(#) State the various types of automobile bodies.

Hatchback, Sedan, SUV, MUV, Coupe, Convertible, and Pickup Truck.

(#) Explain the working of coil spring type single plate clutch with neat sketch.

Working of Single Plate Clutch: •When clutch pedal is pressed the pressure plate is moved to the right
against the spring force and this is achieved by means of suitable linkage and thrust bearing

•Due to this movement of the pressure plate, the friction plate is released and clutch is disengaged and
when pedal is released the pressure plate moves to left due to clutch spring arranged circumferentially
and thus clutch again engaged.

(#)State advantages of independent suspension system.

1.It may provide softer suspension, because the low spring rate (stiffness) enable large wheel movement.

2.In this the engine and chassis frame can be placed relatively lower which means engine position can be
moved forward So more space for passenger.

3.The unsprung weight is low. The weight of the chassis and body relative to that of the wheel and axle is
known as the unsprung weight. Hence ride quality is improved.

5.The independent suspension reduces the tyre scrub and hence increases tyre life.

6.In case of independent suspension, steering geometry is not altered with spring deflection as in case of
conventional rigid axle suspension where the effect is observable during braking or accelerating.

7.It is possible to locate the springs apart enough to obtain understeer conditions, which is always
preferred to over steer
(#)Describe working of Drum Brake with neat sketch.

•Mechanical brakes are obsolete now as a service brake and these are still used on rear wheel in cars as
a parking or emergency brake. •The details of the drum type manually operated mechanical brake
system . In a motor vehicle, the wheel is attached to the drum. •The drum encloses the complete brake
mechanism and protect it from dust and moisture. The inner side of drum is open. The backing plate at
the open side of the brake drum completes the brake enclosure and hold the brake assembly •The
backing plate is attached to the vehicle axle housing and acts as a base or frame for fastening the brake
shoe and the operating cam mechanism with it linkage. The wheel attaching bolts on the brake drum
connects the wheel and drum.

• The two semi circular brake shoe having brake or friction lining on their outer surface. •The brake shoe
are hinged to back plate at one end by an anchor join while other end rest on cam or toggle. This cam
can be turn by camshaft which passes through hole in backing plate. •The camshaft can be operated by
brake pedal through linkage. The brake shoe are pull inward or held by retracting spring

(#)Function and Requirement of Independent Suspension System

•Its have light moving parts help the wheel to follow the road irregularities. •It absorbs road shocks or
impacts due to bump in road by oscillating. •Tyres also provides spring effect, but to a smaller extent. •It
set the parameters like camber, castor angle and king pin inclination for better steering qualities. •It
reducing the shocks to passengers and for comfortable ride also reduce additional stresses in the
automobile frame •It require more rigid sub-frame or chassis frame. •It require more frequent attention
on misalignment of steering geometry with the wear of component.
(#)Draw a neat sketch of front engine front wheel type vehicle layout and label it.

Front Engine Front Wheel Drive (FEFWD): •Engine, clutch, gearbox and final drive build together to form
a single integral assembly. Normally transversal engine arrangement is used. Longitudinal-mounted
engine is the other possible layout. Weight distribution tends to be more than 50% in the front axle. •In
this arrangement the engine is fitted in the front of vehicle and drive is given to the front wheel. •The
propeller shaft length is reduced or neglects the propeller sshaft •The drive is transferred from engine,
situated at front end, to the gear box to the differential with the help of gear drive. The differential unit

is placed in the front axle. •This arrangement provides good grip with road surface due to engine weight
at the front. •Absence of propeller shaft can decrease the chassis height. •Note that for front engine,
front wheel drive vehicle there is generally no propeller shaft in modern vehicles, but there is a transaxle
with two half shafts /axles on each side connecting wheels with ball joints

(#)Explain the working of recirculating ball type gearbox with neat sketch.

•It is an improved version of the worm and nut steering gear. It consists of a worm at the end of steering
rod. A nut is mounted on worm with two set of balls in the grooves of the worm, in between the nut and
worm. •The function of ball is to reduce the friction between the worm and nut. The nut has a number of
teeth on the outside which mesh with the teeth on worm wheel sector. •The drop arm is mounted on
sector. Which transfer the motion to steering arms through linkages. When the steering wheel turn, the
balls in the worm groove rolls, causes to nut slides on the worm.

(#)Explain working of Telescopic shock absorber with neat sketch.

•When a vehicle come across the bump, the bottom eye is moved upwards, then the fluid below the
piston must be displaced to the top side of the piston •The fluid will now pass through the outer ring of
hole in the piston by lifting the top disc against the disc spring, But the volume above the piston is less
due to piston rod. •As such, fluid from the bottom of the piston will also get displaced through inner ring
of holes in the foot valve and enter the reservoir space between the cylinder and outer tube.

