CHAPTER

11 THERMODYNAMICS
Exercise 1: NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs
11.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Which of the following macroscopic variable is not measurable? NCERT Page-303, 304 / N-226, 227
(a) Pressure
(b) Volume
(c) Mass
(d) None of these
2. Thermodynamics is concerned in part with transformations between NCERT Page-304 / N-227
(a) different forms of heat energy
(b) internal energy at various temperatures
(c) one form of mechanical energy into other forms
(d) heat, internal energy and mechnical work

11.2 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM

3. If there is no net flow to beat between two systems when they are is contact, then they are said to be in
(a) thermal equilibrium NCERT Page-304 / N-227
(c) unstable equilibrium
(b) stable equilibrium
(d) None of these

11.3 ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

4. A system 𝑋 is neither in thermal equilibrium with 𝑌 nor with 𝑍. The systems 𝑌 and 𝑍 NCERT Page-305 / N-228
(a) must be in thermal equilibrium
(b) cannot be in thermal equilibrium
(c) may be in thermal equilibrium
(d) None of these
5. The variable defined by Zeroth law of thermodynamics is NCERT Page-305 / N-228
(a) temperature
(b) internal energy
(c) work
(d) All of these

11.4 HEAT, INTERNAL ENERGY AND WORK

6. Which of the following is a state variable? NCERT Page-307 / N-229
(a) Heat
(b) Work
 (c) Internal energy
(d) All of these
7. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends upon NCERT Page-306 / N-229
(a) specific volume
(b) pressure
(c) temperature
(d) density
8. Energy transfer brought about by moving the piston of a cylinder containing the gas is known as
(a) work NCERT Page-307 / N-229
(b) heat
(c) pressure
(d) temperature
9. At a given temperature the internal energy of a substance NCERT Page-306, 307 / N-229
(a) in liquid state is equal to that in gaseous state.
(b) in liquid state is less than that in gaseous state.
(c) in liquid state is more than that in gaseous state.
(d) is equal for the three states of matter.
10. A gas is compressed from a volume of 2m3 to a volume of 1m3 at a constant pressure of 100N/m2. Then it is
heated at constant volume by supplying 150J of energy. As a result, the internal energy of the gas:
(a) increase by 250J NCERT Page-307 / N-229
(b) decreases by 250J
(c) increases by 50J
(d) decreases by 50J
11. When a system is taken from state 𝑖 to state 𝑓 along the path iaf, it is found that 𝑄 = 50 cal and 𝑊 = 20cal. Along
the path ibf⁡ 𝑄 = 36 cal. 𝑊 along the path ibf is NCERT Page-307 / N-229

(a) 14cal
(b) 6 cal
(c) 16cal
(d) 66cal
12. The pressure-volume diagram shows six curved paths that can be followed by the gas (connected by vertical paths).
Which two of them should be part of a closed cycle if the net work done by the gas is to be its maximum positive
value? NCERT Page-307 / N-229
 (a) af
(b) 𝑎𝑒
(c) 𝑎𝑐
(d) ce
13. In thermodynamics, heat and work are :
(a) Point functions
(b) Extensive thermodynamic state variables
(c) Path functions
(d) Intensive thermodynamic state variables

11.5 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

14. A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along 𝐴𝐶𝐵 and is brought back to A along 𝐵𝐷𝐴 as shown in the
𝑃𝑉 diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area NCERT Page-307 / N-230

(a) 𝑃1 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝑃2 𝑃1
(c) 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐴
(b) 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐴
(d) 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐴
15. In 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram shown in figure 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a semicircle. The work done in the process 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is
(a) 4J NCERT Page-307 / N-230
−𝜋
(b) 2 J
𝜋
(c) 2 J
(d) zero
16. First law of thermodynamics states that NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) system can do work
(b) system has temperature
(c) system has pressure
(d) heat is a form of energy
17. The first law of thermodynamics expresses NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) law of conservation of momentum
(b) law of conservation of energy
(c) law of conservation of mass
(d) All of the above
18. In changing the state of thermodynamics from A to B state, the heat required is Q and the work done by the system
is 𝑊. The change in its internal energy is NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) Q + W
(b) Q - W
(c) Q
𝑄−𝑊
(d) 2
19. Which of the following is incorrect regarding first law of thermodynamics? NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) It is a restatement of principle of conservation of energy.
(b) It is applicable to cyclic processes
(c) It introduces the concept of entropy
(d) It introduces the concept of internal energy
20. 110 joules of heat is added to a gaseous system, whose internal energy is 40J; then the amount of external work
done is NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) 150J
(b) 70J
(c) 110J
(d) 40J
21. The change in internal energy of a thermodynamical system which has absorbed 2kcal of heat and done 400J of
work is (1cal = 4.2J) NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) 2kJ
(b) 8kJ
(c) 3.5kJ
(d) 5.5kJ
22. If the amount of heat given to a system is 35J and the amount of work done on the system is 15J, then the change
in internal energy of the system is NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) −50J
(b) 20J
 (c) 30J
(d) 50J
23. A perfect gas goes from a state 𝐴 to another state 𝐵 by absorbing 8 × 105 J of heat and doing 6.5 × 105 J of
external work. It is now transferred between the same two states in another process in which it absorbs 105 J of
heat. In the second process NCERT Page-307/ N-230
(a) work done by gas is 105 J
(b) work done on gas is 105 J
(c) work done by gas is 0.5 × 105 J
(d) work done on the gas is 0.5 × 105 J
24. In the 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram, 𝐼 is the initial state and 𝐹 is the final state. The gas goes from I ot 𝐹 by (i) IAF, (ii) IBF, (iii) ICF.
The heat absorbed by the gas is NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) the same in all three processes 𝑃 ↑
(b) the same in (i) and (ii)
(c) greater in (i) than in (ii)
(d) the same in (i) and (iii)

25. A closed system undergoes a process 1 → 2 for which the values 𝑊1−2 and 𝑄1−2 are 50kJ and −20kJ respectively.
If the system is returned to state 1 and 𝑄2→1 is +10kJ the work done 𝑊2→1 is NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) 40kJ
(b) 50kJ
(c) −60kJ
(d) −50kJ
26. Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in the given figure is
NCERT Page-307 / N-230

(a) 107 𝜋J
(b) 104 𝜋J
(c) 102 𝜋J
(d) 10−3 𝜋J
27. In a thermodynamic process, pressure of a fixed mass of gas is changed in such a manner that the gas molecules
gives out 30 joules of heat and 10J of work is done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas was 40J, then
final internal energy will be NCERT Page-307 / N-230
(a) zero
(b) 80J
(c) 20J
(d) −20J
28. Unit mass of a liquid with volume 𝑉1 is completely changed into a gas of volume 𝑉2 at a constant external pressure
𝑃 and temperature 𝑇. If the latent heat of evaporation for the given mass is 𝐿, then the increase in the internal
energy of the system is NCERT Page-308 / N-231
(a) Zero
(c) 𝐿 − 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
(b) 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
(d) 𝐿
29. A gas can be taken from 𝐴 to 𝐵 via two different processes ACB and ADB.
When path ACB is used 60J of heat flows into the system and 30J of work is done by the system. If path 𝐴𝐷𝐵 is
used work done by the system is 10J. The heat Flow into the system in path ADB is : NCERT Page-308 / N-231

