HALF YEARLY EXAM 2024

Question Bank
Class IX - Tissues

Section A
1. Which is the most widely distributed connective tissue?

a) Blood b) Lymph

c) Adipose connective tissue d) Areolar connective tissue

2. One of the following is not a characteristic feature of parenchyma tissue. That feature is:

a) cells are thin-walled and prominent b) a large single vacuole is present in each cell

c) cells are thick at the corners d) large cells are placed together with
intercellular spaces
3. The epithelium is separated from the underlying connective tissue by

a) thick deposition of fat b) mucosa

c) vesicles d) basement membrane

4. Specimens of plants and animals are preserved in:

a) acetone b) methylated spirit

c) ethanol d) formalin
5. Lignified, narrow, elongated and dead cells are found in

a) collenchyma b) phloem

c) parenchyma d) sclerenchyma
6. Which of the following statements is correct about the cell shown in figure?

a) All of these b) P receives nerve impulse from Q and

conveys it to other cells.

Teacher: Suchitra Das 01/20

 c) R is called node of Ranvier. d) P conducts impulse away from cyton while
S conducts impulse towards cyton.
7. Which one of the following is not visible in the cheek cells?

a) cell wall b) nucleus

c) cytoplasm d) cell membrane

8. Which of the following sets includes simple permanent tissues?

a) Collenchyma, parenchyma, Sclerenchyma b) Pholem, xylem, collenchyma

c) Sclerenchyma, phloem, collenchyma d) Parenchyma, phloem, sclerenchyma

9. Which of the following tissues of plants provides flexibility and strength for bending and swaying?

a) Sieve tubes b) Collenchyma

c) Parenchyma d) Sclerenchyma
10. The walls of cork cells are thickened by the deposition of an organic substance which make these cells impermeable to
water and gases. This substance is

a) Pectin b) Lignin

c) Suberin d) Algae
11. Which of the following are correctly matched?
i. Dense regular - Blubber connective tissue
ii. Cartilage - Pinnae of ear
iii. Areolar tissue - Packaging tissue
iv. Cuboidal epithelium - Kidney tubules
v. Cardiac muscle - Branched and multinucleate
vi. Striated muscle - Unbranched and uninucleate

a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only b) (iii) and (v) only

c) (ii), (iv) and (vi) only d) (iii) and (iv) only

12. The conducting cells of xylem are

a) tracheids and xylem fibres b) tracheids and vessels

c) vessels and sieve tubes d) vessels and xylem fibres

13. Bone matrix is rich in

a) fluoride and calcium b) calcium of potassium

c) calcium and phosphorus d) phosphorus and potassium

14. Lignified or thickened cell wall is a characteristic feature of

a) phloem b) xylem

c) parenchyma d) collenchyma
15. If the tip of sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on growing in length. It is due to the presence
of

a) lateral meristem b) intercalary meristem

Teacher: Suchitra Das 02/20

 c) cambium d) apical meristem
16. Which of the following epithelial tissues, lines the stomach and intestine?

a) b)

c) d)

17. The smooth muscle consists of _______________. Each fibre contains a single oval nucleus in its thick middle part. The
cross-striations are absent so that the fibres look smooth, hence the name unstriated.

a) straight, wide unbranched spindle-shaped b) long, narrow unbranched spindle-shaped

fibres fibres

c) long, wide and spindle-shaped tissues d) short, wide unbranched spindle-shaped

fibres
18. Which of the following is a dead cell?

a) Sieve tube b) Tracheid

c) Parenchyma d) Companion cell

19. A long tree has several branches. The tissue that helps in the side ways conduction of water in the branches is

a) collenchyma b) xylem vessels

c) xylem parenchyma d) parenchyma

20. Chlorenchyma and aerenchyma are modified/specialised

a) phloem b) parenchyma

c) sclerenchyma d) collenchyma
21. Assertion (A): The inner lining of the intestine has tall epithelial cells.
Reason (R): Columnar epithelium facilitates absorption and secretion.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

22. Assertion (A): A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level. After 3 years, the nail
is still present there.
Reason (R): The girth of the stem or root increases due to apical meristem (cambium).

