L K SINGHANIA EDUCATION CENTRE

CLASS-XI (IP) CHAPTER - 3

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PYTHON

Daya Krishan Gupta

LKSEC, GOTAN
 INTRODUCTION
Python was created by Guido Van Rossum when he was working at CWI (Centrum
Wiskunde & Informatica) which is a National Research Institute for Mathematics and
Computer Science in Netherlands. The language was released in 1991. Python got its
name from a BBC comedy series from seventies called “Monty Python ′s Flying
Circus”. It is based on two programming languages called ABC and Modula–3.

It is used in a variety of fields, including software development, web development,

scientific computing, big data and Artificial Intelligence.
 INTRODUCTION CONTD…
Some of the features which make Python so popular are as follows:
✔ It is a general purpose programming language which can be used for both

scientific and non scientific programming.

✔ It is a platform independent programming language.

✔ It is a very simple high level language with vast library of add–on modules.

✔ It is excellent for beginners as the language is interpreted, hence gives

immediate results.
✔ The programs written in Python are easily readable and understandable.

✔ It is suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.

✔ It is easy to learn and use.

✔ It is case sensitive. i.e. Uppercase and Lowercase alphabets are different

 ADVANTAGES OF PYTHON
Easy to Use: Python is compact and very easy to use Object Oriented language with very
simple syntax rules. It is programmer–friendly

Expressive Language: Because of simple syntax and fewer lines of code, it is more capable
to express code's purpose than many other languages

C Language Codefor swapping values Python Code for swapping values

int a = 2, b = 3, temp; a, b = 2, 3
temp = a; a, b = b, a
a = b;
b = temp;

Interpreted Language: Python interprets and executes the code line by line at a time. It
makes Python an easy–to–debug language and thus suitable for beginners and advanced users
 ADVANTAGES OF PYTHON
Completeness: Python Standard Library provides various modules for different
functionalities. For example, it can be used for different functionalities like email,
web–pages, databases, GUI development, network connections and many more.
Hence no additional libraries to be installed

Cross–Platform Language: Python can run on different platforms like Windows,

Linux / Unix, Macintosh, Super Computers, Smart Phones etc. Hence it portable
language

Free and Open Source: Python is freely available at free of cost and its source code
is available to every body for further improvement

Variety of Usage: Python can be used for a variety of applications like Scripting,
Web Applications, Game development, System Administration, Rapid Prototyping,
GUI Programs, Database Applications etc.
 Limitations of Python
Not the Fastest Language: Fully compiled languages are faster than interpreted languages.
Python is an interpreted language. It is first semi–compiled into an internal byte–code, which is
then executed by a Python interpreter. Hence Python is not faster compared to fully compiled
languages

Lesser Libraries: Python offers library support for almost all computing programs, but its library
is still not competent with languages like C, Java, Perl as they have larger collection of libraries

Not Strong on Type–Binding: Python is not strong on catching 'Type Mismatch'. For example, a
String value can be stored in a variable declared as an integer, where Python never complain about
it

Not Easily Convertible: The syntax of Python language is simple but different compared to other
programming languages. Hence it is not easy to convert a program which is in Python into other
language
 WORKING IN PYTHON
To write and run Python program, install Python interpreter in computer. IDLE
(GUI integrated) is the standard, most popular Python development environment.
IDLE is an acronym of Integrated Development Environment. It lets edit, run,
browse and debug Python Programs from a single interface. This environment
makes it easy to write programs.

Python shell (interpreter) can be used in two ways

(i) Interactive Mode (ii) Script Mode
 WORKING IN PYTHON CONTD…..
Interactive Mode: As the name suggests, this mode allows to interact with OS.
This mode does not save commands in form of a program. Some points to
remember while working in interactive mode are,