(a) 40J
(b) 80J
(c) 100J
(d) 20J
30. 1gm of water at a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa is converted into steam without any change of temperature. The
volume of 1g of steam is 1671cc and the latent heat of evaporation is 540cal. The change in internal energy due to
evaporation of 1gm of water is NCERT Page-308 / N-231
(a) ≈ 167cal
(b) ≈ 500cal(c)
c) 540cal
(d) 581cal
31. When the state of a gas adiabatically changed from an equilibrium state 𝐴 to another equilibrium state 𝐵 an
amount of work done on the stystem is 35J. If the gas is taken from state A to B via process in which the net heat
absorbed by the system is 12cal, then the net work done by the system is (1cal = 4.19J) NCERT Page-308 / N-231
(a) 13.2J
(b) 15.4J
(c) 12.6J
(d) 16.8J
32. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 P as shown in figure. It absorbs, 40J of heat
during the part 𝐴𝐵, no heat during 𝐵𝐶 and rejects 60J of heat during CA. A work 50J is done on the gas during the
part 𝐵𝐶. The internal energy of the gas at 𝐴 is 1560J. The work done by the gas during the part 𝐶𝐴 is:
NCERT Page-308 / N-231
 (a) 20J
(b) 30J
(c) −30J
(d) −60J

11.6 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

33*. The specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than the specific heat of the same gas at
constant volume because NCERT Page-309 / N-231
(a) work is done in the expansion of the gas at constant pressure.
(b) work is done in the expansion of the gas at constant volume.
(c) the attraction between the molecules increases at constant pressure.
(d) the molecular attraction increases at constant volume.
34∗ . Which of the following formula is wrong? NCERT Page-309 / N-232
R
(a) Cv = 𝛾−1
𝛾R
(b) Cp = 𝛾−1
(c) Cp /Cv = 𝛾
(d) Cp − Cv = 2R
35∗ . 𝑛 moles of an ideal gas with constant volume heat capacity CV undergo an isobaric expansion by
certain volume. The ratio of the work done in the process, to the heat supplied is: NCERT Page-309 / N-232
nR
(a) C +nR
V
nR
(b) C
V −nR
4nR
(c) C −nR
V
4nR
(d) C +nR
V
36*. A cube of side 5cm made of iron and having a mass of 1500 g is heated from 25∘ C to 400∘ C. The specific
heat for iron is 0.12cal/g ∘ C and the coefficient of volume expansion is 3.5 × 10−5 / ∘ C, the change in the
internal energy of the cube is (atm pressure = 1 × 105 N/m2 ) NCERT Page-308 / N-231
(a) 320kJ
(b) 282kJ
(c) 141kJ
(d) 4023kJ
37*. A certain amount of ideal monoatomic gas undergoes, process given by 𝑈𝑉 1/2 = 𝐶 where 𝑈 is the
internal energy of the gas. The molar specific heat of the gas for the process will be NCERT Page-309 / N-232
(a) 𝑅/2
(b) 3𝑅
 (c) 5𝑅/2
(d) −𝑅/2
38*. Two cylinders 𝐴 and 𝐵 fitted with pistons contain equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas at 300K.
The piston of 𝐴 is free to move while that of 𝐵 is held fixed: The same amount of heat is given to the gas in
each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas in 𝐴 is 30K, then the rise in temperature of the gas in 𝐵 is
(a) 30K NCERTPage-309/ N-232
(b) 18K
(c) 50K
(d) 42K

11.7 THERMODYNAMIC STATE VARIABLES AND EQUATION OF STATE

39∗ . The state of a thermodynamic system is represented by NCERT Page-309 / N-233
(a) pressure only
(b) volume only
(c) pressure, volume and temperature
(d) number of moles
40∗ . Which of the following parameters does not characterize the thermodynamic state of matter?
(a) Temperature NCERT Page-309, 310 / N-233
(c) Work
(b) Pressure
(d) Volume
41*. A point on P − V diagram represents NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) the condition of a system
(b) work done on or by the system
(c) work done in a cyclic process
(d) a thermodynamic process

11.8 THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

42. An ideal gas goes through a reversible cycle 𝑎 → 𝑏 → 𝑐 → 𝑑 has the V - T diagram shown below. Process 𝑑 → 𝑎 and

𝑏 → 𝑐 are adiabatic.

The corresponding P − V diagram for the process is NCERT Page-312 / N-235

(a) (b)
 (c) (d)

43. A sample of gas expands from volume 𝑉1 to 𝑉2 . The amount of work done by the gas is greatest when the
expansion is NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) isothermal
(c) adiabatic
(b) isobaric
(d) equal in all cases
44. Choose the incorrect statement related to an isobaric process. NCERT Page-312 / N-235
𝑉
(a) = constant
𝑇
(b) 𝑊 = 𝑃Δ𝑉
(c) Heat given to a system is used up in raising the temperature only.
(d) Δ𝑄 > 𝑊
45. A monoatomic gas at pressure P and volume V is suddenly compressed to one eights of its original volume. The
final pressure at constant entropy will be : NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 𝑃
(b) 8P
(c) 32P
(d) 64P
46. During isothermal expansion, the slope of 𝑃 − 𝑉 graph NCERT Page-311 / N-234
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains same
(d) may increase or decrease
47. When heat is given to a gas in an isothermal change, the result will be
(a) external work done NCERT Page-311 / N-234
(b) rise in temperature
(c) increase in internal energy
(d) external work done and also rise in temperature
48. If 𝐶𝑃 and 𝐶𝑉 are specific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume respectively, then
for an adiabatic process of an ideal gas NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 𝑃𝑉 = constant
(b) 𝑃𝑉 −𝛾 = constant
(c) 𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = constant
𝑃
(d) V𝛾 = constant
49. The work done in an adiabatic change in a particular gas depends only upon NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) change in volume
(b) change in temperature
(c) change in pressure
(d) None of these
50. Which one of the following is an isoentropic process?
(a) Isothermal
(b) Adiabatic
(c) Isochoric
(d) Isobaric
51. Which of the following processes is adiabatic ? NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) Melting of ice
(b) Bursting of tyre
(c) Motion of piston of an engine with constant speed
(d) None of these
52. Which process will increase the temperature of the system without heating it? NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) Adiabatic compression
(c) Isothermal compression
(b) Adiabatic expansion
(d) Isothermal expansion
53. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are related as NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope
(b) isothermal curve slope = 𝛾 × adiabatic curve slope
(c) adiabatic curve slope = 𝛾 × isothermal curve slope
1
(d) adiabatic curve slope = × isothermal curve slope
2
54. A mass of diatomic gas (𝛾 = 1.4) at a pressure of 2 atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so that its
temperature rises from 27∘ C to 927∘ C. The pressure of the gas in final state is NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 28atm
(b) 68.7atm
(c) 256atm
(d) 8atm
55. A diatomic gas initially at 18∘ C is compressed adiabatically to one eighth of its original volume. The temperature
after compression will be NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 18∘ C
(b) 668.4∘ K
(c) 395.4∘ C
(d) 144∘ C
56. Following figure shows two processes 𝐴 and 𝐵 for a gas. If ΔQ A and ΔQ B are the amount of heat absorbed by the
system in two cases, and ΔUA and ΔUB are changes in internal energies, respectively, then:
(a) ΔQ A < 𝛥Q B , ΔUA < 𝛥UB NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) ΔQ A > 𝛥Q B , ΔUA > 𝛥UB
(c) ΔQ A > 𝛥Q B , ΔUA = ΔUB
(d) ΔQ A = ΔQ B ; ΔUA = ΔUB
57. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the figure for a given amount of a gas. The curves which represent adiabatic
and isothermal changes are NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) C and D respectively
(b) D and C respectively
(c) A and B respectively
(d) B and A respectively