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

Teacher: Suchitra Das 03/20

 c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.
23. Assertion (A): The cells of sclerenchyma tissue are living.
Reason (R): They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to the deposition of lignin.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

24. Assertion (A): Student of class IX covered the potted plant with a glass jar, water vapour appears on the wall of the
glass jar.
Reason (R): Desert plants, the epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin chemical substance with waterproof quality
on its outer surface.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

25. What is serum?
26. What is the main function of blood platelets?
27. Name the types of simple tissues.
28. What does a neuron look-like?
29. What stimulates the movement of muscles?
30. Where is apical meristem found?
31. What are vascular bundles?
32. Which chemical in cork cell makes them impervious to water and gases.
33. Name the living component common to both the complex permanent tissues found in plants. What is its function?
34. What are the two types of striated muscle fibres?
Section B
35. Complete the table:

36. If a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water vapours appear on the walls of the glass jar. Explain why?
37. What are the functions of stomata?
38. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular oraganisms?
39. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
40. Animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water have a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Describe why?
41. Discuss the cell arrangement which supports the fact that epidermis is a protective tissue.
42. What will happen if
(a) Ligament gets overstretched ?
(b) Heparin is absent in blood ?
(c) Striated muscles contract rapidly for longer duration ?
Teacher: Suchitra Das 04/20
43. Identify the type of tissue in the following:
Skin, bark of tree, bone, lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle
44. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue ? Name them.
45. A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 metre from the ground level. After 3 years, where will the nail be
present?
46. A person met with an accident in which two long bones of the hand were dislocated. What could be the reason?
47. Name the following:-
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
48. Water hyacinth floats on water surface. Explain.
49. Name the different components of xylem and draw a living component?
50. Explain why animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water have thick layer of subcutaneous fat.
51. Name the following:
i. Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth.
ii. Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
iii. Tissue that transports food in plants.
iv. Tissue that stores fat in our body.
v. Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
vi. Tissue present in the brain.
52. What are involuntary muscles? Where are they found?
53. Describe the functions of epithelium tissue.
54. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Section C
55. Study the following diagram of phloem and answer the following questions:

i. Identify A, B and C in the given diagram.

ii. What term is used for the end walls of the B?
iii. What are the two functions performed by C?
56. Study the following figure and answer the following questions:

Teacher: Suchitra Das 05/20

 i. Identify the type of tissue shown in the given figure. Write the labellings - A, B, C, D.
ii. Is the given type of tissue in the figure is flexible or not? Give a reason for your answer.
iii. What are the functions of the tissue shown in the given figure?
57. Observe the given below diagram and answer the following questions:

i. What does A represent in the given diagram? How does cell 'A' of root hairs cells help in water absorption?
ii. How does B in the given diagram help the plants?
iii. Out of A, B, and C cells in the above diagram, which cell helps in the closing and opening of the stomata? Write the
name of the cell.
58. Observe the following diagram and answer the following questions:

i. Identify the type of tissue mentioned in the given figure.

ii. Write any two characteristics of the type of tissue mentioned in the given figure.
iii. Where is the given tissue found in our body? What is the nature of the given tissue mentioned in the diagram?
59. Observe the given below image of the tissue and answer the following questions:

i. Identify the type of tissue shown in the given image.

ii. Where is it found?
iii. Why this tissue acts as an insulator?
60. i. Identify the tissue given in the following figure.
ii. Mention the characteristic features of the cells.
iii. Specify the function of this tissue.
iv. Name any one part of the plant, where these cells are present.

Section D
61. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Animal tissues are of many types such as epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Blood is
a type of connective tissue, and muscle forms muscular tissue. The nature of the matrix differs in concordance with the
function of the particular connective tissue. Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood
corpuscles, white blood corpuscles and platelets are suspended. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food,

Teacher: Suchitra Das 06/20

 hormones and waste materials to different parts of the body. Bone is another example of connective tissue. It forms the
framework that supports the body. It also anchors the muscles and supports the main organs of the body. Another type of
connective tissue, cartilage, has widely spaced cells.

i. Identify the following tissue. (1)

ii. Are the cells of connective tissues loosely spaced? (1)

iii. What are the components of the matrix of bone? (2)
OR
Where is cartilage found in the human body? (2)
62. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
A few layers of cells beneath the epidermis are generally simple permanent tissue. Parenchyma is the most common
simple permanent tissue. It consists of relatively unspecialized cells with thin cell walls. They are living cells.
Collenchyma allows bending of various parts of the plant-like tendrils and stems of climbers without breaking.
Sclerenchyma tissue makes the plant hard and stiff. We have seen the husk of a coconut. It is made of sclerenchymatous
tissue. They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin. The tissue is present in stems, around vascular
bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering of seeds and nuts.