❖ The symbol '>>>' is called Python prompt, indicates that interpreter is ready
to accept command
❖ At the prompt, either a command or statement or expression can be given
❖ The secondary prompt is '...', indicates that interpreter is waiting for
additional input
❖ Any statement starts with the symbol "#" is called comment
❖ Alt+P and Alt+N are used to invoke and repeat prior commands provided
interactive window
 WORKING IN PYTHON CONTD…..
❖ The quit( ) or Ctrl+D is used to leave the interpreter
❖ Ctrl+F6 will restarts the shell
❖ Type Credits at the prompt to get information about the organization
involved in Python development
❖ The commands copyright and license( ) can be used to know more
about Python
❖ The command help( ), with empty parenthesis, will provides an
interactive help
❖ The command help( ), with a command inside parenthesis, will
provide an exclusive help about required command
❖ To leave help and return to interactive mode, quit command can be
used
 WORKING IN PYTHON CONTD…..
Script Mode: In script mode, Python program is to be typed in a file and then interpreter to be used to
execute the content from the file. Working in interactive mode is convenient for beginners and for testing
small pieces of code. But for coding more than few lines, code is to be saved so that it can be modified and
reused.

To create and run a Python script, the following steps to be used in IDLE

⮚ File→Open OR File→New Window (for creating a new script file)

⮚ Write the Python code as function i.e. script
⮚ Save it (Ctrl+S)
⮚ Execute it in interactive mode, by using RUN option (Ctrl+F5)
 Understanding print( )
To print or display output, Python provides print( ) statement. It
can be used as follows

print (<objects to be printed>...)

Ex: print ("Hello World")

In Python, a string may be provided in either double quotes or

single quotes
 PYTHON CHARACTER SET
Python character set represents the set of valid characters that Python supports. It has the
following character set

Letters A–Z, a–z

Digits 0–9

Special Symbols Space + – * / ** \ { } ( ) // = != == < , > . ' ' " " ; : % !

& # <= >= @ _ (underscore)

Whitespace Blank Space, Tab, Carriage Return, Newline, Form feed

Other Characters Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as
part of data or literals
 TOKENS
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as Token. It is also called as Lexical Unit. Tokens
present in Python are (i) Keywords (ii) Identifiers (iii) Literals (iv) Operators (v) Punctuators

Keywords: A keyword is a reserved word that has a predefined meaning to the compiler / interpreter.
A keyword must not be used as identifier. Python has the following keywords

False assert del for in or while

None break elif from is pass with
True class else global lambda raise yield
and continue except if nonlocal return
as def finally import not try
 TOKENS CONTD…
Identifiers: An identifier is a name given to a program element such as variable, function, list, dictionary
etc. The rules to be followed while naming an identifier in Python are,

❖ It may consist of letters (A–Z, a–z), digits (0–9), and underscore( _ )

❖ It must begin with a letter or an underscore
❖ It must not begin with a digit
❖ Uppercase and lowercase alphabets are different. For example sum, Sum,
SUM all are different
❖ A keyword must not be used as an identifier
❖ It can be of any length. However, it is preferred to be short and meaningful
 TOKENS CONTD…
Literals / Constants: A literal or constant is a program element that will never
change its values during program execution. Python allows several kinds of literals
like (i) String literals (ii) Numeric literals (iii) Boolean literals (iv) Special Literal
None

String Literals: A string literal is a sequence of characters enclosed in either single

quotes or double quotes. Either both single quotes or both double quotes to be used
for a string. Example: "Python", 'Program' etc. A single quoted string inside double
quotes and vice–versa is legal in Python. Ex: "Anu's" and 'Anu"s' are valid

Escape sequence will be given as a string and performs specified task. Some
escape sequences are
\n New line character
\t Horizontal Tab
 TOKENS CONTD…
Python allows (i) Single–line Strings (ii) Multiline Strings

Single–line Strings: The strings that create by enclosing text in single

quotes or double quotes are called single–line strings. Ex: "Python",
'Apple'

Multiline Strings: To provide a string in multiline, it is to be provided

in triple quotes (triple single quotes or triple double quotes)
Ex: print ("""Jawahar
Navodaya Vidyalaya""")
 TOKENS CONTD…
Numeric Literals: These literals are three types namely (i) Integer literals (ii) float
literals (iii) complex literals

Integer Literals: An integer constant must have at least one digit and must not contain
any decimal point. Different integer literals available are,