58. An ideal gas is initially at 𝑃1 , 𝑉1 is expanded to 𝑃2 , 𝑉2 and then compressed adiabatically to the same volume 𝑉1 and
pressure 𝑃3 . If 𝑊 is the net work done by the gas in complete process which of the following is true?
(a) 𝑊 > 0; 𝑃3 > 𝑃1 NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) 𝑊 < 0; 𝑃3 > 𝑃1
(c) 𝑊 > 0; 𝑃3 < 𝑃1
(d) 𝑊 < 0; 𝑃3 < 𝑃1
1
59. During an adiabatic process of an ideal gas, if 𝑃 is proportional to 1.5 , then the ratio of specific heat capacities at
V
constant pressure to that at constant volume for the gas is NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 1.5
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.4
60. The relation between 𝑈, 𝑃 and 𝑉 for an ideal gas in an adiabatic process is given by relation 𝑈 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑃𝑉. Find the
value of adiabatic exponent (𝛾) of this gas. NCERT Page-312 / N-235
𝑏+1
(a) 𝑏
𝑏+1
(b) 𝑎
𝑎+1
(c)
𝑏
𝑎
(d) 𝑎+𝑏
61. During an adiabatic process an object does 100J of work and its temperature decreases by 5K. During another
process it does 25J of work and its temperature decreases by 5K. Its heat capacity for 2nd process is
(a) 20J/K NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) 24J/K
(c) 15J/K
(d) 100J/K
62. The pressure inside a tyre is 4 times that of atmosphere. If the tyre bursts suddenly at temperature 300K, what will
be the new temperature? NCERT Page-312 / N-235
7/2
(a) 300(4)
(b) 300(4)2/7
(c) 300(2)7/2
(d) 300(4)−27
63. We consider a thermodynamic system. If Δ𝑈 represents the increase in its internal energy and W the work done by
the system, which of the following statements is true? NCERT Page-312 / N-235
 (a) ΔU = −W in an adiabatic process
(b) ΔU = W in an isothermal process
(c) ΔU = −W in an isothermal process
(d) ΔU = W in an adiabatic process
64. Which of the following is the 𝑃 − 𝑉 curve for isothermal and adiabatic process of an ideal gas?
NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

65. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of 𝑇𝐾 does 6𝑅 joules of work adiabatically. If the ratio of specific
heats of this gas at constant pressure and at constant volume is 5/3, the final temperature of gas will be
(a) (𝑇 − 4)𝐾 NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) (𝑇 + 2.4)𝐾
(c) (𝑇 − 2.4)𝐾
(d) (𝑇 + 4)𝐾
66. Calculate the work done when 1 mole of a perfect gas is compressed adiabatically. The initial pressure and volume
of the gas are 105 N/m2 and 6 litre respectively. The final volume of the gas is 2 litres. Molar specific heat of the gas
at constant volume is 3R/2. [Given (3)5/3 = 6.19 ] NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) −957J
(b) +957J
(c) −805J
(d) +805J
67. The P − V diagram of a diatomic ideal gas system going under cyclic process as shown in figure. The work done
during an adiabatic process CD is (Use𝛾 = 1.4) : NCERT Page-312 / N-235
 (a) −500J
(b) 200J
(c) −400J
(d) 400J
68. On 𝑃 − 𝑉 coordinates, the slope of an isothermal curve of a gas at a pressure 𝑃 = 1MPa and volume 𝑉 =
0.0025m3 is equal to −400MPa/m3. If 𝐶𝑝 /𝐶𝑣 = 1.4, the slope of the adiabatic curve passing through this point is :
(a) −56MPa/m3 NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) −400MPa/m3
(c) −560MPa/m3
(d) None of these
69. Which of the following holds good for an isochoric process? NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) No work is done on the gas
(b) No work is done by the gas
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
70. For an ideal gas graph is shown for three processes. Process 1,2 and 3 are respectively. NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) Isobaric, adiabatic, isochoric
(b) Adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric
(c) Isochoric, adiabatic, isobaric
(d) Isochoric, isobaric, adiabatic

71. 4kg of oxygen gas is heated so as to raise its temperature from 20 to 120∘ C. If the heating is done at
constant pressure, the external work done by the gas is (𝐶𝑝 = 0.219cal/g ∘ C and 𝐶𝑣 = 0.157cal/g∘ C )
(a) 628kJ NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) 104kJ
(c) 366kJ
(d) 206kJ
72. Two kg of water is converted into steam by boiling at atmospheric pressure. The volume changes from 2 × 10−3 m3
to 3.34m3 . The work done by the system is about NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) −340kJ
(b) −170kJ
(c) 170kJ
(d) 340kJ
73. 2kmol of hydrogen at NTP expands isobarically to twice its initial volume. The change in its internal
energy is (𝐶𝑣 =10kJ/kg ⋅ K and atm pressure = 1 × 105 N/m2 ) NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 10.9MJ
(b) 9.10MJ
(c) 109MJ
(d) 1.09MJ
74. Which one is the correct option for the two different thermodynamic processes? NCERT Page-312 / N-235
 (1) (2)

(3) (4)

(a) (3) and (4)

(b) (1) only
(c) (3) and (1)
(d) (2) and (3)
75. The 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram of a gas system undergoing cyclic process is shown here. The work done during isobaric
compression is NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) 100J
(b) 200J
(c) 600J
(d) 400J

76. Which of the following statements about a thermodynamic process is wrong?

(a) For an adiabatic process ΔEint = −W NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) For a constant volume process ΔEint = +Q
(c) For a cyclic process ΔEint = 0
(d) For free expansion of a gas ΔEint > 0
77. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) zero
(b) equal to heat given to the system
(c) more than heat given to the system
(d) independent of heat given to the system
78. A balloon filled with helium (32∘ C and 1.7atm.) bursts. Immediately afterwards the expansion of helium
 can be considered as : NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(a) irreversible isothermal
(b) irreversible adiabatic
(c) reversible adiabatic
(d) reversible isothermal
79. In pressure-volume diagram, the isochoric, isothermal, isobaric and iso-entropic parts respectively, are
(a) BA, AD, DC, CB NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) DC, CB, BA, AD
(c) AB, BC, CD, DA
(d) CD, DA, AB, BC

11.9 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

80. "Heat cannot by itself flow from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature" is a statement or
consequence of NCERT Page-315/ N-236
(a) second law of thermodynamics
(b) conservation of momentum
(c) conservation of mass
(d) first law of thermodynamics