•So the fluid level in the reservoir space will rise •The pressure set up in the system will depend upon the
size of the passage open by valve in the piston and foot valve. This will depend on the square of the
speed at which the cylinder is moved upward. •When the cylinder moves downward, fluid will be
displaced from the upper end of the cylinder to lower end through the inner ring of hole in the piston by
opening the lower disc valve against coil spring. •Because of the volume of the piston rod that leaves the
cylinder, the fluid will be drawn into the lower end of the •cylinder from the reservoir space through the
outer ring of hole in the foot valve. This passing of fluid through opening provide damping.

(#) Explain working of alternator with neat sketch.

•When the field winding rotate a magnetic flux cut the maghetic lines produced by pole (N and S) and
e.m.f. is produced. •This e.m.f. can be collected by brushes from the slip rings. The nature of this e.m.f. is
A.C. So it is called alternator. However the alternating current generated in the coil is changed to direct
current D.C. by a rectifier just before output and if instead of revolving a coil, a magnet (magnetic flux) is
rotated inside the coil, current can be generated in the coll •The large volume of current generated in the
coil, the more coil will heat up due to current flow. For this reason, cooling is better if the coil is equipped
on the exterior of the generator. •Therefore, all alternators for automobile utilize generating coil (stator
coil) with an internally rotating magnet (rotor coil).

(#)State four advantages and disadvantages of LPG as a fuel

Advantages: 1.The fuel cost is less. 2. Less pollution and more efficiency: It emits 99% less pollutants
carbon dioxide (CO2), unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO), sulphur
oxides (SO) and particulate matter than petrol. 3. It is safer for vehicle. The CNG fuel tank is made of
thick wall % or 4 inch. So they can withstand dynamic explosion, crash test, direct gunfire. 4.As it is
lighter than air, CNG dissipates quickly and has a higher ignition temperature. 4. Increased life of
lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. No need of oil change Before
193000 km and reduce vehicle maintenance. Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easily and evenly in air. 5.
CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance cost than other hydrocarbon-fuel-powered vehicles.CNG
mainly consist of methane with less percent of other hydrocarbon like ethane, propane and butane. Less
pollutant, does not Restrict vehicle performance and more economical than petrol. 6. Due to its
antiknock property, CNG can be used safely in engine with compression ratio as high as 12: 1 compare to
gasoline engine. Because CNG has a higher octane number than petrol, CNG engines operate at higher
compression ratio without knocking. 7. CNG fuel systems are sealed, preventing fuel losses from spills or
evaporation.

Disadvantages :1. The space required for CNG cylinders and their weight about 300 pounds which is
more in most of the application. 2. While as compare to diesel engine compression ratio of CNG is lower,
so fuel efficiency of these engine is 10-20%

(#)Explain construction and working of Lead acid Battery with neat sketch.

•The lead acid battery is widely used in automobile vehicle. It is an electro-chemical device. •It has a
voltage and can produce current as a result of chemical reaction. A reverse current force through the
battery •Which cause chemical reaction and restore the battery material. •The construction with
component of lead acid battery is explain below
(#) State importance of wire harness and cable colour coding used in automobile lighting System .

Brown: •It is denoted by capital letter B and small r as Br. • Used for the battery and generator circuit. •.
It goes from the battery or motor starter switch to the ammeter or control box and with compensated
voltage control. Feeds the lighting and ignition switches, also the radio set, when fitted from the control
box terminal. • Also it is used for leads from the motor starter switch to the electric clock, inspection
sockets and battery auxiliaries Fuse-from which are fed the electric horn, cigarette lighter, interior lights

Yellow: • It is denoted by capital letter Y. • Used for the dynamo circuit. •It goes from the dynamo
terminal to the corresponding control box terminal and the ignition warning light.

White: •It is denoted by capital letter W •Used for the ignition circuit and all electrical components that
may be used while the ignition is switched on but do not require a fuse •Eg the electrical petrol pump,
starter solenoid switch etc

Green and Light Green: •It is denoted by capital letter G and Light Green by Lg •Used for the auxiliary
circuits fed through the ignition switch and protected by the ignition auxiliaries fuse, eg. The Brake stop
lamp, direction indicators, windscreen wiper etc.

Blue: •It is denoted by capital letter L •Used for the head lamp circuits and fod from the terminal on the
lighting switch. Eg lighting switch to head lamp.

Red: •It is denoted by cupital letter R. • Used for the side and tail lamp circuits and fed from the terminal
on the lighting switch. •Included in circuits are fog lamps, panel lights and other lamps which are
required only when the side lamps are in use.

Black: •It is denoted by capital letter B. •Used for earthed circuit. •If, however a component is not
earthed, a cable must be taken to a good earthing point on the chassis.

(#) List different frames used in automobile construction. Write functions of the frame.

Types of Frames used in Automobiles:

A)According to Construction:• Conventional frame, •Integral Frame (Unitized Body/Frameless

construction/Monocoque construction) ,•Sub/Half Integral frame

B)According to Engine Position: ,•Full Forward Chassis Frame,• Semi Forward Chassis Frame

•Bus Chassis Frame

Functions of Frame:,[1] To support the chassis components and the body., [2] To withstand static and
dynamic loads., [3] To carry the weight of the vehicle and its passengers., [4] To withstand the
centrifugal force while cornering.,[5] To propel the vehicle directs its motion.,[6] To maintain the space
and relationship between the other parts

(#) Draw a neat sketch of Traffic sign – STOP and NO PARKING.