i. The flexibility in plants is due to which tissue? (1)

ii. Is aerenchyma provides mechanical support? (1)
iii. Is apical and intercalary meristems permanent tissue? (2)
OR

Teacher: Suchitra Das 07/20

 Menion the function of the tissue which is shown in the below diagram? (2)

63. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Given below is the diagram of the human nerve cell.

i. Label the part (A) and (B). (1)

ii. What is the function of nervous tissue? (1)
iii. Mention all part of the human body composed of nervous tissue. (2)
OR
What enables the animal to move rapidly in response to stimuli? (2)
64. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
In older plants, the outer protective layer that is epidermis undergoes certain changes the epidermis of the stem is
replaced. There is cork cambium which is simple tissue having one type of the cell. The cell of cork cambium are
rectangular and their protoplast is vacuolated contain tannins. The cork cambium gives off new cell from its both side.
The cell of the cork cambium is dead and compactly arranged without the intercellular space and there is suberin
deposition.
i. The epidermis of the cell is replaced by? (1)
ii. How does a cork acts as a protective tissue? (1)
iii. There is suberin deposition what is the main disadvantage? (2)
OR
When cork cambium gives off new cells what does it form on its inner and outer side? (2)
65. Read the following text carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Animal tissue has various types of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue and of tissue
one of them is the connective tissue which consists of blood, bone, cartilage. Blood is the fluid matrix called plasma in
which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelet are suspended while bone form the framework that supports the
body it also anchors the muscle and supports the main organ of the body. Two bones are connected by a ligament.
cartilage is a solid matrix composed of sugar and protein.
i. Name the tissue which connects muscle to a bone. (1)
ii. Matrix of bone cells are composed of (1)
iii. Two bones are connected by ligament how muscle connects to the bone? (2)
OR
Where the cartilage is found in the human body? (2)

Teacher: Suchitra Das 08/20

 Section E
66. i. Describe adipose tissue with the help of diagram.
ii. How is adipose tissue different from blood tissue?
67. Differentiate between bone and cartilage with respect to structure, function and location.
68. Diagrammatically show the difference amongst three types of muscle fibres.
69. Write differences between animal tissue and plant tissue.
70. The transportation system of plants is composed of complex permanent tissue. They have their transportation system
within themselves. Justify in detail with appropriate diagrams.
71. i. Which process in meristematic tissue converts it to permanent tissue?
ii. Which feature of meristematic tissue helps aquatic plants to maintain buoyancy in water?
iii. Why epidermis of plants living in dry habitats is thicker?
iv. Identify the following.
a. Living component of xylem
b. Dead element of phloem
v. Which type of conducting tissues conduct water and minerals vertically?
72. Why are xylem and phloem called complex tissues? How are they different from one other?
73. We can control some of the actions of our body, but some are not in our control. Comment on this statement.
74. Describe the structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues. Draw the diagram for each type of epithelial
tissue.
75. Differentiate between various types of muscular tissues. Draw appropriate diagrams.