11.10 REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES

81. Which of the following processes is reversible? NCERT Page-315 / N-236
(a) Transfer of heat by conduction
(b) Transfer of heat by radiation
(c) Isothermal compression
(d) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire
82. Which of the following processes is irreversible? NCERT Page-315 / N-236
(a) Transfer of heat by radiation
(b) Adiabatic changes performed slowly
(c) Extremely slow extension of a spring
(d) Isothermal changes performed slowly
11.11 CARNOT ENGINE
83*. The first operation involved in a Carnot cycle is NCERT Page-316 / N-237
(a) isothermal expansion
(b) adiabatic expansion
(c) isothermal compression
(d) adiabatic compression
84∗ . Which of the following statements is incorrect? NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) All reversible cycles have same efficiency
 (b) Reversible cycle has more efficiency than an irreversible one
(c) Carnot cycle is a reversible one
(d) Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in all cycles
85*. A Carnot engine works between a source and a sink maintained at constant temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 .
For efficiency to be the greatest NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 should be high
(b) 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 should be low
(c) 𝑇1 should be low and 𝑇2 should be high
(d) T1 should be high and T2 should be low
86*. The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the temperatures of 100∘ C and −23∘ C will be

100+23
(a) NCERT Page-317 / N-238
100
100−23
(b) 100
373+250
(c)
373
373−250
(d) 373
87 . The temperature of source and sink of a heat engine are 127∘ C and 27∘ C respectively. An inventor
∗

claims its efficiency to be 26%, then: NCERT Page-317 / N-238

(a) it is impossible
(b) it is possible with high probability
(c) it is possible with low probability
(d) data are insufficient.
88*. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency because we cannot NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) prevent radiation
(b) find ideal sources
(c) reach absolute zero temperature
(d) eliminate friction
89*. If the temperatures of source and sink of a Carnot engine having efficiency 𝜂 are each decreased
by 100K, then the efficiency NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) remains constant
(b) becomes 1 .
(c) decreases
(d) increases
90*. A Carnot engine takes 3 × 106 cal. of heat from a reservoir at 627∘ C, and gives it to a sink at 27∘ C.
The work done by the engine is NCERT Page-317/ N-238
6
(a) 4.2 × 10 J
(b) 8.4 × 106 J
(c) 16.8 × 106 J
(d) zero
91*. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a car engine as the working substance. If during the adiabatic expansion
part of the cycle, volume of the gas increases from 𝑉 to 32V, the efficiency of the engine is
(a) 0.5 NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(b) 0.75
(c) 0.99
(d) 0.25
1
92*. A Carnot engine operating between temperatures 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 has efficiency 6. When 𝑇2 is lowered by 62K
 1
its efficiency increases to 3. Then 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are, respectively NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) 372K and 330K
(c) 310K and 248K
(b) 330K and 268K
(d) 372K and 310K
93*. A Carnot's engine working between 400K and 800K has a work output of 1200J per cycle. The amount of
heat energy supplied to the engine from the source in each cycle is: NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) 1800J
(c) 1600J
(b) 3200J
(d) 2400J
94*. A Carnot engine whose efficiency is 50% has an exhaust temperature of 500K. If the efficiency is to
be 60% with the same intake temperature, the exhaust temperature must be (in K ) NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) 800
(b) 200
(c) 400
(d) 600
95*. A Carnot engine is working between 127∘ C and 27∘ C. The increase in efficiency will be maximum when
the temperature of NCERT Page-317 / N-238
(a) the source is increased by 50∘ C
(b) the sink is decreased by 50∘ C
(c) source is increased by 25∘ C and that of sink is decreased by 25∘ C
(d) both source and sink are decreased by 25∘ C each.

Exercise 2 : NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEET

NCERT Exemplar Questions
1. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the same initial state (figure). Four processes are adiabatic,
isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. Out of 1,2,3 and 4 which one is adiabatic? NCERT Page-312 / N-235

(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1
2. If an average person jogs, he produces 14.5 × 103 cal/min. This is removed by the evaporation of sweat. The
amount of sweat evaporated per minute (assuming 1kg requires 580 × 103 cal for evaporation) is
(a) 0.025kg NCERT Page-312 / N-235
(b) 2.25kg
(c) 0.05kg
(d) 0.20kg
3. Consider 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram for an ideal gas shown in figure.
Out of the following diagrams, which figure represents the 𝑇 − 𝑝 diagram? NCERT Page-312 / N-235

(I) (II)

(III) (IV)

(a) (iv)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iii)
(d) (i)
4. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 as shown in given 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram. The amount of work done by the
gas is NCERT Page-312 / N-235

(a) 6𝑝0 𝑉0
(c) +2𝑝0 𝑉0
(d) +4𝑝0 𝑉0
5. Consider two containers 𝐴 and 𝐵 containing identical gases at the same pressure, volume and temperature. The
gas in container 𝐴 is compressed to half of its original volume isothermally while the gas in container 𝐵 is
compressed to half of its original value adiabatically. The ratio of final pressure of gas in 𝐵 to that of gas in 𝐴 is
(a) 2𝛾−1 NCERT Page-312 / N-235
1 2
(c) (1−𝛾)
1 𝛾−1
(b) (2)
1 2
(d) (𝛾−1)
6. Three copper blocks of masses 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 and 𝑀3 kg respectively are brought into thermal contact till they reach
equilibrium. Before contact, they were at 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 (𝑇1 > T2 > T3 ). Assuming there is no heat loss to the
surroundings, the equilibrium temperature 𝑇 is ( 𝑠 is specific heat of copper) NCERT Page-308 / N-231
𝑇1 +𝑇2 +𝑇3
(a) 𝑇 =
3
𝑀1 𝑇1 +𝑀2 𝑇2 +𝑀3 𝑇3
(b) 𝑇 = 𝑀 +𝑀 +𝑀
1 2 3
𝑀1 𝑇1 +𝑀2 𝑇2 +𝑀3 𝑇3
(c) 𝑇 = 3(𝑀 +𝑀 +𝑀 )
1 2 3
𝑀1 𝑇1 𝑠+𝑀2 𝑇2 𝑠+𝑀3 𝑇3 𝑠
(d) 𝑇 =
𝑀1 +𝑀2 +𝑀3

PAST YEARS NEET

7. An ideal gas is compressed to half its initial volume by means of several processes. Which of the process results in
the maximum work done on the gas? NCERT Page-312 / N-235 | AIPMT 2015, C
(a) Isobaric
(c) Isothermal
(b) Isochoric
(d) Adiabatic
8. A gas is compressed isothermally to half its initial volume. The same gas is compressed separately through an
adiabatic process until its volume is again reduced to half. Then : NCERT Page-312 / N-235 | NEET 2016, C
(a) Compressing the gas isothermally will require more work to be done.
(b) Compressing the gas through adiabatic process will require more work to be done.
(c) Compressing the gas isothermally or adiabatically will require the same amount of work.
(d) Which of the case (whether compression through isothermal or through adiabatic process) requires more work
will depend upon the atomicity of the gas.
9. Thermodynamic processes are indicated in the following diagram : NCERT Page-312 / N-235 | NEET 2017, C
Match the following
Column I Column II
P. Process I A. Adiabatic
Q. Process II B. Isobaric
R. Process III C. Isochoric
S. Process IV D. Isothermal

