 5 paragraph essay on one of the
potential essay questions.
Review your previous tests, quizzes and notes to study for this test!
Potential Short Answer Questions:
1. What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?
How do they help us better understand history?
Primary sources are first hand accounts of someone who saw it, was
there or directly had contact with the event in some way. Some
examples of a first hand account include: a photo, audio recording,
telling the story, etc. Secondary sources are sources that discuss or
analyze a different source. Examples of secondary sources include:
podcasts, books and more. Although very different, these 2 sources
have practically the same goal, to help us better understand the
historical matter they are discussing. Primary sources are helpful
because you can see the event in the eyes of someone who actually
experienced it and secondary sources are helpful because you can
read an analysis or retrospective of something and truly understand it.
Ch.13:
2. What gave the European powers the ability to gain territory in the
Americas? The reason the Europeans could gain territory in the
Americas way before Asia was for many reasons. The main reasons
were the fact that they had a geographic advantage as they were
much closer to the Americas than the Asian countries were. Another
significant reason is the fact that they had many innovations in
maritime technology. These 2 reasons combined result in the Americas
being taken over by Europeans way before the Asians.
3. What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange was a trade network between Asia, Africa,
Europe and the Americas. Here goods like corn, potatoes, squash,
horses were exchanged. This was very historically significant because
it introduced globalization to the world and changed how trade works
forever. All continents and countries involved greatly benefited from
this. In Europe, the population went from 60 million people to 390
million people in 500 years. This happened because of the calories
derived from corn and potatoes while in China, plants of American
origin were 20% of their production. Examples like these only prove
how great this exchange really was. It revolutionized the economy and
trade and gave new diets, ways of life and job opportunities to many,
many people.
4. What was the significance of the Great Dying?
Different people groups from the Americas came into contact with
European and African diseases when they were being colonized. This
really messed them up and about 90% of people in areas such as
Central Mexico and the Caribbean died. This led to them not being able
to put up much of a fight to the colonizers and just easier colonization
for them.
5. What goods were exchanged during the Columbian Exchange?
From Europe to Asia: Cattle, Horses, Wheat, Pigs, Rye, Smallpox
From Central America to Europe and Africa: Maize, Potatoes, Tobacco,
Beans, Squash, Peppers, Cacao, Syphilis
From Africa to Central America: Sugar, Rice
From Africa to North and South America: Malaria, Yellow fever
From South America to Africa: Cassava, Manioc, Cacao
From Asia to Africa: Sugar, Rice, Tea, Plague
From Asia to South America: Sugar, Rice
6. How did the plantation societies of Brazil and the Caribbean differ
from the southern colonies in British North America?
They differed in many ways. They had different social hierarchies and
the hierarchies in spanish colonies were much more complex and
worse than the southern colonies in British North America. They also
gathered different goods so they had different practices as well. The
Protestants emphasizing reading The Holy Bible also lead to higher
literacy rates.
7. How did Peter the Great transform Russia and their culture?
Peter the Great almost completely transformed and changed Russia in
many different core ways. He modernized the military and vastly
changed the administrative leaders of the country. Since Peter studied
in Europe, he knew what kind of education did and didn’t work. He
reformed the education for sons of noblemen and brought in many
teachers from Europe. People were instructed to dress European-style
and shave their beards. Those who didn’t had to pay the beard tax. He
also made many manufacturing enterprises and grew the economy.
Overall, Peter only brought prosperity to Russia by bringing a western
culture, new industries and job opportunities, a better military, new
education. By bringing all these changes, he only did what was right
and was a great leader.
8. What was the significance of the Ottoman control of Constantinople
in the 15th century?
If they controlled Constantinople, that meant they controlled the water
way and thus were able to block trade, attack with their navy and
many more. This water way gave them a strategic location they can
profit from.
Ch.14:
1. How did the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and British initiatives in
Asia differ from one another? The Portuguese controlled trade routes,
the Spanish colonized the Philippines, the Dutch monopolized spice
trade, and the British shifted from trade to empire-building in India.
2. What was the world historical importance of the silver trade?
It was a novelty used for many things and it made “the world go
round”. It brought jobs to peasants and made noblemen rich beyond
their minds. It grew many economies and really changed the world.
3. What was the impact of fur trade on North American native
societies?
Their economies grew because they were getting paid to provide them
with fur-bearing animals. It was not all sunshine and rainbows as they
started to be dependent on the europeans for money.
4. How did the North American and Siberian fur trades differ from each
other?
The North American fur trade involved Indigenous trappers and beaver
pelts, with European companies like Hudson’s Bay. The Siberian fur
trade was state-controlled by Russia, focusing on sables, with
Indigenous peoples exploited through tribute.
5. In what ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African
socieities?
The African slave completely changed Africa. It made them a main part
of the Atlantic world, destroyed their populations and economies, and
only the leaders of these societies profited by sending away their
people.
6. What role did Europeans play in the Atlantic slave trade?
They bought them and gave money to the leaders. They are practically
responsible for destroying these places.
Ch.15:
1. In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European
society, culture and politics?
It allowed people to be closer to their religion and think freely. Martin
Luther’s brave actions also showed people that they should stand up
for themselves.
2. What inventions allowed for the ideas of Martin Luther to be widely
spread?
Printing press.
3. How did Islam spread in the early modern era?
4. What were the four main phases of the Thirty Years War? What was
the trend of the 30 Years
War?
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French. The trend was that the alliances
shifted idfk.