1. Decimal Integer Literals: It consists of a sequence of digits between 0 and 9 and

does not start with zero. Ex: 1234, –458 etc

1. Octal Integer Literals: It consists of a sequence of digits between 0 and 7. It begins

with 0o(Digit Zero Letter o) Ex: 0o24, 0o746 etc

1. Hexadecimal Literals: It consists of a sequence of hexadecimal values between 0–9

and A–F. It begins with 0x. Ex: 0x14AC
 TOKENS CONTD…
Floating Point Literals: These are also called as Real Literals. These can be expressed in
two forms viz. Fractional Form and Exponent Form

1. Fractional Form: A real constant in fractional form must have at least one digit either
before or after decimal point. Ex; 2.0, 17.5, –14.6, –0.05, .3 (means 0.3), 6. (means 6.0)

1. Exponent Form: A real constant in exponent form consists of two parts mantissa and
exponent. The mantissa must be either an integer or a proper real constant. The mantissa is
followed by a letter E or e and the exponent. The exponent must be an integer.

Ex: 152E05, 1.52e07, 0.152E08, 152e+8,–0.172E–3, .25e–4

Boolean Literals: A Boolean literal represent one of the two Boolean values i.e. True or
False. A Boolean literal can either have value as True or as False
 TOKENS CONTD…
Special Literal None:

None is a special literal in Python. It indicates the absence of value. It means "There is
not useful information" or "There is nothing here“

Ex: >>>a = None

>>>print (a)
None
 TOKENS CONTD…
Operators: An operator is a symbol that is used in a program in respect of some operation. Each
operation is denoted by some operator. For example the operation addition is denoted by + and the
operation “finding remainder” is denoted by %. Each programming language will have its own set of
operators.

The constants or variables that participate in the operation are called operands

Unary Operator: If an operator takes only one operand then it is called Unary Operator
Binary Operator: If an operator takes two operands then it is called Binary Operator.
Ternary Operator: If an operator takes three operands then it is called Ternary Operator

Punctuators: These are the symbols used in programming to organize sentence structures and indicate the
emphasis of expressions, statements and program structure. Some punctuators available in Python are,

'"#\()[]{}@,:.=
PROGRAM
The following is a simple Python program
 BASIC STRUCTURE OF PYTHON PROGRAM CONTD…..
Expression: An expression is any valid combination of symbols and represents a value

Statement: A statement is a programming instruction that does something i.e. performs some action

Comments: These are the statements that will be ignored by Python interpreter and will increase readability
of program. A single line comment starts with the symbol #. For multiline comment content will be
enclosed in triple quotes (" " ") or triple apostrophe (' ' '). A multiline comment is also known as docstring.

Functions: A function is a code that has collection of statements to do some task. It has a name and a
function can be executed repeatedly as many times required

Blocks and Indentation: A group of statements which are part of another statement or a function are called
block or code–block or suite.
 VARIABLES
A variable is a program element that can change its value during program execution.
It is an identifier that has a named location and refers to a value and that value can be
processed during program run. As a variable is an identifier, all the rules for naming
an identifier are applicable for naming a variable

Creating a Variable: A variable is created by assigning a value of desired type to it. For
example, an integer variable can be created by assigning an integer value, and a string
variable can be created by assigning a string. It is not possible to create a variable with
assigning a value to it

Ex: age = 20 # Means variable age is integer

average = 95.6 # Means variable average is of type float
name = "CBSE" # Means variable name is of type string
 VARIABLES CONTD…
LValues and RValues: The LValues are the variables that hold a value or expression,
and may present on either left–hand side or right–hand side of assignment. The
RValues are the literals or expressions or variables that are assigned to LValues and
can present on only right–hand side of assignment
Ex: Valid Statements a = 20
d = b*b–4*a*c
temp = a
Invalid Statements 20 = a
a*2=b
 VARIABLES CONTD…
Multiple Assignments: Different ways of assignments are,

1. Assigning same value to multiple variables

Ex: a = b = c = 18

2. Assigning multiple values to multiple variables

Ex1: x, y, z = 10, 20, 30 # Means x=10, y=20, z=30

Ex2: x,y = y,x # This makes x=20, y = 10

Ex3: a, b, c = 5, 10, 7
b, c, a = a+1, b+2, c–1
print (a, b, c) # a=6, b=6, c=12

Here, first evaluations of RHS expression(s) and then assigns them to LHS
 VARIABLES CONTD…
Dynamic Typing: A variable having a value of certain data type can be assigned
with value of some other data type. In this case, it automatically assumed to change
the data type of that variable. This is referred as Dynamic Typing

x = 10
print (x)
x = "Informatics Practices"
print(x)