(a) P → C, Q → A, R → D, S → B
(b) P → C, Q → D, R → B, S → A
(c) P → D, Q → B, R → A, S → C
(d) P → A, Q → C, R → D, S → B
10. A sample of 0.1g of water at 100∘ C and normal pressure (1.013 × 105 Nm−2 ) requires 54cal of heat energy to
convert to steam at 100∘ C. If the volume of the steam produced is 167.1cc, the change in internal energy of the
sample, is NCERT Page-307 / N-230 | NEET 2018, A
(a) 104.3J
(b) 208.7J
(c) 84.5J
(d) 42.2J
11. The volume (V) of a monatomic gas varies with its temperature (T), as shown in the graph. The ratio of work done
by the gas, to the heat absorbed by it, when it undergoes a NCERT Page-308 / N-231 | NEET/ 2018, C

change from state 𝐴 to state 𝐵, is

2
(a) 5
2
(b) 3
2
(c)
7
1
(d)
3
12. In which of the following processes, heat is neither absorbed nor released by a system?
(a) isothermal NCERT Page-312 / N-235 | NEET 2019, C
(c) isobaric
(b) adiabatic
(d) isochoric
13. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stop cock. A contains an ideal gas at
standard temperature and pressure. B is completely evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The stop
cock is suddenly opened. The process is: NCERT I Page-312 / N-235 | NEET 2020, C
(a) adiabatic
(b) isochoric
(c) isobaric
(d) isothermal
14. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the same initial state as shown in the figure below. Those
processes are adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. The curve which represents the adiabatic process
among 1,2,3 and 4 is: NCERT I Page-312 / N-235 | NEET 2022, C

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 1
15*. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 50% when its source is at a temperature 327∘ C. The temperature
 of the sink is NCERT Page-317 / N-238 । NEET 2023, A
(a) 27∘ C
(c) 100∘ C
(b) 15∘ C
(d) 200∘ C

Answer Keys
Exercise 1 : (NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs)
1 (d) 11 (b) 21 (b) 31 (b) 41 (a) 51 (b) 61 (c) 71 (b) 81 (c) 91 (b)

2 (d) 12 (b) 22 (d) 32 (b) 42 (b) 52 (a) 62 (d) 72 (d) 82 (a) 92 (d)

3 (a) 13 (c) 23 (d) 33 (a) 43 (a) 53 (c) 63 (a) 73 (a) 83 (a) 93 (d)

4 (c) 14 (c) 24 (c) 34 (d) 44 (c) 54 (c) 64 (c) 74 (a) 84 (a) 94 (c)

5 (a) 15 (c) 25 (c) 35 (a) 45 (c) 55 (b) 65 (a) 75 (d) 85 (d) 95 (b)

6 (c) 16 (d) 26 (c) 36 (b) 46 (a) 56 (c) 66 (a) 76 (a) 86 (d)

7 (c) 17 (b) 27 (c) 37 (d) 47 (a) 57 (c) 67 (a) 77 (b) 87 (a)

8 (a) 18 (b) 28 (c) 38 (d) 48 (c) 58 (b) 68 (c) 78 (b) 88 (c)

9 (b) 19 (c) 29 (a) 39 (c) 49 (b) 59 (a) 69 (c) 79 (d) 89 (d)

10 (a) 20 (b) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 (a) 60 (a) 70 (d) 80 (a) 90 (b)

Exercise 𝟐: (NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEET)

1 (c) 3 (c) 5 (a) 7 (d) 9 (a) 11 (a) 13 (a) 15 (a)

2 (a) 4 (b) 6 (b) 8 (b) 10 (b) 12 (b) 14 (a)

Thermodynamics
EXERCISE - 1
1. (d) Pressure, volume, temperature and mass are all macroscopic variables which can be measured.
2. (d) Thermodynamics concerned with Δ𝐻, Δ𝑈 and and ΔW.
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (a) Zeroth law defines temperature and first law defines internal energy.
6. (c) Heat and work are not state variables. They are energy, transfer to a system which change the internal energy of
a system, which is a state variable.
7. (c) Internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on the temperature.
8. (a) Work is energy transfer brought about by moving piston of a cylinder containing the gas, by raising or lowering
some weight connected to it.
9. (b)
10. (a) As we know,
ΔQ = Δu + Δw (Ist law of thermodynamics)
⇒ ΔQ̇ = Δu + PΔv
or 150 = Δu + 100(1 − 2) = Δu − 100
∴ Δu150 + 100 = 250J
11. (b) For path iaf,
Q = 50cal
W = 20cal
By first law of thermodynamics,
ΔU = Q − W = 50 − 20 = 30cal.
For path ibf
Q′ = 36cal
W′ = ?

or, W ′ = Q′ − ΔU ′
Since, the change in internal energy does not depend on the path, therefore
ΔU ′ = 30cal
∴ W ′ = Q′ − ΔU ′ = 36 − 30 = 6cal.
12. (b) Work done in expansion is positive and in compression it is negative.
13. (c) Heat and work depends on the path taken to reach a specific value. Hence, heat and work are path functions.
14. (c) Work done = Area under curve 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐴
𝜋𝑟 𝑟 𝜋×1×1
15. (c) 𝑊 = 1 2 = = 𝜋/2J
2 2
16. (d) Heat always refers to energy transmitted from one body to another because of temperature difference.
17. (b)
18. (b) Δ𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + Δ𝑊
19. (c)
20. (b) Δ𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + Δ𝑊
⇒ Δ𝑊 = Δ𝑄 − Δ𝑈 = 110 − 40 = 70J
21. (b) According to first law of thermodynamics
Q = ΔU + W
Given : 𝑄 = 2kcal = 2000 × 4.2 = 8400J
W = 400J
∴ ΔU = Q − W = 8400 − 400 = 8000J
22. (d) According to first law of thermodynamics
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
ΔU = ΔQ − ΔW
ΔQ = 35J, ΔW = −15J
∴ ΔU = 35J − (−15J) = 50J
23. (d) dU = dQ − dW = (8 × 105 − 6.5 × 105 ) = 1.5 × 105 J
dW = dQ − dU = 105 − 1.5 × 105 = −0.5 × 105 J
-ve sign indicates that work done on the gas is 0.5 × 105 J.
24. (c) Heat absorbed in a thermodynamic process is given by ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW.
Here ΔU is same for all the three processes as it depends only on initial and final states.
 But ΔWI = +Ve, ΔWII = 0, ΔWIII = −ve
∴ ΔQ I > 𝛥Q II
25. (c) −20 = Δ𝑈 + 50 ⇒ Δ𝑈 = −70.
From 2 → 1, Δ𝑈 = 70kJ.
Now 10 = 70 + 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑊 = −60kJ.
26. (c) As ΔU = 0, in a cyclic process,
ΔQ = ΔW = area of circle = 𝜋r 2
or ΔW = 102 𝜋J
27. (c) Given that dQ = −30J and dW = −10J
𝐸𝑖 = 40J and let final internal energy = Ef
So, dQ = Ef − Ei + dW − 30 = Ef − 40 − 10; Ef = 20J
28. (c) 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿 = 1 × 𝐿 = 𝐿; 𝑊 = 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉⋅1 )
Now 𝑄 ≐ Δ𝑈 + 𝑊
or 𝐿 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) ∴ Δ𝑈 = 𝐿 − 𝑃(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
29. (a) △ 𝑈.remains same for both paths 𝐴𝐶𝐵 and 𝐴𝐷𝐵
ΔQ ACB = ΔWACB + ΔUACB
⇒ 60J = 30J + ΔUACB ⇒ UACB = 30J
As change in internal energy depends only on initial and final point
∴ ΔUADB = ΔUACB = 30J