Teacher: Suchitra Das 09/20

 HALF YEARLY EXAM 2024
Question Bank Solutions
Class IX - Tissues

Section A
1.
(d) Areolar connective tissue
Explanation: Areolar connective tissue is the simplest and most widely distributed connective tissue. Areolar connective tissue
is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves, and in the bone marrow.
2.
(c) cells are thick at the corners
Explanation: Intercellular spaces are present between the cells. Cells are thin-walled (primary wall only except wood
parenchyma), with large vacuole and wide intercellular spaces. Cells of Parenchyma tissue are isodiametric.
Cells are thick at the corners is not a characteristic feature of parenchyma tissue.
3.
(d) basement membrane
Explanation: Epithelial tissues are physically separated from underlying connective tissues by a basement membrane or basal
lamina. The portion of an epithelial cell attached to the basement membrane is called its basal surface.
4.
(d) formalin
Explanation: Specimen preservation means “longterm preservation of organisms either plant or animal in the best possible
condition. So that it can be accessed in the future as a reference collection for scientific purposes”. Formalin is the best
preservative for plants and animals.
5.
(d) sclerenchyma
Explanation: Sclerenchyma tissue is dead simple permanent tissue of the plant. The cells of sclerenchyma are closely packed
without intercellular spaces, like tiles in the mosaic floor so that, it can provide the strength, rigidity, flexibility, and elasticity to
the plant to withstand various strains.
6.
(c) R is called node of Ranvier.
Explanation: In the given figure, ‘P represent dendrites, ‘Q’ is neurilemma, ‘R’ is node of Ranvier and ‘S’ is axon ending. The
dendrites receive impulses while axon takes impulses away from the cell body or cyton.
7. (a) cell wall
Explanation: The cells do not have a cell wall. However, each cell has a thin cell membrane. A large vacuole is present at the
center of each cell and is surrounded by the cytoplasm. A lightly stained cytoplasm is observed in each cell. A deeply stained
nucleus is observed at the center of each cell.
8. (a) Collenchyma, parenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Explanation: Two simple permanent tissue in plants are parenchyma and collenchyma while two complex permanent tissue in
plants are xylem and phloem. Sclerenchyma tissue is dead simple permanent tissue of the plant.
9.
(b) Collenchyma
Explanation: Collenchyma is a strong and flexible simple tissue to provide mechanical strength to the growing organs.
10.
(c) Suberin
Explanation: Cork cells are dead cells without intercellular spaces. Their cell wall is very thick due to the deposition of an
organic substance called suberin, which is impermeable to water and gases.
11. (a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
Explanation: Blubber of whales is a type of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue. Cardiac

Teacher: Suchitra Das 10/20

 muscles are present in the wall of heart. They are uninucleate and branched whereas striated muscles are attached to the bones,
they are multinucleate and unbranched.
12.
(b) tracheids and vessels
Explanation: There are two types of conducting cells in xylem, tracheids and vessel elements. Both have thick lignified
secondary walls and are dead at maturity. These cells create hollow cylinders that have high tensile strength. Materials moving
within the xylem are under tension.
13.
(c) calcium and phosphorus
Explanation: The bone is a connective tissue with hard matrix, composed of calcium and phosphorus. A bone is connected by
another bone with another connective tissue called ligaments. A bone is connected by muscle with another connective tissue
called tendon.
14.
(b) xylem
Explanation: The xylem is one of the conductive tissues in plants. It is a complex tissue composed of many types of cells. The
main function of xylem is to conduct water and minerals from roots to leaves. The secondary xylem also provides mechanical
support due to the presence of a thick lignified cell wall.
15.
(b) intercalary meristem
Explanation: If the tip of sugarcane plant is removed the apical meristem is also removed as it is situated in the apices of
growing roots and stem. Intercalary meristem are located at the base of leaves or nodes and leads to the increase in the length of
an organ such as leaves and internodes.
16.

(c)

Explanation: Columnar epithelium consists of pillar-like cells that are much taller than wide. It lines the stomach, intestine,
etc.
17.
(b) long, narrow unbranched spindle-shaped fibres
Explanation: The smooth muscle consists of long, narrow unbranched spindle-shaped fibres. Each fibre contains a single
oval nucleus in its thick middle part. The cross-striations are absent so that the fibres look smooth, hence the name unstriated.
18.
(b) Tracheid
Explanation: Tracheids are dead and lignified cells. The deposition of lignin on the cell wall is responsible to form a different
type of thickenings.
19.
(b) xylem vessels
Explanation: Xylem vessels are very long tube-like structures formed by a row of cells placed end to end. The transverse walls
between these cells are partially or completely dissolved to form continuous water channels.
20.
(b) parenchyma
Explanation: Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts are collectively termed as chlorenchyma. Special parenchyma tissue is
found in the aquatic plants and some land plants (e.g., petiole of Banana, Canna). It is known as aerenchyma. It consists of a
network of parenchyma cells that enclose very large air cavities.
21. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Where absorption and secretion occur, such as in the inner lining of the intestine, tall epithelial cells or columnar
epithelium is present. This epithelium facilitates movement or diffusion across the epithelial barrier.

