1.

EE 250 Unit 1

Technologies
(Python, Git, Raspberry Pi, Linux)
 1.2

PYTHON
 1.3

Credits
• Many of the examples below are taken from the
online Python tutorial at:
– http://docs.python.org/tutorial/introduction.html
• Other tutorials:
– https://www.learnpython.org/
– Many others online
 1.4

Python in Context
• Two major versions with some language differences
– Python 2.x
– Python 3.x (we will focus on this version)
• Interpreted, not compiled like C++
– Can type in single commands at a time and have them
execute in "real time"
– Somewhat slower
– Better protection (no memory faults)
 1.5

Interactive vs. Scripts

• Can invoke python and work interactively
– % python #python 2.x
– % python3 #python 3.x
>>> print("Hello World")
Ctrl-D (Linux/Mac) [Ctrl-Z Windows] at the prompt will exit.
• Can write code into a text file and execute that file as
a script
– % python3 myscript.py
# python2.x
>>>print "Hello world"

# python3.x
>>> print("Hello world")

myscript.py
 1.6

Types
# python 2.x
>>> 3 / 2
1 # python2.x
• Types 1.5 # python3.x
– Bool: True/False (not true/false) # python 3.x
– Integers >>> 3 // 2
1
• Integer division => see examples
>>> 1.25 / 0.5
– Floats 2.5
– Complex
>>> 2+4j + 3-2j
– Strings (5+2j)

• Dynamically typed >>> "Hello world"

'Hello world'
– No need to "type" a variable
>>> 5 == 6
– Python figures it out based on what it is False
assigned
– Can change when re-assigned >>> x = 3
>>> x = "Hi"
>>> x = 5.0 + 2.5
 1.7

Strings
• Enclosed in either double >>> 'spam eggs'
'spam eggs'
or single quotes
>>> 'doesn\'t'
– The unused quote type "doesn't"
can be used within the >>> "doesn't"
string "doesn't"

• Can concatenate using >>>'"Yes," he said.'

'"Yes," he said.'
the ‘+’ operator >>> "Con" + "cat" + "enate"
'Concatenate'
• Can convert other types
>>> i = 5
to string via the str(x) >>> j = 2.75
>>> "i is " + str(i) + " & j is" + str(j)
method 'i is 5 & j is 2.75'
 1.8

Simple Console I/O – Python 3.x

>>> print("A new line will")
• Python3.x >>> print('be printed')
A new line will
– Output using print() be printed

• Must use parentheses # Python 3.x

• Use end='' argument for ending options >>> print('A new line will', end='')
>>> print(' not be printed')
– Input using input(prompt)
• Always returns a string # Python 3.x
>>> response = input("Enter text: ")
• Conversion to numeric types: Enter text: I am here

– int(string_var) convert to an integer >>> response = input("Enter a num: ")

Enter a num: 6
– float(string_var) convert to a float
>>> x = int(response)
>>> x = float(response)
 1.9

Simple Console I/O – Python 2.x

>>> print "A new line will"
• Python2.x >>> print 'be printed'
A new line will
– Output using print be printed

• If ended with comma, no newline will be # Python 2.x

output >>> print('A new line will',
• Otherwise, will always end with newline >>> print(' not be printed'
A new line will not be printed
– Input using raw_input(prompt)
• Can provide a prompt # Python 2.x
>>> response = raw_input("Enter text: ")
• Will always return a string Enter text: I am here
• Conversion to numeric types: >>> response = raw_input("Enter a num: ")
– int(string_var) convert to an integer Enter a num: 6

– float(string_var) convert to a float >>> x = int(response)

>>> x = float(response)
 1.10

Selection Structures
• if…elif…else #! /usr/bin/python3

• Ends with a : on that line myin = input("Enter a number: ")

• Blocks of code delineated by x = int(myin)

indentation (via tabs/spaces) if x > 10:

print("Number is greater than 10")
elif x < 10:
print("Number is less than 10")
else:
print("Number is equal to 10")
 1.11

Iterative Structures
• while <cond>: #!/usr/bin/python3

• Again code is delineated secret = 18

by indentation attempts = 0
while attempts < 10:
myin = input("Enter a number: ")
if int(myin) == secret:
print("Correct!")
break
attempts += 1
 1.12