ΔQ ADB = ΔUADB + ΔWADB = 10J + 30J = 40J

30. (b) dW = PΔV = 1.01 × 105 [1671 − 1] × 10−6 Joule
1.01 × 167
= cal. = 40cal. nearly
4.2
ΔQ = mL = 1 × 540,
ΔQ = ΔW + ΔU or ΔU = 540 − 40 = 500cal.
31. (b) . In the first-case adiabatic change,
ΔQ = 0, ΔW = −35J
From 1st law of thermodynamics,
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW,
or 0 = Δ𝑈 − 35
∴ ΔU = 35J
In the second case
ΔQ = 12cal = 12 × 4.2J = 50.4J
ΔW = ΔQ − ΔU = 50.4 − 35 = 15.4J
32. (b) In complete cycle
Δ𝑄 = Δ𝑊 [∵ Δ𝑈cylce = 0]
⇒ 40 + 0 − 60 = 0 − 50 + 𝑊𝐶𝐴
⇒ −20 = −50 + 𝑊𝐶𝐴
⇒ 𝑊𝐶𝐴 = 30J
33. (a) 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = work done
34. (d)
35. (a) At constant volume
 Work done (W) = nRΔT
Heat given Q = CV ΔT + nRΔT
W nRΔT nR
So, ∴ Q
=C =C
v ΔT+nRΔT V +nR
36. (b) 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶Δ𝑇 = 1.5 × 0.12 × 4200 × (400 − 25)
= 2.83 × 105 J
𝑊= 𝑃(Δ𝑉) = 𝑃(𝑉𝛾Δ𝑇)
= 105 × (5 × 10−2 )3 × 3.5 × 10−5 × 375 = 0.164J
Thus 𝑄 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑊
or 2.83 × 105 = Δ𝑈 + 0.164; ΔU = 282kJ
37. (d) The process is equivalent to 𝑇𝑉 1/2 = C
Compare with 𝑇𝑉 𝛾−1 = 𝐶 ⇒ x = 3/2
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 3 1
⇒𝐶= + = + = 𝑅 − 2𝑅 = − 𝑅
𝛾 − 1 1 − 𝑋 2/3 1 − (3/2) 2 2
7𝑅
38. (d) 𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑃 × 30 = 𝑛 × 2 × 30
5𝑅
and 𝑄 = 𝑛 × 2
× Δ𝑇
7𝑅 5𝑅
∴ 𝑛 × × 30 = 𝑛 × × Δ𝑇 or Δ𝑇 = 42K
2 2
39. (c)
40. (c)
41. (a) Every point on this isothermal curve represents the condition of a system.
42. (b) In 𝑉𝑇 graph ab-process : Isobaric, temperature increases.
bc process : Adiabatic, pressure decreases.
cd process : Isobaric, volume decreases.
da process : Adiabatic, pressure increases.
The above processes correctly represented in 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram (b).
43. (a)
44. (c)
5
45. (c) For monoatomic gas, 𝛾 =
3
For an adiabatic process, PV 𝛾 = constant
For an adiabatic process, PV 𝛾 = P′ (V ′ )𝛾
5/3 ′
V 5/3 V
⇒ PV =P ( ) ( Given, V ′ = )
8 8
′ 5/3 5
⇒ P = (8) P = (2) P = 32P
46. (a)
47. (a)
48. (c) For an adiabatic process of an ideal gas.
𝐶
𝑃𝑉 = const where 𝛾 = 𝑃
𝐶𝑉
49. (b) In adiabatic process, no heat is taken or given by the system i.e., ΔQ = 0 ⇒ ΔU = −ΔW
If ΔW is negative (work done on system), then ΔU increases & temperature increases and vice-versa. So work done
in adiabatic change in particular gas (ideal gas) depends on change in temperature.
50. (a)
51. (b)
52. (a)
Slope of adiabatic curve (𝑑𝑃/𝑑𝑉)
53. (c) Slope of isothermal curve
= (𝑑𝑃/𝑑𝑉)adi = +𝛾
iso
𝐶
So slope to adiabatic curve is 𝛾 (= 𝐶𝑃 ) times of isothermal curve, as clear also from figure.
𝑉
54. (c) T1 = 273 + 27 = 300K
T2 = 273 + 927 = 1200K
For adiabatic process, P1−𝛾 T𝛾 = constant
1−𝛾 1−𝛾 𝛾
⇒ P1 T1 𝛾 = P2 T2
P1 1−𝛾 T2 𝛾 P1 1−1.4 1200 1.4
⇒( ) =( ) ⇒( ) =( )
T2 T1 P2 300
1.4 7
( ) ( )
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 4 0.4 = 𝑃1 4 2 = 𝑃1 (27 ) = 2 × 128 = 256atm
55. (b) Initial temperature (𝑇1 ) = 18∘ C = 291K
𝑉
Let Initial volume (𝑉1 ) = 𝑉 Final volume (𝑉2 ) = 8
According to adiabatic process, 𝑇𝑉 𝛾−1 = constant
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
According to question, 𝑇1 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2
7
⇒ 𝑇2 = 293(8)5−1 = 293 × 2.297 = 668.4K
𝐶𝑝 7
[ For diatomic gas 𝛾 = = ]
𝐶𝑣 5
56. (c) Internal energy depends only on initial and final state
So, ΔUA = ΔUB
Also ΔQ = ΔU + W
As WA > WB ⇒ ΔQ A > 𝛥Q B
57. (c) Curve 𝐴, 𝐵 shows expansion. For expansion of a gas,
Wisothermal > Wadiabatic
Pisothermal > Padiabatic
Tisothermal > Tadiabatic
⇒ Slope of curve for isothermal change < slope of curve for adiabatic change.
So, curve B shows isothermal change and curve 𝐴 shows adiabatic change.
58. (b). In the first process 𝑊 is + ve as Δ𝑉 is positive, in the second process 𝑊 is - ve as Δ𝑉 is - ve and area under the
curve of second process is more

∴ Net Work < 0 and also 𝑃3 > 𝑃1 .

1
59. (a) As P ∝ V1.5 , So 𝑃𝑉 1.5 = constant
∴ 𝛾 = 1.5 ( ∵ Process is adiabatic)
 C C
As we know, Cp = 𝛾 ∴ Cp = 1.5
v v
60. (a) 𝑈 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑃𝑉
In adiabatic change,
𝑛𝑅 𝑛𝑅
𝑑𝑈 = −𝑑𝑊 = (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = (𝑑𝑇)
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑛𝑅
⇒ 𝑈 = ∫ 𝑑𝑈 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇
𝛾−1
𝑛𝑅 𝑃𝑉
or 𝑈 = (𝛾−1) 𝑇 + 𝑎 = 𝛾−1 + 𝑎
where 𝑎 is the constant of integration.
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get
1 𝑏+1
𝑏 = 𝛾−1 ⇒ 𝛾 = 𝑏 .
61. (c) For adiabatic process, dU = −100J
which remains same for other processes also.
Let 𝐶 be the heat capacity of 2 nd process then
-(C) 5 = dU + dW = −100 + 25 = −75
∴ C = 15J/K
62. (d) Under adiabatic change
1−𝛾 1−𝛾
T2 P 𝛾
= ( 1) or T2 = T1 (P1 /P2 ) 𝛾
T1 P2
1−(7/5)
∴ T2 = 300(4/1) (7/5) ; 𝛾 = 1.4 = 7/5 for air
or T2 = 300(4)−2/7
63. (a) From first law of thermodynamics,
ΔH = Δu + w
In adiabatic process ΔH = 0
∴ Δu = −w
64. (c)
5
65. (a) 𝑇1 = 𝑇, 𝑊 = 6𝑅 joules, 𝛾 =
3
𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑛𝑅𝑇1 − 𝑛𝑅𝑇2 𝑛𝑅(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑊= = =
𝛾−1 𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇2 )
𝑛 = 1, 𝑇1 = 𝑇 ⇒ = 6𝑅 ⇒ 𝑇2 = (𝑇 − 4)K
5/3 − 1
66. (a) For an adiabatic change PVY = constant
𝛾
P1 V1 𝛾 = P2 V2
As molar specific heat of gas at constant volume
3
Cv = R
2
3 5 CP (5/2)R 5
CP = CV + R = R + R = R; 𝛾 = = =
2 2 CV (3/2)R 3
∴ From eq n .(1)
𝑉1 𝛾 6 5/3
𝑃2 = ( ) 𝑃1 = ( ) × 105 N/m2
𝑉2 2
= (3) × 10 = 6.19 × 105 N/m2
5/3 5