Teacher: Suchitra Das 11/20

22.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: The nail will remain at the same position even after 3 years. This is because a plant or tree grows from its tip
(stem or root) not from the point at which it joins the ground. So, the tree will grow but the nail will remain at the same place
on the tree trunk.
23.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The cells of sclerenchyma tissue are dead. They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to the
deposition of lignin. The walls of cells are so thick that there is no internal space inside the cell.
24.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: When the potted plant is covered by a glass jar water vapour appears on the jar because of transpiration due to
which water is released from the plant in the form of water vapour which appears on the glass jar.
25. When fibrinogen is taken out of the plasma, it is known as serum.
26. Blood platelets help in clotting of blood at the site of injury.
27. The simple permanent tissues (found in plants) are of the following three types:-
i) Parenchyma
ii) Collenchyma
iii) Sclerenchyma
28. A miniature tree with thin hair like parts arising from its ends.
29. The nerve impulses stimulate the movement of muscles. Nerve impulses allow us to move our muscles when we want to. The
functional combination of nerve and muscle tissue enables us to move rapidly in response to stimuli.
30. Apical meristem occurs at root and stem tips.
31. Vascular bundles consist of xylem and phloem.
32. Cells of cork have a chemical called suberin in their walls that makes them impervious to water and gases.
33. Living component common to xylem and phloem tissue is parenchyma. Its function is to store food and help in sideways
conduction of water in xylem and food in phloem.
34. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are two types of striated muscle fibres.
Section B

35.

36. When a potted plant is covered with a glass jar, water lost by the plant appears on the walls of the glass jar as water vapours.
Plants always lose water to the atmosphere from the surface of the leaves. This process is known as transpiration. Water reaches
leaves by xylem vessels, where evaporation takes place through the stomata.
37. Functions of stomata.
(i) Gaseous Exchange. Stomata are sites where exchange of gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) occurs between the plant interior
and external environment.
(ii) Transpiration. Major part of transpiration occurs through stomata. Transpiration removes excess water and keeps plant
surfaces cool even in bright sun.
(iii) Regulation. They regulate both gaseous exchange and transpiration.
38. (i) Division of Labour : Tissues bring about division of labour in multicellular organisms. It increases efficiency.
(ii) Higher Organisation : Tissue become organised to form organs and organ systems.
(iii) Individual Cells : Work load individual cells has decreased.
(iv) Higher Survival : Because of division of labour, higher efficiency and organisation, the multicellular organisms have high
survival.
Teacher: Suchitra Das 12/20
39. Cork or bark of the tree is protective in function. Cells of cork are dead and compactly arranged without inter-cellular spaces.
They also have a chemical substance called suberin (a waxy substance) in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and
water. It prevents underlying tissues from desiccation, by preventing loss of water from the plant body. It also prevents infection
and mechanical injury.
40. The subcutaneous fat or adipose tissue lies just below the skin surface or in between internal organs. Being a poor conductor of
heat it acts as a good insulator. It reduces the heat loss from the body, i.e., regulates the body temperature.
41. Epidermis is the outermost covering of cells in plants. It is usually made up of a single layer of cells. On aerial parts of a plant
epidermis cell often secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer surface to prevent loss of water from plant. The cells of
epidermis are present in a continuous layer without intercellular spaces. Small pores are present on the epidermis of leaf. These
pores are called as stomata, which help in gaseous exchange and transpiration. As the plant grows older, a strip of secondary
meristem replaces the epidermis of stem and forms a thick cork.
42. (a) Overstretching of Ligament. Sprain
(b) Absence of Heparin in Blood. Blood coagulation occurs inside the blood vessels.
(c) Striated Muscle Contraction. Fatigue due to accumulation of lactic acid.

43. Skin Epithelial tissue

Bark of tree Sclerenchymatous tissue

Bone Connective tissue

Lining of kidney tubule Cuboidal epithelial tissue

Vascular bundle Complex permanent tissue

Cells of cork or bark of the tree are differentiated cells (Simple permanent tissues).
Bone is a type of connective tissue found in animals.
The skin is made up of epithelial tissues.
Cuboidal epithelium (with cube-shaped cells) forms the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands.
Vascular bundle or connective tissue (complex permanent tissue) is a distinctive feature of complex plants.
44. Xylem tissue is formed of four types of elements. They are tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres.
45. The nail will remain at the same position in the trunk of the tree even after 3 years. This is because a plant or tree grows from its
tip (stem or root) and not from the point at which it joins the ground. The tree will grow and the nail will remain at the same
position on the trunk of the tree.
46. Dislocation of the bones of hand may have been caused due to the breakage of the ligament. A ligament is a connective tissue that
connects two bones and keeps them in place.
47. (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth: Epithelial tissue
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans: Tendons
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants: Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body: Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix: Blood
(f) Tissue present in the brain: Nerve tissue
48. Water hyacinth floats on the surface of water due to the presence of aerenchyma. Aerenchyma is a modified form of parenchyma
(a simple permanent tissue). Cells of parenchyma are usually loosely packed. There are large intercellular spaces that form air
cavities. The air cavities in water hyacinth provide buoyancy to them which helps them to float.
49. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers.