Lists
>>> x = ['Hi', 5, 6.5]
• Lists are like arrays from C++ >>> print(x[1])
5
but can have different
>>> y = x[2] + 1.25
(heterogenous) types in a single 7.75
list object >>> x[2] = 9.5
• Comma separated values >>> x
['Hi', 5, 9.5]
between square brackets >>> x.append(11)
• Basic operations/functions: ['Hi', 5, 9.5, 11]

– append(value) >>> y = x.pop()

>>> x
– pop(loc) ['Hi', 5, 9.5]
– len(list) >>> y = x.pop(1)
>>> x
['Hi', 9.5]

>>> len(x)
2
 1.13

Iterative Structures
• for <item> in <collection>: #! /usr/bin/env python3
• collection can be list or some other # Prints 0 through 5 on separate lines
collection we will see later (tuple, x = [0,1,2,3,4,5] # equiv to x = range(6)
dictionary, etc.) for i in x:
• For a specific range of integers just print(i)
use range() function to generate a list # Prints 0 through 4 on separate lines
– Start is inclusive, stop is exclusive x = 5
– range(stop) for i in range(x):
• 0 through stop-1 print(i)
– range(start, stop) # Prints 2 through 5 on separate lines
• start through stop-1 for i in range(2,6):
– range(start, stop, step) print(i)
• start through stop in increments of # Prints 0,2,4,6,8 on separate lines
stepsize
for i in range(0,10,2):
print(i)
 1.14

Exercise 1a
• Continue to get input from Some text
the user until they type in Other input
quit
"quit" (exactly). Count 2

how many times you have

to get input before they
type "quit" and output
that value once they do
enter "quit"
 1.15

Handy List Methods

• Can be sliced using : (range operator) >>> x = [4, 2, 7, 9]
>>> x[3]
– Eg. list[start:end] 9
– Start is inclusive, end is exclusive >>> x[0:2]
[4,2]
• len() function >>> x[2:]
[7, 9]
• item in list
– Return true if item occurs in list >>> 2 in x
True
• sort() >>> min(x)
– Sorts the list in ascending order 2
– Works in place >>> x.sort()
• reverse() [2, 4, 7, 9]

• min(), max(), sum() functions >>> x.append(4)

[9, 7, 4, 2, 4]
• count(item) >>> x.count(4)
– Counts how many times item occurs in 2
the list
 1.16

Handy String Methods

• Can be subscripted >>> word = 'HelpA'
>>> word [4]
– No character type…everything is a 'A'
>>> word[0:2]
string 'He'
• Can be sliced using : (range operator) >>> word[2:4]
'lp'
– [start:end]
>>> word[:2]
– Start is inclusive, end is exclusive 'He'

• len() function >>> word[3:]

'pA'
• Immutable type
>>> len(word)
– To change, just create a new string 5

>>> word[0] = 'y'

Traceback (most recent call last):

File “<stdin>”, line 1, in ?
TypeError: object does not support item
assignment
>>> word = 'y' + word[1:]
 1.17

Handy String Methods 2

• find(), rfind() >>> "HelpA".find('elp')
1
– Finds occurrence of substring and
return index of first character or -1 if >>> "yoyo".rfind("yo")
2
not found
>>> "yoyo".find("ooo")
• in -1
– Returns boolean if substring occurs >>> "yo" in "yoyo"
in string True

• replace() >>> "yoyo".replace("yo","tu")

'tutu'
• isalpha(), isnum(),
>>> "!$%".isalphnum()
isalnum(), islower(), False
isupper(), isspace() >>> "A 123"[2:].isnum()
– return boolean results True

• split(delim) >>> x = "The cow jumped over the moon"

>>> x.split()
– returns a list of the string split into >>> x
multiple strings at occurrences of ['The','cow','jumped','over','the','moon']
delim >>> x[2]
'jumped'
– delim defaults to space
 1.18

Import Modules
myscript.py
• To use Python libraries/modules use #!/usr/bin/python3
import sys
the import keyword
print("Num args is " + str(len(sys.argv)))
• sys module contains system access
print("Command line args are:")
methods including access to for arg in sys.argv:
command line arguments print(arg)