Work done
 1
= [6.19 × 105 × 2 × 10−3 − 10−5 × 6 × 10−3 ]
1 − (5/3)
2 × 102 × 3
= −[ (6.19 − 3)]
2
= −3 × 102 × 3.19 = −957 joules
[-ve sign shows external work done on the gas]
67. (a) Work done during adiabatic process 𝐶𝐷,
𝑃𝐶 𝑉𝐶 − 𝑃𝐷 𝑉𝐷
𝑊𝐶 ′ 𝐷 =
𝛾−1
100 × 4 − 200 × 3 400 − 600
= = 2 J = −500J
1.4 − 1
5
68. (c) Slope of adiabatic curve
= 𝛾 × slope of isothermal curve
= 1.4 × (−400) = −560MPa/m3
69. (c) In an isochoric process, no work is done on or by the gas. 𝑉 is constant.
70. (d) Isochoric proceess 𝑑𝑉 = 0
W = 0 proceess 1
Isobaric : W = PΔV. = nRΔT
nRΔT
Adiabatic |W| = 𝛾−1 0 < 𝛾 − 1 < 1
As workdone in case of adiabatic process is more so process 3 is adiabatic and process 2 is isobaric.
71. (b) 𝑊 = 𝑃(Δ𝑉) = 𝑚(𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 )Δ𝑇
= 4(0.219 − 0.157) × 4200 × (120 − 20) ≃ 104 × 103 J
72. (d) 𝑊 = 𝑃(Δ𝑉) = 1 × 105 × (3.34 − 2 × 10−3 ) = 340 × 103 J.
73. (a) Δ𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 Δ𝑇 = 2 × 103 × 20 × 273 = 10.9MJ.
1
74. (a) For adiabatic process, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 1−𝛾
And for isothermal process, temperature is constant.
Let 𝛾 = 1.5
1
then, V ∝ 2
T
Hence, (c) is the correct 𝑉 - 𝑇 graph.
𝑟
Also for adiabatic process, 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 𝛾−1
Let 𝛾 = 1.5
Then, 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 3
Hence, (d) is the correct 𝑃 − 𝑇 graph.
75. (d) Isobaric compression is represented by curve AO Work done = area under AD
= 2 × 102 × (3 − 1)
= 4 × 102 = 400J.
76. (a) For adiabatic process Q = 0.
By first law of thermodynamics,
Q = ΔE + W
⇒ ΔEint = −W.
77. (b)
78. (b) Bursting of helium balloon is irreversible and in this process △ 𝑄 = 0, so adiabatic.
79. (d) From 𝐶 to 𝐷, 𝑉 is constant. So process is isochoric. From D to A, the curve represents constant temperature. So
the process is isothermal.
From A to B, pressure is constant. So, the process is isobaric. 𝐵𝐶 represents constant entropy.
80. (a) External amount of work must be done in order to flow heat from lower temperature to higher temperature.
This is according to second law of thermodynamics.
81. (c) For process to be reversible it must be quasi-static. For quasi static process all changes take place infinitely
slowly. Isothermal process occur very slowly so it is quasistatic and hence it is reversible.
82. (a) Slow isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas is reversible process, while the other given processes
are irreversible in nature.
83. (a) First operation in carnot cycle is isothermal expansion.
84. (a)
𝑇
85. (d) 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇2 So for 𝜂 be high 𝑇1 must be high and 𝑇2 must be low:
1
𝑇1
86. (d) 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇2
𝑇1 = −23∘ C = 250K, 𝑇2 = 100∘ C = 373K
250 373 − 250
𝜂 =1− =
373 373
300 100 1
87. (a) 𝜂 = 1 − = =
400 400 4
1
𝜂 = × 100 = 25%
4
Hence, it is not possible to have efficiency more than 25%.
88. (c) Absolute zero temperature is practically not reachable.
𝑇
89. (d) Efficiency, 𝜂 = (1 − 2 ) × 100
𝑇1
(T2 − 100) (T1 − 100 − T2 + 100)
𝜂′ = 1 − × 100 = × 100
(T1 − 100) T1 − 100
T −T
𝜂 ′ = ( 1 2 ) × 100.
T1 −100
Comparing with 𝜂 we get, the efficiency increases.
(627+273)−(273+27)
90. (b) 𝜂 = 627+273
900 − 300 600 2
= = =
900 900 3
2
work = (𝜂) × Heat = 3 × 3 × 106 × 4.2J = 8.4 × 106 J
91. (b) The efficiency of cycle is
𝑇2
𝜂 =1−
𝑇1
For adiabatic process
𝑇𝑉 −1 = constant
7
For diatomic gas 𝛾 = 5
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
𝑇1 𝑉1 = 𝑇2 𝑉2
𝑉2 𝛾−1
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 ( )
𝑉1
7
𝑇1 = 𝑇2 (32)5−1 = 𝑇2 (25 )2/5 = 𝑇2 × 4
1 3
𝑇1 = 4𝑇2 ∴ 𝜂 = (1 − ) = = 0.75
4 4
𝑇 1 𝑇 𝑇 5
92. (d) 𝜂1 = 1 − 2 ⇒ = 1 − 2 ⇒ 2 =
𝑇1 6 𝑇1 𝑇1 6
𝑇2 − 62 1 𝑇2 − 62
𝜂2 = 1 − ⇒ =1−
𝑇1 3 𝑇1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
 𝑇1 = 372K and 𝑇2 = 310K
𝑊 𝑇 1200 400
93. (d) 𝑄
= (1 − 𝑇1 ) ⇒ 𝑄
= (1 − 800)
2
∴ Amount of heat energy supplied to the engine from the source, 𝑄 = 2400J.
𝑇 50 500
94. (c) 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇2 or 100 = 1 − 𝑇
1 1
⇒ 𝑇1 = 1000K
60 𝑇2
Also, 100 = 1 − 1000 ⇒ 𝑇2 = 400K
T1 −T2
95. (b) T1
is maximum in case (b).

EXERCISE - 2
1. (c) For the straight line in the graph denoted by 4 , that shows pressure is constant, so curve 4 represents an
isobaric process.