This code will results in

10
Informatics Practices
 VARIABLES CONTD…
Displaying type of variable : The type( ) can be used to display the data
type of a variable or constant or object

Example: >>> a=10

>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> a=20.5
>>> type(a)
<class 'float'>
>>> a="Python"
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
 INPUT AND OUTPUT IN PROGRAMMING
Input: The input( ) function is used to input during runtime of a program. But, this function always returns
a value of string type. i.e. even a number inputted using input( ) method is not a number and is a string

Syntax: variable = input(<Message to be displayed>)

>>>x = input ("Enter a Number")

>>>Enter a Number10

In the above case the value 10 inputted is assumed as string. Hence type of x is
string

To input as a number it is to be appropriately converted into desired data type,

like below

>>> a=int(input("Enter a Number"))

Enter a Number10
>>> print(a+2)
12
INPUT AND OUTPUT IN PROGRAMMING CONTD…
Output: The print( ) function is used for output to standard output device,
monitor.

Syntax:
print(object1, [object2, object3, ....., sep=' ' or seperator_string, end=' ' or
end_string])
Example Command Output
1 print("Informatics Practices") Informatics Practices
2 print("Sum of 2 and 3 is", 2+3) Sum of 2 and 3 is 5
a=2
3 b=3 Sum of 2 and 3 is 5
print("Sum of", a, "and", b, "is", a+b)
a=2
4 b=3 Sum of$2$and$3$is$5
print("Sum of",a,"and",b,"is",a+b, sep='$')
a=2
5 b=3 Sum of 2 and 3 is 5*
print("Sum of",a,"and",b,"is",a+b, end='*')
 DATA TYPES
A data type represents the type of data like character, integer, real, string etc. Different
types of data types in Python are,

Numbers: Number data type stores numerical values. This data type is immutable,
mean that the value of its object cannot be changed. These are of three different types
 DATA TYPES - NUMBERS
Integers: Integers are the whole numbers like 100000, –99, 0, 17 etc. They have no decimal
point. Integers can be positive or negative. If an integer has no sign, then it is positive. There
are two types of Integers

int: While writing an integer value, commas must not be used to separate digits. Also
integers should not have leading zeros. The data type int can store any integer, either big or
small.

bool: These represent the truth values False and True, that resembles integers 0 and 1
respectively. The bool( ) function returns the boolean equivalent digit.
>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool(0)
False
 DATA TYPES – NUMBERS CONTD…
Floating Point Numbers: Numbers with fractions or decimal point are called floating
point numbers. A floating point number will consist of sign (+,–) sequence of decimals
digits and a dot such as 0.0, –21.9, 0.98333328, 15.2963. These numbers can be written
in two forms

(i) Fractional Form Examples 3500.75, 0.00005, 147.9101 etc

(i) Exponent Form Examples 3.50075E03, 0.5E–04, 1.479101E02 etc

The advantage of floating point numbers over integers are, they can represent
values between integers and can be used to represent much greater range of values
 DATA TYPES – NUMBERS CONTD…
Complex Numbers: Complex number in python is made up of two floating point
values, one each for real and imaginary part. For accessing different parts of variable
(object) x; we will use x.real and x.imag. Imaginary part of the number is represented
by “j” instead of “i”, so 1+0j denotes zero imaginary part.

>>> c=2–3j
>>> c.real
2.0
>>> c.imag
–3.0
 DATA TYPES – NONE
None: This is special data type with single value. It is used to signify the absence of
value/false in a situation. It is represented by None. It is used to define a null value, or
no value at all. None is not the same as 0, False, or an empty string.

>>> x=None
>>> print(x)
None
 DATA TYPES - SEQUENCES
Sequence: A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers.
It is combination of mutable and immutable data types. Three types of sequence data
type available in Python are Strings, Lists & Tuples.