– sys.argv is a list where each item is a

string representing the i-th command
line argument Command line

• Common modules $ python3 myscript.py hello 5 2.5

– math: defines functions like log, exp, Output

sin, cos, etc.
Num args is 4
– random: defines functions for random Command line args are:
number generation myscript.py
– os: File I/O and other OS functions hello
5
– socket, http, json, and many others 2.5
 1.19

More Modules
• To call function and create instances >>> import math
>>> log10(100)
of classes (i.e. objects) defined in a
Traceback (most recent call last):
module, you must use hierarchy File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
indicating module.function( ) or NameError: name 'log10' is not defined
module.classname >>> math.log10(100)

• You can bring functions and classes 2.0

into the top level namespace with >>> from math import log10
the from statement >>> log10(1000)
• Examples: 3.0

– from math import log10

>>> cos(0)
– from math import *
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'cos' is not defined
>>> from math import *
>>> cos(0)
1.0
 1.20

Functions and Modules

• def func(…): #! /usr/bin/python3

– code def count_odds(inlist):

num = 0
– return statement for i in inlist:
if i % 2 == 1:
• No static typing of num += 1
return num
arguments
def count_evens(inlist):
• Return type can be anything return len(inlist) – count_odds(inlist)

• To use in another python

odd_even.py
script or from interactive
shell, use import Command line
$ python3

>>> import odd_even

>>> odd_even.count_odds([3,4,8,9,5])
3
 1.21

Python Scripts & Main

def stuff():
print("In stuff()")
• There is no main()
print("I print first")
– Python will execute the code that is stuff()
print("I print last")
not in a function from top-down
• We can specify a starting function I print first
In stuff()
I print last
by checking if the module was
started from the top-level (i.e. from
the terminal, etc.) via its __name__ def stuff():
print("In stuff()")
property def func1():
print("In func1")
– If the __name__ is "__main__" then it
if __name__ == '__main__':
is the top and we can call any function print("Starting")
func1()
we like or execute any code we like
Starting
In func1
 1.22

Exercise 1b
myscript.py

• Convert your code to get input and def countInput():

...
count how many times you receive
input before they type quit into a
function
• Modify your code to get input from
the user until they enter some text
that has "quit" anywhere in the larger >>> # import and
# call countInput
string (e.g. 'Okquit now').
• Start an interactive python session,
import your module/script and call
your function
 1.23

Exercise 2
• Write a script that takes 1 command line
argument (call it quitVal)
– $ python3 ex2.py 5 # 5 is quitVal
• The script should read in integers one at a
time (one per line) and sum all the positive
integers, ignoring negative numbers, until the
user types the quitVal.
 1.24

Variables & Memory Allocation

Object/Memory
Namespace
Space
• Variable names do not >>> x = [4,5,9]
x [4,5,9]
refer to fixed locations in >>> y = x

memory y
Object/Memory
• Instead a variable name Namespace
Space
references an object >>> x[1] = 7
x [4,7,9]
• When we assign a >>> print(y[1])
7
variable we are changing y
the association between
the variable name and Namespace
Object/Memory
which object it Space
>>> x = [4,5,9]
references x [4,5,9]
>>> y = list(x)
• Copies are not made >>> a = 5 y [4,5,9]
unless explicitly >>> b = a
performed via a "copy >>> b = 7 a 5
constructor" >>> print(a)
5
b 7
 1.25

Variable/Reference Gotcha
Object/Memory
Namespace
Space
• Be sure to understand >>> x = [4,5,9]
x [4,5,9]
what assignment does >>> y = x

y
Object/Memory
Namespace
Space
>>> x = []
>>> print(len(y))
x []

y
You MAY think this is what you have…

Object/Memory
Namespace
Space
>>> xx == []
>>> []
>>> print(len(y))
print(len(y))
x []
>>>
3
y [4,5,9]

…when, in fact, you have this

 1.26

Argument Passing
1 def f1(a, b):
• Not pass-by-value, not pass-by-reference! 2
a = 5
b.append(3)

• Object references are copied to new arg. names 3 b = []

x = 7
– Arguments are new names that reference the original y = [1,2]
argument references f1(x,y)
print(x)
– Reassigning associates a new object with the name print(y)

