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PROTECTION AGAINST
THERMAL EFFECTS

Presented by:

Jalssen J. Dumancas, MEE

Professional Electrical Engineer
Civil Engineer
Asian Chartered Professional Engineer

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IIEE-Regional Governor 2023, Western

Visayas
IIEE-NOC, Chapter President, 2020
PICE-NOC, Board of Director, 2021
Kiwanis Pasad Negros, Club President, 2020

Electrical Consultant, Province of Negros Occidental

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DISCLAIMER

The opinions and comments of the Resource Speaker do not reflect the opinions, comments, and
views of Authority Having Jurisdiction(AHJ), NFPA, IEEE, IEC nor IIEE, and shall only be treated as
a personal knowledge sharing for educational purposes.

This technical presentation does not mean endorsing of any product that are shown as examples
of technical presentation.

Equipment photo, and related information used are provided for educational purpose only and
collected from manufacturer sites that are available to the public.

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Thermal effect of electric current

The transformation of electric energy to heat energy.

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PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE (2017)

ARTICLE 1.0 — INTRODUCTION

➢It is stated in Article 1 (D) relation to other International Standards. The requirements in PEC address the
fundamental principles of protection for safety that contains in Section 131 of INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISION STANDARD 60364-1. It includes PROTECTION AGAINST THERMAL EFFECTS,
protection against overcurrent, protection against fault current, and protection against overvoltage.

➢Overall Philippine Electrical Code also adopted all the rules and what is stated in IEC Standard when it comes to
protection against thermal effects.

FPN: IEC 60364-1, Section 131. Contains fundamental principles of protection for safety that encompass
protection against, Electric shock, thermal effects, protection against overcurrent, protection against fault
currents, and protection against overvoltage. All of these potential hazards are addressed by the requirements in
this Code.

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

60364-4-42

LOW-VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS –

Part 4-42: Protection for safety – Protection against thermal effects

➢ Electrical installation with regard to measures for the protection of persons, livestock and
property against thermal effects.

➢ One of the main changes in IEC standard includes protection against all thermal effects
and flames in case of a fire hazard being propagated from electrical installations.

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Chapter 42 in IEC is PROTECTION against thermal effects, there are only 3 sections in this chapter,
however this are very important in
420.1-3: Scope and General Requirements
➢ 420.1 Scope: Applies to electrical installation with regards to measure Protection of persons, livestock and properties
against.
• Thermal Effects, combustion or degradation of materials, and risk of burns cause by electrical equipment.
• FPN: It’s a statutory requirements

421: Protection against fire caused by electrical Equipment;

➢ 421.2 Where fixed equipment may attain surface temperatures which could cause a fire hazard to adjacent materials,
the equipment shall either:
• be totally enclose in arc resistance materials.
422: - Precaution where particular risk of fire exists.
➢ Thermal effects on IEC standard also covers electric arc like noise, light emissions, pressure rise, hot oil, electric
shock, the consequences of physical and mental shock or toxic influences are not covered by this document.

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Philippine Star 2020

The BFP noted that the top three causes of fires are still the same, with faulty electrical connections as the
leading cause. This was followed by lighted cigarette butts and open flames due to torches or sulo.

Studies show that there are approximately 51,000 home electrical fires each year. It's
reported that these incidents cause as many as 500 deaths and 1,400 injuries annually, as
well as significant property damage.

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Overcurrent

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What is Arc Flash?

Definition: An arc flash is a sudden discharge in electrical equipment that releases

extremely high energy and temperature, creating a bright flash. This usually occurs
when electrical equipment has a short circuit or other
abnormal conditions.

Features: Arc flash is an extremely dangerous phenomenon that can cause fires, severe
burns, or harm to electrical workers. Precautions, such as wearing fire-resistant clothing
and using insulating equipment, must be taken to reduce the potential hazard of arc
flash.

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Arc flash protective measures

1.Wear fire-resistant and flame-retardant clothing: The energy and temperatures released during an arc
flash are extremely high, and specially-designed clothing can reduce the risk of burns.
2.Use Insulated Tools to reduce the risk of electric shock.
3.Arc flash detection system: Install a monitoring system that can promptly detect arc flash and take
measures to reduce the risk of injury.
4.Maintain equipment regularly: Maintain equipment to ensure its performance and safety.

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Bolted Faults -is an extreme fault where the fault has zero impedance, thus giving the maximum
prospective short-circuit current in the faulted circuit.

Arc Fault- refers to a situation in which loose or corroded wiring connections create an intermittent
contact that causes electrical current to spark, or arc, between metal contact points. When you hear
a light switch or outlet buzzing or hissing, you are hearing arcing as it happens.

A bolted fault has no fault impedance while the arcing fault current has impedance associated
with the arc.

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A bolted fault has no fault impedance while the arcing fault

current has impedance associated with the arc. The bolted fault,
therefore, has higher fault current magnitude than the arcing fault.

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Arc Faults

• Classification
• Causes
• Protection

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Parallel arc fault

– current is flowing between active conductors in parallel with
the load of the circuit.

It can be detected by an MCB, but only if current is high enough.

Can generally be defined as insulation breakdown between the

conductive parts that are normally isolated

Main causes are insulation failure, mechanical or accidental interference

with conductive parts causing damages (similar concept of a short circuit
but with lower current value)

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Earth arc fault

– current is flowing from active conductor to the earth.

It can be detected by a RCCB/GFCI.

Can generally be defined as insulation breakdown between the

conductive parts that would touch the ground/earth.

Main causes are insulation failure, mechanical or accidental interference

with conductive parts causing damages (similar concept of a residual
current but with lower current value.)

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