String: is an ordered sequence of letters/characters. They are enclosed in single quotes

(' ') or double (" "). The quotes are not part of string. They only tell the computer where
the string constant begins and ends. They can have any character or sign, including
space in them. These are immutable data types.

Example
>>> a = 'Ram'
 DATA TYPES - SEQUENCES CONTD…
Every string is a sequence of characters. Every character in a string has an index and
the character can be accessed using its index

Ex:
0 1 2 3 4 5
Index
String P Y T H O N
Index –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

Every character has two indexes like above and can be accessed using either of the two
indexes
>>> name="PYTHON"
>>> print(name[2])
T
>>> print(name[–4])
T
 DATA TYPES - SEQUENCES CONTD…
It is possible to change one type of value/variable to another type. It is known
as type conversion or type casting. The conversion can be done explicitly
(programmer specifies the conversions) or implicitly (Interpreter
automatically converts the data type).

For explicit type casting, we use functions (constructors) :

int( ), float( ), str( ), bool( )

Example1 Example2
>>> a= 12.34 >>>a=25
>>> b= int(a) >>>y=float(a)
>>> print (b) >>>print (y)
12 25.0
 DATA TYPES - SEQUENCES CONTD…
Lists: List is also a sequence of values of any type. Values in the list are
called elements / items. These are mutable and indexed/ordered. List is
enclosed in square brackets.

Example: lt = ['spam', 20.5,5]

Tuples: Tuples are a sequence of values of any type, and are indexed by
integers. They are immutable. Tuples are enclosed in ( ).
Example: >>> T=10, 20, 30, 40
>>> print (T)
(10, 20, 30, 40)
 DATA TYPES – SETS AND MAPPINGS
Sets: Set is an unordered collection of values, of any type, with no duplicate
entry. Sets are mutable. Duplicate values given, if any, will be considered
only once. Set elements cannot be accessed individually.

Example: s = set ([1,2,3,4])

Mapping: This data type is unordered and mutable. Dictionaries fall under
Mappings.

Dictionaries: These can store any number of python objects. What they store
is a key – value pairs, which are accessed using key. Dictionary is enclosed in
curly brackets.

Example: d = {1:'a',2:'b',3:'c'}
 DATA TYPES – MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES
Immutable Types: The immutable types are those that can
never change their value in place. Integers, Floating Point
Numbers, Booleans, Strings and Tuples are immutable types

Mutable Types: The mutable types are those that can change
their value in place. Lists, Dictionaries and Sets are mutable
types
 VARIABLE INTERNALS
The data or values are referred to as object. Similarly, a variable is also an object that refer to a value.
Every object has three key attributes associated to it. These are,

(i) type of object: The data type of a constant or variable can be displayed using type( ) statement with the
required argument

Ex: >>> type(11) Ex: >>> t=10,20,30,40

<class 'int'> >>> type(t)
>>> type(12.5) <class 'tuple'>
<class 'float'> >>> lt=['Spam',20.5,5]
>>> type(2+3j) >>> type(lt)
<class 'complex'> <class 'list'>
>>> type('Vidyalaya') >>> s=set([1,2,3,4])
<class 'str'> >>> type(s)
<class 'set'>
 VARIABLE INTERNALS CONTD…
(ii) value of object: The print( ) can be used to (iii) id of an object: The id of an object is the
memory location of it. The function id( ) is used for
print the value of an object like a variable or
this purpose
constant
Ex: >>> x=10
>>> id(x)
Ex: >>> a=4 1722770752
>>> y=20
>>> print(a) >>> id(y)
4 1722770912
>>> z=10
>>> print(4+2j) >>> id(z)
(4+2j) 1722770752
 OPERATORS AND
OPERANDS
⮚Operators are special symbols which represents computation.

⮚They are applied on operand(s), which can be values or variables.

⮚Same operator can behave differently on different data types.

⮚Operators when applied on operands form an expression.

⮚Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational, Logical and Assignment.