1 2 3
Object/Memory Object/Memory Object/Memory
__main__ __main__ __main__
Space Space Space
Namespace Namespace Namespace

x 7 x 7 x 7

y [1,2] y [1,2,3] y [1,2,3]

f1 f1 f1
Namespace Namespace Namespace

a a 5 a 5

b b b []
 1.27

Tuples
• Like an array but can >>> x = ('Hi', 5, 6.5)

store heterogeneous >>> print(x[1])

5
types of objects >>> y = x[2] + 1.25

• Comma separated values 7.75

>>> x[2] = 9.5
between parentheses Traceback (most recent call last):

• Immutable File “<stdin>”, line 1, in <module>

TypeError: ‘tuple’ object does not support item
– After initial creation, assigned
cannot be changed
• Often used as the return
def square_a_and_p(s):
value of a function area = s*s
– Thus, in Python, you can perim = 4*s
return more than 1 value return (area,perim)
 1.28

Dictionaries (C++ Maps)

>>> grades = {}
>>> grades['Bill'] = 85
• Associates key, value pairs Key : Value
>>> grades["Jan"] = 100
• Primary operations: >>> grades['Tom'] = 74
Bill : 85
– Insert(key, value)
– Erase(key) >>> grades['Jan'] + grades['Bill'] Jan : 100
– Lookup(key) => returns value 185 Tom : 74
– Is some key present in the dictionary >>> grades['Tom'] = 75

• Main idea is that we know or will be

>>> "Tom" in grades
given the key and use it to lookup,
True
access, or change the associated value
>>> "Mark" in grades
• Key needs to be something unique False
and "hashable" (string, int, etc. but >>> grades.keys()
not a list or other composite object) ['Bill','Jan','Tom']
– Hashing refers to converting some
data value (string, etc.) to an integer in >>> for k in grades: # same as for k in grades.keys()
some given range (32-bits, 128-bits, print(k)
etc.) ### Prints each key: 'Bill','Jan','Tom'

• Value can be anything (int, list, dict) >>> for k,v in grades.items():
print(k + " got the score " + str(v))
• Keyword in checks membership
 1.29

Exercise 3
• Write a script that reads in zip codes (e.g. 90007,
90089, etc.) one per line until the user enters 0 and
then outputs how many occurrences of each unique
zip code was entered
– Use a dictionary to track the occurrences of each zip code

$ python3 ex3.py
90007
User input
90089
90007
0
Occurrences:
Desired output
90007 : 2
90089 : 1
 1.30

Installing Linux Packages/Programs

• Ubuntu maintains servers that have distributions of
programs/packages available for installation
• Many packages depend on other packages and so installing
one requires installing many others
• Thankful Ubuntu makes this easier with installation utilities
and package manager (apt-get)
• Common syntax:
– sudo apt-get install package-name
– Examples:
• sudo apt-get install build-essential
– Installs g++ compiler and other
• sudo apt-get install git
• sudo apt-get install vim
 1.31

Installing Python Packages

• Just like apt-get helps with distribution and
installation of programs for Ubuntu, pip3
downloads, installs, and configures Python
packages/libraries for python3
– $ pip3 install package-name
 1.32

More "Humor"

https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/universal_install_script_2x.png
 1.33

Stdin, stdout, stderr

• Programs pull input from a stream known as 'stdin' (standard input)
– It is usually the stream coming from the keyboard but can be "redirected" to pull data from a file
• Programs output stream known as 'stdout' (standard output)
– It is usually directed to the screen/terminal but can be "redirected" to a file
• Programs have a 2nd output stream known as 'stderr' (standard error)
– It too is usually directed to the screen/terminal but can be "redirected" to a file

Input File #include<iostream>

using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
6 1 7 5 y ... 61 75 y {
cout << “Hello” << endl;
cerr << "Bad Input" << endl;

or }

#include<iostream>
Output File
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) Hello
{ Hello
int dummy, x; Bad input
cin >> dummy >> x; Error File

} Bad input
 1.34

Redirection & Pipes

• '<' redirect contents of a file as input to program
– ./prog1 arg1 arg2 < input.txt
• '>' redirect program output to a file
– ./prog1 arg1 > output.txt
• '>&' redirect stderr to a file
– g++ -o test test.cpp >& compile.log
• '|' pipe output of first program to second
– grep "day" re.txt l wc -l
• 'l&' pipe stderr of first program to second
– g++ -o test test.cpp l& grep error
 1.35