5. What were the consequences of the Thirty Years War?

Many deaths, divide between catholics and protestants.
6. What was the significance of the Enlightenment?
Ch.16:
1. In what ways did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the
Atlantic Revolutions?
2. What were the consequences of the American Revolution?
3. How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution?
4. What were the consequences of the Haitian Revolution?
5. What were the consequences of the Spanish American Revolution?
6. What were the most significant differences between the four
revolutions we have studied?
7. In what ways did the Enlightenment ideas contribute to the Atlantic
Revolutions?

8. What led to the end of slavery in the 19th century?

9. What led to the rise of nationalism in the 19th century? Be specific.
10. What were some of the nations that had nationalist movements in
the 19th century?
11. What were the consequences of the nationalist movement?
Ch.17:
1. What led to the Industrial Revolution in Europe? Be specific.
2. How did the Industrial Revolution change life in Great Britain?
3. What were the conditions of industrial factories like?
4. What were the economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution
in America?
5. What were the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution in
America?
6. What were some of the important inventions of the Industrial
Revolution?
7. Where were the consequences of the Russian Revolution in 1905?
8. What were the consequences of the Russian Revolution in 1917?
9. What were the major economic strategies of Latin American
countries during the time of the
Industrial Revolution?
Ch. 18:
1. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape European
imperialism?
2. What led to the United States eventual annexation of Hawaii?
3. What contributed to the changing European views of Asians and
Africans in the 19th century?
4. What led to Japan’s eventual involvement with the United States?

Potential Essay Questions (You will complete a 5 paragraph essay in

class on one of these potential
questions):
1. What are some examples of globalization in the early modern era?
What lasting legacies does this have in the twenty-first century?
2. What were the practices of the Atlantic Slave Trade? What were the
main consequences during
this time, and what is the lasting legacy in the twenty-first century?
3. What were the main reasons for the Protestant Reformation? What
were the main consequences,
and what is the lasting legacy?
4. In what specific ways did the Scientific Revolution and the
Enlightenment give rise to cultural,
political, economic and social changes?
5. How was the Spanish American Revolution shaped by the American,
French, and Haitian
Revolutions?
6. What did humankind gain from the Industrial Revolution and what
did it lose?
7. What was distinctive about European and American colonial empires
in the nineteenth century?