⮚Value and variables when used with operator are known as operands.
 Arithmetic or Mathematical Operators
Symbol Description Example 1 Example 2
>>>55+45 >>>'Good'+'Morning'
+ Addition
100 GoodMorning
>>>55–45 >>>30–80
– Subtraction
10 –50
>>>55*45 >>>'Good'*3
* Multiplication
2475 GoodGoodGood
>>>17/5 >>>28/3
3.4 9.33
>>>17/5.0
/ Division
3.4
>>>17.0/5
3.4
Remainder / >>>17%5 >>>23%2
%
Modulo Division 2 1
>>>2**3 >>>2**8
8 256
** Exponentiation
>>>16**.5
4.0
Integer Division (or) >>>7.0//2 >>>3//2
//
Floor Division 3.0 1
 Relational Operators
Symbol Description Example 1 Example 2
>>>7<10
True
>>>7<5 >>>'Hello'<'Goodbye'
False False
< Less Than
>>>7<10<15 >>>'Goodbye'<'Hello'
True True
>>>7<10 and 10<15
True
>>>7>5 >>>'Hello'>'Goodbye'
True True
> Greater Than
>>>10>10 >>>'Goodbye'>'Hello'
False False
>>>2<=5 >>>'Hello'<='Goodbye'
True False
<= Less Than or Equal To
>>>7<=4 >>>'Goodbye'<='Hello'
False True
>>>10>=10 >>>'Hello'>='Goodbye'
True True
>= Greater Than or Equal To
>>>10>=12 >>>'Goodbye'>='Hello'
False False
>>>10!=11 >>>'Hello'!='HELLO'
True True
!= Not Equal To
>>>10!=10 >>>'Hello’!='Hello'
False False
>>>10==10 >>>'Hello'=='Hello'
True True
== Equal To
>>>10==11 >>>'Hello'=='Goodbye'
False False
 Logical Operators
Symbol Description

and If any one of the operand is true, then the condition becomes true

or If both the operands are true, then the condition becomes true

not Reverses the state of operand/condition

Truth Tables for Logical Operators

A B A and B A or B not A

True True True True False

True False False True False
False True False True True
False False False False True
 Assignment Operators
Symbol Description Example Explanation
Assigns value from right side operand to left side >>>x=12
=
variable >>>y='greetings'
Means x=x+2
+= Add and assign the result to left side variable >>>x+=2
x becomes 14

Means x=x–2
–= Subtract and assign the result to left side variable >>>x–=2
x becomes 10

Means x=x*2
*= Multiply and assign the result to left side variable >>>x*=2
x becomes 24
Means x=x/2
/= Divide and assign the result to left side variable >>>x/=2
x becomes 6
Means x=x%2
%= Modulo Divide and assign result to left side variable >>>x%=2
x becomes 0
Performs exponential calculation and assign result to left Means x=x**2
**= >>>x**=2
side variable x becomes 144
Performs floor division on operators and assign result to Means x=x//2
//= >>>x//=2
left side variable x becomes 6
 Identity Operators
Symbol Description Example Explanation
>>> x=10 Here, the operands x and z
Returns True only if both the
>>> y=20 are pointing to the same
operands a and b are pointing to
is >>> z=10 object 10, hence resulted in
the same object, returns False
True where as x and z are
otherwise
>>> x is z pointing to different
True objects, hence resulted in
Returns True if both the operands false
is not a and b are pointing to different >>> x is y
objects, returns False otherwise False
 Membership Operators
Symbol Description Example
>>> numSeq = [1,2,3]
>>> 2 in numSeq
True
Returns True if the variable or value
>>> '1' in numSeq
in is found in the specified sequence
False
and False otherwise
#'1' is a string while numSeq contains
number 1.
>>> numSeq = [1,2,3]
Returns True if the variable/value is >>> 10 not in numSeq
not in not found in the specified sequence True
and False otherwise >>> 1 not in numSeq
False
 Precedence of Operators
While evaluating an expression the precedence of operators will be like below. It gives
the order of evaluation of operators in an expression. However the precedence can be
changed by using parenthesis
 EXPRESSIONS
An expression is a combination of literals, operators and variables. In Python, an expression may be an
arithmetic expression, string expression, relational expression, logical expression, compound expression
etc.