GIT AND GITHUB

 1.36

Source/Version Control
• Have you ever made backups of backups of source files to
save your code at various states of development (so you can
recover to an earlier working version)?
• Have you ever worked on the same code with a partner and
tried to integrate changes they made?
• These tasks can be painful without help
• Source/version control tools make this task easy
– Allows one codebase (no separate folders or copies of files) that can
be "checkpointed" (committed) at various times and then return back
to a previous checkpoint/commit if desired
– Can help merge differences between two versions of the same code
• Common source/version control tools are:
– Git, Subversion, and a few older ones (cvs, rcs, clearcase, etc.)
 1.37

Repositories
• We generally organize our code repo

and related files for a project in test

some folder
– We will use the term "repository" in1.dat out1.dat
for this top-level folder when it is
under "version-control" bin

• Your repository can have some

files that ARE version controlled… file1.o file2.o
– Source code, Makefiles, input files
src
• …and some that ARE NOT
– Object files, executables, output
file1.c file2.c
files
 1.38

Git
• Git is a version control system github.com

– Stores "snapshots" of files (usually code)

in a repository (think folder) at explicit
points in time that you choose repo
• No more making backup copies
– Allows easy updates to a view of the code clone/pull
at some historical point in time
• Git is "distributed" (often via Github) push

– Allows the repository to exist on various

machines and each can be modified and
repo repo
checkpointed (aka "commits")
– Github holds the central repository
– Updates can be communicated to each Your laptop Your
Raspberry Pi
"clone" of the repository by "push"-ing
updates to and "pull" updates from the
central repository on Github
 1.39

Cloning Repos
github.com

• Cloning a repo brings a copy of the

specified repository onto your local
machine repo

– git clone url-of-repository

• You can now perform additions,
modifications, and removals locally
(without being connected)
• Allows the two repositories to be
synchronized in both directions via repo

git push and git pull

Your laptop

git clone git@github.com:usc-ee250-fall2022/Grove-Pi

 1.40

Adds and Commits

• Repositories are updated by performing commits
repo
• We first indicate all the files we want to commit by file1.cpp
file2.cpp
performing one or more adds via git add C1
– Like adding things to your cart
repo
• Then we perform a git commit of the added files file1.cpp'
C2 file2.cpp
– Like checking out
• Note: Don't add folders, just files…folder structure
will be added automatically
Sample Sequence:
1 2 3 4
git add file*.cpp git commit –m "Initial" git add file1.cpp git commit –m "Updated"

file1.cpp
file1.cpp'
file2.cpp

C1 C2
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
 1.41

git commit
git add

Git "Locations"
https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Git-Basics

git add

git commit
Git File Lifecycle
https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository
 1.42

Push and Pull

repo
• Suppose we make changes to our file1.cpp
file2.cpp
local repository C1
– git add file1.cpp
– git commit -m "Added func2" git pull
git push
• We upload the updates to the (u/l C2) (d/l C2)

remote repository via a push

repo repo
operation file1.cpp' file1.cpp
file2.cpp file2.cpp
– git push C1
C2
• Another clone of the repository can Your laptop Your
Raspberry Pi
download any updates from the
remote repository via a pull
operation
– git pull
This Photo and This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA; This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
 1.43

Branches Motivation
• Branches are useful when you are time
C1
adding some new feature/fix,
especially when other developers
may also be doing the same by giving C2
a separate sandbox to work in
• Branches allow you to
– Grab the code from a particular starting feature1 C3 main branch
point (i.e. commit) branch C4 (other
(your updates developers or
– Modify code, add, delete and commit for feature 1) C5 fixes to C2)
without affecting others viewpoint unless
they explicitly desire
– Merge the code back into the main C5
branch
 1.44

Branches (1)
• Each commit has one parent
• Branches are just names that can be C1
associated with a commit
– 'main' is the default branch feat1 main
– Created using: C2
git checkout -b branch-name
• You can only be working on one particular feat1
branch at a time C3
• Any commits are applied to the current
feat1
branch
C5
• Example:
– git checkout -b feat1
– git commit -m "Added part1"
– git commit -m "Added part2"
 1.45