For the straight line in graph denoted by 1 , that shows volume is constant, so curve 1 represents isochoric process.
Out of curves 3 and 2, curve 2 is steeper. Hence, curve 2 is adiabatic and curve 3 is isothermal.
2. (a) As we know that amount of sweat evaporated/minute = Sweat produced/ minute
Number of calories required for evaporation /kg
= Amount of heat produced per minute in jogging Latent heat (in cal/kg )
580 × 103 calories are needed to convert 1kgH2 O into stream.
1 cal. will produce sweat = 1kg/580 × 103
14.5 × 103 cal will produce (sweat)
14.5×105 145
= 580×103 kg = 580 kg/m = 0.025kg.
3. (c) According to given 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram that 𝑝𝑉 = constant
So we can say that the gas is going through an isothermal process.
If pressure (𝑃) increase at constant temperature volume 𝑉 decreases, the graph (iii) shows that pressure (𝑃) is
smaller at point 2 and larger at point 1 point so the gas expands and pressure decreases. Hence verifies option (c).
4. (b) According to the given 𝑝 - 𝑉 diagram.
Work done in the process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
= (𝐴𝐵) × 𝐵𝐶 = (3𝑉0 − V0 ) × (2𝑝0 − 𝑝0 )
= 2𝑉0 × 𝑝0 = 2𝑝0 𝑉0
Here the direction of arrow is anti-clockwise, so work done is negative.
Hence, work done by the gas = −2𝑝0 𝑉0
That shows external work done on the system.
5. (a) Let us consider the 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram for container 𝐴 (isothermal) and for container 𝐵 (adiabatic).
 Container 𝐴
(Isothermal)

In both process compression of the gas.

For isatherma process (gas ) during 1 → 2
𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 (∵ 𝑉1 = 2𝑉0 , 𝑉2 = 𝑉0 )
𝑝0 (2𝑉0 ) = 𝑝2 (𝑉0 )
𝑝2 = 2𝑝0
For adiabatic process, (gas ) during (1 → 2)
𝛾 𝛾
𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 (∵ 𝑉1 = 2𝑉0 , 𝑉2 = 𝑉0 )
𝑝0 (2𝑉0 )𝛾 = 𝑝2 (𝑉0 )𝛾
2𝑉0 𝛾
𝑝2 = ( ) 𝑝0 = (2)𝛾 𝑝0
𝑉0
(𝑝 ) (2)𝛾 𝑝
So, ratio of final pressure = ((𝑝2 )B ) = 2𝑝 0 = 2𝛾−1
1 𝐴 0
where, 𝛾 is ratio of specific heat capacities for the gas.
Hence, verifies the option (a).
6. (b) Consider the equilibrium temperature of the system is 𝑇. Let us consider, 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 < 𝑇 < 𝑇3 .
As given that, there is no net loss to the surroundings.
Heat lost by 𝑀3 = Heat gained by 𝑀1 + Heat gained by 𝑀2
𝑀3 𝑠(𝑇3 − 𝑇) = 𝑀1 𝑠(𝑇 − 𝑇1 ) + 𝑀2 𝑠(𝑇 − 𝑇2 )
𝑀3 𝑠𝑇3 − 𝑀3 𝑠𝑇 = 𝑀1 𝑠𝑇 − 𝑀1 𝑠𝑇1 + 𝑀2 𝑠𝑇 − 𝑀2 𝑠𝑇2
(where, 𝑠 is specified heat of the copper material)
𝑇[𝑀1 + 𝑀2 + 𝑀3 ] = 𝑀3 𝑇3 + 𝑀1 𝑇1 + 𝑀2 𝑇2
𝑀1 𝑇1 + 𝑀2 𝑇2 + 𝑀3 𝑇3
𝑇=
𝑀1 + 𝑀2 + 𝑀3
7. (d) Since area under (P − V) curve is maximum for adiabatic process so, work done (W = PdV) on the gas will be
maximum for adiabatic process.
8. (b) Wext = negative of area with volume-axis W(adiabatic) > 𝑊 (isothermal)
9. (a)
10. (b) Using first law of thermodynamics equation, ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
⇒ 54 × 4.18
= ΔU + 1.013 × 105 (167.1 × 10−6 − 0) (∵ ΔW = PΔV)
⇒ ΔU = 208.7J
5
11. (a) Gas is monatomic, so Cp = 2 𝑅
Given process is isobaric
∴ dQ = nCp dT
5
⇒ dQ = 𝑛 ( 𝑅) 𝑑𝑇
2
dW = PdV = nRdT
𝑑𝑊 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇 2
∴ Required ratio = 𝑑𝑄 = 5 =5
𝑛( 𝑅)𝑑𝑇
2
12. (b) In adiabatic process, there is no exchange of heat, with the surroundings.
13. (a) Entire system is thermally insulated. So, no heat exchange with surrounding will take place. Hence, process will
be adiabatic.
14. (a) Curve 1 and curve 4 are isochoric and isobaric, whereas, slope of curve 3 is less than slope of curve 2 . So curve 2
should be adiabatic and curve 3 should be isothermal because (slope) isothermal < (slope) adiabatic.
50 1
15. (a) Given, efficiency 𝜂 = =
100 2
Source temperature, T1 = 327 + 273 = 600K
𝑇
Efficiency of Carnot engine 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇2
1
𝑇2 1 𝑇2
⇒= 𝜂 = 1 − ⇒ =1−
600 2 600
⇒ T2 = 300K
∴ Sink temperature, T2 = 300 − 273 = 27∘ C
6. (c) First law of thermodynamics is restatement of the principal of conservation of energy as applied to heat
energy.
𝑇
7. (a) 𝜂 = 1 − 𝑇2 ; clearly when 𝑇2 is decreases 𝜂 will increase.
1
8. (a) Carnot cycle has maximum efficiency.
9. (a)
10. (a) In isothermal process, the temperature remains constant so the internal energy does not change but in
adiabatic process, the temperature changes and hence the internal energy also changes.
11. (c) Work done in compressing the gas increases the internal energy of the gas.
12. (c) Internal energy is a macroscopic state variable that depend on the state of the system not how that state is
achieved. It is thermodynamic state variable.
13. (d)
14. (d) Zeroth law of thermodynamics tells about thermal equilibrium.
15. (a) The opening of bottle is the rapid or adiabatic process. In the process temperature falls.
16. (d) As isothermal processes are very slow and so the different isothermal curves have different slopes so they
cannot intersect each other.
17. (a)
 EXERCISE - 4
1. (d) |ΔW| = Area under P − V diagram
1
= × (50 + 10) × 103 × 150 × 10−6
2
= 30 × 150 × 10−3
= 4500 × 10−3
= 4.5J. As volume is decreasing. So ΔW = −4.5J
By Ist law of thermodynamics
ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
⇒ 0 = ΔU − 4.5
⇒ Δ𝑈 = +4.5J
2. (d) Here 𝑇𝑉 −1 = constant
5
As 𝛾 = , hence 𝑇𝑉 2/3 = constant
3
2/3 2/3
Now 𝑇1 𝐿1 = 𝑇2 𝐿2 (∵ 𝑉 ∝ 𝐿);
𝑇 𝐿 2/3
Hence, 𝑇1 = ( 𝐼 2 )
𝑛 𝑛