Arithmetic Expressions: These expressions involve numbers (integers, floating point numbers, complex
numbers) and arithmetic operators
Ex: 2+8/3, 5.6–4.2/8*1.2

Relational Expressions: An expression having literals and/or variables of any valid type and relational
operators is a relational expression
Ex: x>y, y<=z, z<>x, z==q, x<y>, x==y<>z

Logical Expressions: An expression having literals and/or variables of any valid type and logical
operators is a logical expression.
Ex: a or b, b and c, a and not b, not c or not b

String Expressions: An expression that have string operands and results to string are string expression.
Ex: "Pine"+"Apple", "Hello"*3
 DEBUGGING
A bug is an error caused in a program. Correcting an error is called Debugging.
Different types of errors that will be encountered while developing any application are
as follows

✔ Syntax Errors
✔ Runtime Errors
✔ Logical Errors

Syntax Errors: A set of rules for writing a statement in a program is called Syntax.
Hence, syntax errors occur when the syntax rules of program are not followed. These
errors are visible during interpretation of program. For example, parentheses mismatch
the following statement will results into a syntax error

d = (b * b – (4 * a * c)
 DEBUGGING CONTD…
Runtime Errors: These errors are so called because these will be occurred
during runtime of program. A program may be syntactically correct, but
may generate errors during run time. For example,

a = 10, b = 0;
c = a / b;

The above code is syntactically correct. But during runtime division

with 0 is not possible and hence error will be generated. These errors will
cause abnormal termination of code.
 DEBUGGING CONTD…
Logical Errors: A program, without having any syntax and runtime errors, may give wrong
results. The errors that will give wrong results due to the mistakes made by programmer are
called Logical Errors. These errors are hard to locate. Consider the below example:

hin_marks = 82, eng_marks = 90, gk_marks = 94;

average = hin_marks + eng_marks + gk_marks / 3;

The above statement is not having syntax error or runtime error, but gives a wrong
result. It should be as,

double average = (hin_marks + eng_marks + gk_marks) / 3;

It is an error by programmer and is called as Logical Error

 FUNCTIONS
A function refers to a set of statements or instructions grouped under a
name that perform specified tasks. A function is defined once and can be
reused at places in a program by simply writing the function name, i.e., by
calling that function.

Python has many predefined functions called built-in functions. A

module is a python file in which multiple functions are grouped together.
These functions can be easily used in a Python program by importing the
module using import command. Use of built-in functions makes
programming faster and efficient.
 FUNCTIONS CONTD…
A function will have the following parts

⮚Function Name — name of the function.

⮚Arguments / Parameters — These are variables or constants passed in

parentheses while calling a function. A function may or may not have
argument(s).

⮚Return Value — A function may or may not return one or more values. A
function performs operations on the basis of argument(s) passed to it and
the result is passed back to the calling point. Some functions do not return
any value.
 FUNCTIONS CONTD…
Consider the following Python program using three built–in functions input( ), int( ) and
print( ):

#Calculate square of a number

num = int(input("Enter the first number"))
square = num * num
print("the square of", num, " is ", square)
 FUNCTIONS CONTD…
In the above program,

✔ In the first statement, two built–in functions used are int( ) and input( ).
The third line has a function print( )

✔ The input function accepts an argument, “Enter your name”.

Argument(s) is the value(s) passed within the parenthesis.

✔ Similarly the print function has four arguments "the square of", num, "is",
square separated by commas.

✔ The int function in the first line takes as argument the value entered by the
user from the keyboard and converts it into a string and returns it. Thus
the return value from the int( ) function is an integer.

Some examples for built–in functions are print( ), bool( ), dict( ), list( ), abs( ), max( ), sum( ), pow( ),
len( ), range( ), type( ) etc.
 Statement Flow Control
In general, all the statements in a program will be executed sequentially. i.e.
no statement will be skipped or no statement will be executed repeatedly.
Such execution is referred as Sequential execution. Python allows selection
statements to execute selected statements from the available set of statements
and iterative statements to execute a set of statements repeatedly
 TYPES OF STATEMENTS
A statement is a part of program and an instruction given to python interpreter to perform some action such as
taking input, generating output, evaluating an expression etc. It is the smallest executable unit within a
program. In Python, statements are as follows

⮚Empty Statement
⮚Simple (Single) Statement
⮚Compound(Multiple) Statement

Empty Statement: An empty statement is pass statement, which does nothing. When Python interpreter
encounters pass statement, it does nothing and moves to next statement in the flow of control

A pass statement is useful in those instances where the syntax of the language requires the presence
of a statement but where the logic of the program does not. A pass statement is also known as null
operation statement
 TYPES OF STATEMENTS CONTD…
Simple Statement: A single line executable statement is a Simple Statement.