Teacher: Suchitra Das 13/20

50. Thick layer of subcutaneous fat present in animals of colder regions and fishes of cold water acts as an insulator. It prevents the
body heat from escaping. Hence, the fat keeps their bodies warm.

51. (i) Tissue that forms inner lining of our mouth Simple squamous epithelium

(ii) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans Tendon(connective tissue)

(iii) Tissue that transports food in plants Phloem

(iv) Tissue that stores fat in our body Adipose tissue

(v) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix Blood

(vi) Tissue present in the brain Nervous tissue

52. The muscles which do not move on our will are called involuntary muscles. These muscles are also called smooth muscles. We
cannot move them or stop them when we want to. They are found in the alimentary canal, blood vessels, cilliary muscles of the
eye, ureters and bronchi of the lungs. The movement of food in the alimentary canal or the contraction and relaxation of blood
vessels are involuntary movements.
53. Functions of the various epithelial tissues are as follows:
(i) Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from drying, injury and chemical effects. They also protect the body from viral or
bacterial infections. E.g. Skin epithelial cells which are arranged in many layers prevent wear and tear.
(ii) They help in the absorption of water, nutrients and gases. E.g. Inner lining of the small intestine, lung alveoli, blood vessels,
etc.
(iii) Columnar epithelium facilitates movement across the epithelial barrier.
(iv) Cuboidal epithelium provides mechanical support to the kidney tubules and ducts of the salivary glands.
(v) Glandular epithelium secretes useful chemicals like sweat, saliva, enzymes from the food, etc. in the body.
54. Areolar tissue is a kind of filler tissue found between skin and muscles, around our blood vessels and nerves and in the bone
marrow. Its functions are as follows:-
i) It fills the space inside organs.
ii) It helps to repair and maintain nearby tissues/organs.
iii) It supports internal organs and prevents injuries to internal organs.
Section C
55. i. A represents companion cells, B represents sieve tubes, and C represents phloem parenchyma. which are small thin-walled
cell containing dense and very active cytoplasm and large elongated nucleus.
ii. The sieve tubes end walls are perforated by numerous pores and are called sieve plates.
iii. The phloem parenchymatous cell performs the following functions:
a. Storage of food.
b. Slow lateral conduction of food.
56. i. The tissue shown is collenchyma tissue.
The labelling of the collenchyma tissue is as follows:
A. - Wall thickenings
B. - Nucleus
C. - Vacuole
D. - Cell wall
ii. Yes, the collenchyma tissue is flexible. This is so because collenchyma cells don't have lignin in their cell wall.
iii. The function of collenchyma tissue are as follows:
a. Collenchyma tissue provides flexibility to the plant.
b. It also provides mechanical support to plants.
57. i. In the given diagram of the epidermis, A represents the epidermal cells of the roots bear long hair-like parts called root hairs.
With the help of these cells, root hairs greatly increase the total absorptive surface area and help in water absorption.
ii. B represents the stomata. Stomata are the pores present in the epidermis of the leaves. Stomata help in the exchange of gases
with the atmosphere during photosynthesis and respiration. Also, the process of transpiration (loss of water in the form of
water vapour) takes place through stomata.
iii. C cell that represents the guard cells. These cells are kidney-shaped that enclose the stomata and thus help in the opening and
closing of stomata.
58. i. The given diagram shows non-striated muscles or smooth muscles.
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 ii. Following are the characteristics of non-striated muscles:
a. The cells are spindle-shaped, uni-nucleated, elongated.
b. They are elongated and have no striations.
iii. The non-striated muscles or smooth muscles are found within the walls of the elementary canal, bladder, and blood vessels.
The non-striated muscles or smooth muscles are involuntary in nature that is we can't control the movements of these muscles
according to our will.
59. i. The given image shows adipose connective tissue.
ii. Adipose connective tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
iii. The cells of adipose connective tissue are filled with fat globules. So the storage of fats let it act as an insulator.
60. i. The tissue given in the figure is collenchyma.
ii. The cells of collenchyma are living, elongated, thickened at the corners and have very little intercellular space.
iii. It provides mechanical support and flexibility to the plant.
iv. It is present in leaf stalks, below the epidermis.
Section D
61. i. Adipose tissue.
ii. The cells of the connective tissue are loosely spaced and invaded in and intracellular matrix.
iii. Calcium and phosphorus compounds.
OR
Cartilage is found in the nose, ear, and trachea in the human body.
62. i. Collenchyma.
ii. No, aerenchyma helps aquatic plants to float.
iii. No, apical and intercalary meristems are not permanent tissue.
OR
Provides strength to the plant parts.
63. i. (A) - cell body and (B) - dendrites.
ii. Nervous tissue are highly specialized for being stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place to
another within the body.
iii. Brain, spinal cord and nerves are composed of nervous tissue.
OR
Nerve impulse allows us to move rapidly which is produced by combination of nerve and muscle tissue.
64. i. A strip of secondary meristem called phellogen replaced the epidermis of the stem.
ii. Cork protects the plant against mechanical injury, extreme temperature, It also prevents the loss of water by evaporation.
iii. Suberin makes cell impermeable to water and gases.
OR
Inner side - phelloderm
outer side - cork(phellem)
65. i. Tendon.
ii. Matrix of a bone cell composed of calcium and phosphorus compound.
iii. Muscles are connected to the bone by the structure called tendon.
OR
Ear, Nose, and Trachea.
Section E
66. i. Digrammatic representation of Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue is a fat-storing connective tissue. Its matrix is packed with large oval fat cells or adipocytes. The fat cells are
arranged into globules separated by collagen and elastic fibres. It mainly stores reserve fat. It acts as an insulator and works as
a shock absorber for visceral organs. It acts as shock-absorbing cushions around the heart, kidneys, eyeball, etc.
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 ii. Differences between adipose and blood tissue are as follows:
Adipose Tissue Blood Tissue

1. Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective 1. Blood tissue is a fluid connective tissue containing the plasma, red
tissue located mainly beneath the skin. blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.

2. The matrix contains fibres. 2. The matrix does not contain fibres.

3. It stores and metabolises fats. 3. It helps in the transport of substances and respiratory gases.

67. Differences between bone and cartilage are as follows:

Point of Difference Bone Cartilage

It is strong and non-flexible tissue, whose It is soft and flexible tissue, whose solid
cells are embedded in a hard matrix, matrix is composed of
Structure
which is composed of calcium and proteins and sugars. Also, it has widely
phosphorus compounds. spaced cells.

It forms the framework that supports the

Function body and anchors the muscles that It smoothens bone surfaces at the joints.
support the main organs of the body.

It is present in the skeletal system of It is present in nose, ear, trachea, and

Location
vertebrates. larynx.

68.

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69. Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

In plants, dead supportive tissues are more abundant as compared to In multicellular animals living tissues are more common
living tissues. as compared to dead tissues.

They require less maintenance energy as they are autotrophic and can They require more maintenance energy as they are
make their own food. heterotrophic and have to move in search of food.

There is a differentiation of tissues into meristematic and permanent

Such differentiation is absent in animals as their growth
tissues, which are localized in certain regions of plant-based on their
is uniform.
dividing capacity.

Due to the activity of meristematic tissue plants continue to grow Animals do not show growth after reaching maturity.
throughout life. Reparative growth is, however, present.

The organization of animal tissues is complex with the

The organization of plant tissues is simple. development of more specialized and localized organs
and organ systems.

Tissue organization is targeted towards the high mobility

Tissue organization is meant for a stationary habit of plants.
of animals.
70. In plants, there are pipe-like vessels through which water and minerals can enter the plants. These vessels are made up of
elongated cells and thick walls. A group of cells forms a tissue which performs a specialized function within the organisms. These
are conducting tissues. These conducting tissues are divided into two types which are xylem and phloem.
i. Xylem: It is a vascular tissue that spreads from the top to bottom of the plant. It helps in the transportation of water and
minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.

Elements of xylem:
a. Tracheids and Vessels: It is Tubular structure and transport water and minerals vertically.
b. Parenchyma: It stores food and helps in sideways conduction of water.
c. Fibres: It is supportive in function.
ii. Phloem It transports food from leaves to other parts of the plant. Food is prepared in leaves by the process of photosynthesis.
Elements of phloem:
Teacher: Suchitra Das 17/20
 a. Sieve tubes: It is tubular cells with perforated walls. These consist of living cells.
b. Companion cells: It is small elongated cells with dense cytoplasm.
c. Phloem parenchyma : It is Thin-walled cells. Mainly function in storage and transportation of food.
d. Phloem fibres It is Thick-walled cells. These are dead cells. Provide mechanical strength to tissue.