Branches and Merging

• We can switch between branches using git
checkout branch-name C1
• Example:
– git checkout main feat1
– git commit -m "Fix bug 1" C2
• Two branches can then be merged together via:
git merge branch-to-merge-in
• A merge is a special commit with two "parents" feat1
and combines the code C3
• Example: C4
feat1
– git merge feat1 C5
• Note: You must be in the branch that will be
updated with the code from the specified feat1 main
branch C7 C6
– The specified branch remains independent (you'd have
to do another merge to sync both branches)
– git checkout feat1
– git commit -m "Separate change"
 1.46

Conflicts
C1
• If the merge encounters updates that it is
not sure how to combine, it will leave the feat1 main
file in a conflicted state C2
• Can find conflicted files via:
– git status feat1
C3
• Contents of conflicted files must be main branch
C4 (other
manually combined feat1 developers or
– Conflicted areas are highlight with <<<<, C5 fixes to C2)
====, >>>> with the contents of each
branch
– Edit the file to your desired final contents C5
– Then add and commit
If you have questions, please
<<<<<<< HEAD
open an issue
Sample =======
Conflicted File ask your question in IRC.
>>>>>>> feat1
 1.47

Remotes
upstream
• Remotes are just like their name
github.com:usc-ee250/repo
repo repo
file1.cpp file1.cpp
indicates: remote locations where we file2.cpp file2.cpp

can push and pull (or fetch) data from github.com:mredekopp/repo

• To list remotes origin

– git remote -v
• To add a remote
– git remote add name remote-url repo
– origin is the common name for the file1.cpp
file2.cpp
remote repo from which you cloned
– A remote is just an association of a name
to a repo URL
• To choose & push a particular branch
to a remote
– git push -u remote local-branch
 1.48

Forks
• A fork is a "copy" of a repository
– Essentially a new repo whose starting point is the current
state of the original, "forked" repo
– Allows changes to be made (like a branch) or starting a new
project based on some current codebase
• If the original fork changes, there are means to pull those updates into
your fork
– It is possible to fork a fork ☺
• Example
– The sensors we use have Python library support available on Icons made by Dave Gandy
from Flaticon is licensed by
Github Creative Commons CC 3.0 BY
– We have forked that repo and made some changes for EE
250
– You will then fork our repo (i.e. a fork of a fork) and modify
it with your lab group
• If we make changes in our repo, you can easily bring them into your fork
 1.49

Upstreams
• Common definitions
– upstream: The parent repository from which you forked
– downstream: The forked ("child") repository (i.e. your repo)
• Common usage
– The upstream fork can be thought of as just another remote
– While the remote named origin usually refers to your fork on github, the
remote named upstream usually refers to the parent of your fork
• Setting up access to the upstream fork
– See https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo/
– git remote -v Icons made by Dave Gandy
from Flaticon is licensed by
– git remote add upstream parent-fork-url Creative Commons CC 3.0 BY

• Updating your code from the parent fork

– git fetch upstream
– git checkout main (can be skipped if you aren't using branches)
– git merge upstream/main
 1.50

An Example
• Suppose we create a repo for you: p1-ttrojan
– It comes preloaded (because of actions we took) with some code that was from
our own repo: p1-skel
– git clone git@github.com:usc-ee250-fall2023/p1-ttrojan-fork
– cd p1-ttrojan
– # You make changes; add, commit, push
• Now we make changes to p1-skel, how can you get and merge those
changes in?
– git remote -v # list the remotes
– git remote add upstream git@github.com:usc-ee250-
fall2023/p1-skel
– git fetch upstream # d/l changes to a temp area
– git checkout main # make sure you're in your main branch
– git merge upstream/main # Update your code
 1.51

Summary
• git add file(s)
– Stage a file to be committed
• git commit -m "Change summary"
– Makes a snapshot of the code you added
• git checkout -b branch-name
– Create a branch and switch to it
• git pull
– Download commits from your remote repository
• git push
– Upload your local commits to the remote repository
• git checkout branch-name
– Switch to a new branch
• git merge other-branch-name
– Merge the commits from other-branch-name into current branch
• HEAD is synonymous with the current branch's latest commit
• origin is usually the remote name for your repo on github
• upstream is usually the remote your repo was forked from (must be added)
 1.52