Example 1: name = input("Enter Your Name:")

Example 2: print(name)

Compound Statement: A Compound Statement is a group of simple statements which are executed to be whole or
not to be executed whole. A compound statement may consists of another compound statement.

In Python, a compound statement has the following

Header Line: It begins with a keyword and ends with a colon

Body: It consists of one or more indented statements inside the header line. All the statements in the body are at the
same level of indentation

Syntax:
<compound statement header>:
<indented body containing multiple simple and / or compound statements>
SELECTION / CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
SELECTION / CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS CONTD…
 SELECTION / CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS CONTD…
The if–elif Statement:

The if–elif statement is useful for putting multipath decisions. A multipath

decision is a chain of ifs in which the statement associated with each else is an if. It takes
the following general form.

if <condition>:
statements1
elif <condition>:
statements2
elif <condition>:
statements3
else:
statements
 SELECTION / CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS CONTD…
The nested if statement:

In the different forms of if statements viz. if statement, if–else statement and if–elif
statements any statement can be used in another statement that results in nesting of if
statement
Ex:
if <condition>:
if <condition>:
statements1a
else:
statements1b
elif <condition>:
statements2
elif <condition>:
statements3
else:
statements
 ITERATIVE / REPETITIVE / LOOP STATEMENTS
The while loop:

✔ The syntax of while statement is,

while <logical_expression >:

statements_to_repeat
else:
statements

✔ When the control enters while loop the logical expression will be evaluated

✔ If it evaluates to true then the statements part will be executed and again control
transfers to logical_expression part

✔ If the logical expression returns false then the control will be exited from while loop

✔ Statements will be continuously executed as long as the condition is true

✔ If the condition becomes false then the else part will be executed, if present
 ITERATIVE / REPETITIVE / LOOP STATEMENTS CONTD…
The range( ) function:

This function generates a list which is a special sequence type. A sequence is a succession of values bound
together by a single name. Some sequence are: strings, lists, tuples etc.

Syntax : range(<lower limit>, <upper limit> [,<step value>])

Use : The function in the form range(l, u) will produce a list having values
starting from l to u–1(Upper limit not included), where l and u are integers.
If step value is ignored then default step value is +1

Statement Values generated

range(10) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
range(5,10) 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
range(7,3) No values will be generated
range(8, 8) No values will be generated
range(5, 15, 3) 5, 8, 11, 14
range(9, 3, –1) 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4
range(–10, –5) –10, –9, –8, –7, –6
range(–10) No values will be generated
range(–10, –5, 2) –10, –8, –6
 ITERATIVE / REPETITIVE / LOOP STATEMENTS CONTD…
The in and not in Operators:

These operators are used along with range( ) to check whether a value is contained inside a list or
not. These operators returns a value either True or False

Boolean Value
Example Expression
Returned

1 3 in [1, 2, 3, 4] True
2 5 in [1, 2, 3, 4] False
3 5 not in [1, 2, 3, 4] True
4 ′a′ in ″trade″ True
5 ″ash″ in ″trash″ True
6 ″the″ in ″Python″ False
 ITERATIVE / REPETITIVE / LOOP STATEMENTS CONTD…
The for loop:

❖ The syntax of for statement is,

for <variable> in <sequence>:

statements_to_repeat
else:
statements

❖ The loop–variable is assigned the first value in the sequence

❖ All the statements in the body of for loop are executed with assigned value of
loop variable

❖ Now, the loop–variable is assigned the next value in the sequence and the
loop–body is executed with new value of loop–variable

❖ This continues until all values in the sequences are processed

❖ After processing all the elements in the sequence the else part will be executed, if present