Both xylem and phloem maintain a transportation system within the plants. There is continuous transportation of food, water and
minerals within the plant. This transportation is necessary for the proper growth and maintenance of the plant.
71. i. Differentiation is the process by which meristematic tissue takes up a permanent shape, size and function.
ii. Large air cavities present in parenchyma (aerenchyma) of aquatic plants help the plant to maintain buoyancy in water.
iii. Epidermis of plants living in dry habitats are thicker in order to prevent loss of water.
iv. a. Xylem parenchyma consists of living cells having thin cell walls.
b. Phloem fibres are the dead element of phloem.
v. Tracheids and vessels of xylem are the two conducting tissues, which conduct water and minerals vertically.
72. Both xylem and phloem consist of more than one type of cells, which coordinate to perform a common function.
Xylem Phloem

Is composed of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and Is composed of sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres and
xylem fibres. companion cells.

Only xylem parenchyma is composed of a living cell in

Only phloem fibre is composed of the dead cell is in the phloem.
xylem tissue.
Transports water and minerals. Transports food.

Movement of materials is in one direction. Movement of materials is in both directions.

73. Yes, we can control some of the actions of our body, but some are not under our control. The actions which we can control are
known as voluntary actions like the movement of hand and limbs. We can move these parts of our body whenever we want to, but
some actions of our body like contraction and relaxation of heart, blinking of an eye, etc., are not under our will, i.e. we cannot
stop functioning of heart if we want to do so. The actions, which can be manipulated by our wishes are known as voluntary
actions. The muscles, which can perform voluntary actions are voluntary muscles.
These muscles are also called skeletal muscles or striated muscles. These muscles are mostly attached to bones and help in body
movement. Their cells are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate (having many nuclei).
The actions, which are not under our control are known as involuntary actions. These actions are performed by smooth muscles or
involuntary muscles. Their cells are long with pointed ends (spindle-shaped) and uninucleate (single nucleus).
74. Epithelial tissues can be (A) Squamous epithelium (Either simple squamous epithelium or stratified squamous epithelium) (B)
Columnar epithelium (C) Cuboidal epithelium or (D) Glandular epithelium

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 The structure and function of different types of epithelial tissues are as follows:-
A. Squamous epithelium can be of two types:-
a. Simple squamous epithelium: Simple squamous epithelial cells are a simple flat kind of epithelium. They are extremely
thin and flat. They form a delicate lining. They are present in the lining of the blood vessels or the alveoli (in lungs) where
transportation of substances occurs through a selectively permeable membrane. They are also present in the esophagus and
the lining of the mouth are also covered with this type of cells.
b. Stratified squamous epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelial cells are arranged in a pattern of layers. E.g. Skin epithelial
cells are arranged in many layers to prevent wear and tear.
B. Columnar epithelium: Columnar epithelial cells are present where absorption and secretion occur as in the inner lining of the
intestine. These cells are long or columnar (pillar-like). They facilitate movement across the epithelial barrier. In the
respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue has hair-like projections (cilia) on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells. The
movement of the cilia pushes the mucus forward and clears it.
C. Cuboidal epithelium: Cuboidal epithelium is made up of cube-shaped cells which provide mechanical support. They form the
lining of the kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands.
D. Glandular epithelium: A multicellular gland or glandular epithelium is formed when a portion of the epithelial tissue folds
inward and a multicellular gland is formed. An epithelial cell sometimes acquires additional specialisation as a gland cell.
Gland cells can secrete substances at the surface of the epithelium.

75. Types Striated Muscles Unstriated Muscles Cardiac Muscles

These are made up of long, cylindrical, These are made up of

unbranched and multinucleate cells. These muscles are made up of long cells, which are
Structure
These show alternate light and dark uninucleate cells with pointed ends. cylindrical, branched and
striations. uninucleate.

They show alternate light and dark bands These muscles show
Striations These do not show striations.
or striations. faint striations.

These are mostly present in the walls of

These are located in limbs and are
the alimentary canal. blood vessels, These are present only in
Site/Location mostly attached to bones to help in body
ureters, bronchi of the lungs and in the iris the walls of the heart.
movement.
of eyes.

i. Striated muscle

ii. Smooth muscle

iii. Cardiac muscle

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