Helpful Links
• https://help.github.com/
• http://rogerdudler.github.io/git-guide/files/git_cheat_sheet.pdf
• https://learngitbranching.js.org/
– Main: Level 1 - Intro to Git Commits
– Main: Level 2 - Ramping Up
– Remotes: Level 1: Push & Pull – Git Remotes
– Remotes: Level 2: To Origin and Beyond
• https://services.github.com/on-demand/downloads/github-git-cheat-
sheet/ (web version)
• https://services.github.com/on-demand/downloads/github-git-cheat-
sheet.pdf (print version)
 1.53

Summary
• You should…
– Feel generally comfortable writing basic Python
scripts that manipulate strings, integers, etc. and
call library functions
– Understand the basic git add, commit, push, pull
process
– Understand branches/remotes
– Know to use sudo apt-get install or pip3 to install
Linux packages or python-specific packages
 1.54

LINUX
 1.55

The Linux OS
• Based on the Unix operating system
• Developed as an open-source ("free") alternative by
Linux Torvalds and several others starting in 1991
• Commonly used in industry and in embedded
devices
• Both your VM and your RPi will be running Linux so
we want you to feel comfortable using it
rpi-ttrojan
 1.56

ssh Connections
• ssh stands for Secure Shell
– Encrypted protocol to run a terminal
(command line) on a remote server
• Usage This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

– $ ssh username@server
– $ ssh ttrojan@aludra.usc.edu
• Use your USC password first, then try 10-
digit ID rpi-ttrojan

– $ ssh pi@rpi-ttrojan
 1.57

Terminal/Command Line
• No more GUI!
– ssh connections provide only command line
interfaces to the remote machine
• Have to be comfortable navigating the file
system, using command line utilities and text-
based editors
– Paths (e.g. ../ee250/Grove-Pi/examples)
– Utilities (cd, mv, cp, rm, mkdir, cat, more, grep)
– Text-based editors (vi, emacs, nano)
 1.58

How Will We Transfer Files

repo
• With git file1.cpp
file2.cpp
– add/commit/push on one machine
C1
– pull on the other
• Good to know but should not be used in
place of git: scp git push git pull
(u/l C2) (d/l C2)
– Same as 'cp' (secure cp) but copies to/from
current machine to another network machine
repo repo
over a secure connection
file1.cpp' file1.cpp
– scp current_file dest_loc file2.cpp file2.cpp

• Current_file or dest_location can be on a C2 C1

remote machine which requires user@machine Your
Your laptop
syntax before file location Raspberry Pi
– Examples:
– scp username@aludra.usc.edu:temp/hi.txt .
– scp *.cpp username@aludra.usc.edu:temp/
 1.59

Access Control and sudo

/

• Linux enforces access control per user lib

– You have access to /home/username
libgraph.a
– You likely cannot copy from your home folder to
/include include
• $ cp ~/crypto/crypto.h /include
graph.h
– The system is represented by user root and
has superuser/supervisor access
• The magic of sudo jane

– Admins can configure a user account to have

supervisor privileges crypto
– If you have supervisor access, precede your
command with sudo and it will execute the libcrypto.a
command with elevated privileges
crypto.h
– $ sudo cp ~/crypto/crypto.h /include
prog1
• Some labs will require you to run commands
(for example to use a USB device) preceded prog1.c
with sudo
 1.60

sudo Humor

https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/sandwich.png

https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/incident.png
 1.61

Environment Variables
• Contain values that can be accessed by
other programs that provide system and
other info Makefile
– PATH OBJECTS = lcd.o adc.o proj.o
CC = gcc
• Where to look for executables
– LD_LIBRARY_PATH proj.elf: $(OBJECTS)
$(CC) –o proj.elf $(OBJECTS)
• Where to look for libraries lcd.o: lcd.h lcd.c

• Set a variable $(CC) –c –Wall lcd.c –o lcd.o

– In a terminal/shell with export command

• export VARIABLE=VALUE
– In a Makefile
• VARIABLE=VALUE

• Use with $VARIABLE in shell

• Use with $(VARIABLE) in Makefile