(#) Explain the construction and working of synchromesh gear box with neat sketch.

•In order to simplify the operation of changing grar so that this can be done by every type of operator,
skilled or •Unskilled driver without occurrence of teeth clashes and their consequent damage, different
types of synchromesh gar devices are used in different type of motor vehicle. •But the principle of all
these devices is to bring the speeds of both the engine driven and gear box output shaft drives •Gra
which are to be engaged to the same stutational speed for moving their dog clutches or equivalent

meshing uit into Engagement readily and quietly •This gear box is similar with constant mesh gear box
that the gear on main shaft, lay shaft are in constantly mesh. •The gear on lay shaft are fixed while gear
on main shaft are free to rotate as lay shaft gear speed. In this a synchromesh device is used instead of
dog, which equalises the spood by friction after which these engaged smoothly. May be •The systematic
sketch of synchromesh is shown in Fig. 266. A is the engine shaft having clutch gear B rotate at engine
speed, gar B, C, D. E are on main shaft and gear U, U U, and U, are the gear on lay shaft U, is the
intermediate
(#) Draw a neat layout of ABS and explain its working
•Anti-lock Braking system is a closed loop control device that prevents wheel lock up during braking and
as a result vehicle stability and steering is maintained. This system uses the principle of cadence braking
and threshold braking •ABS mdaces the risk of tyres skidding under heavy braking and allows the driver
to maintain steering control of the car. ABS only operates under heavy braking or on slippery surfaces.
•About 40% of all cars accidents involve skidding •The most efficient braking takes place when the
wheels are the still revolving •If the brakes lock the wheels so that the tyres skid, kinetic friction results
and the braking is much less effective. •To prevent skicking and provide maximum effective braking,
several antilock devices have been developed. • Some provide skid control rear wheels only. Others
provide control at all four wheels. •The ABS is a electronic system which uses sensors like wheel speed
sensors and actuators an ABS pump and valves •This is achieved by EBD which is a sub system of ABS
Hence EBD also prevents wheel from locking under various driving condition by regulating brake
pressure. Working principle: The ABS modulates the pressure of the brake fluid that is applied to each
front and rear brake, preventing the wheels from “locking up” and maintaining the steering contml over
the vehicle. Its purpose is to prevent •Instability of the vehicle under extreme braking conditions. The
Antilock Braking System is located between the brake master cylinder and the wheels. The system
constantly monitors each wheel through an electronic wheel sensor, if one of the wheel is turning slower
than

(#) State any six probable causes of tyre wear and give its remedies
A)Under inflation: Both edges worn, squealing on curves. Under inflection is the most usual cause of
muce tyre li This causes the side of the tyres of its walls bend sharply as the wheel revolve. The cords
eventually brake and the ye blows out with the further revolving of the wheel. Tyre wear at the centrally
excessively and less on outer edg It is detrimental to life of tyre. It causes excessive flexing in inepairable
damage to the tym carcass or visible cracka Side wall, loose card inside casing (2) More tread wear on
the side(3) Chances of rim bruises increases due to decrease resistance of the tyre to deflection.

B) Over inflation: 1 Rapid tyre wear at centre only 2. Abnormal stresses and strain in treat are causes
separation of ply and tread cracking. 1 Decreases resistance to skidding because of reduction in contact
surface of tyre trade with road. 4. Poor alignment: One side wear, saw toothed wear pattern. 5. Wheel
imbalance: Treads wom unevenly with bold spots, cups or scallops. 6 Fast turning on curve: Front tyre
wear only7.Incorrectt toe Feathered edge

(#) Draw neat sketch of Overdrive and explain its construction and working

Construction and Working of an Overdrive: • It consists of an epicyclic gear train in which sum gear is
free to rotate on the engine shaft (input shaft) which is splined while the carrier can be slide. A free
clutch is also fitted on input shaft. The ring gear is mesh with the casing of the output shaft. •When the
sun gear is locked with the casing i.e. it became stationary, the speed of the output shaft increase hence
say as overdrive is engaged.

•Thus depending upon the locking of sun gear with casing or carrier the overdrive or direct drive is
obtained. •There is another possible control of the mechanism there is a direct drive through the free
wheel clutch when the engine •When the accelerator pedal is brought to zero position and engine is
idling, the output shaft will tends to override the input shaft. •The rollers of free wheel no longer remain
wedge and the vehicle freewheels. •Thus for gear changing driver has to lift his foot off the accelerator
pedal, clutch need not be operated.
(#) Compare Battery and Magneto Ignition system ( six points)

(#)Describe the working of the Disc brake. Draw a net sketch. Working of Disc Brake:

Motor vehicles are now fitted with disc brakes instead of conventional drum brakes. Disc brakes use
friction to create braking power. Disc brakes create braking power by Forcing flat friction pads against
the sides of the rotating disc. Disc brake mainly consists Of, (i) Rotor (ii) Caliper, and (iii) Brake pads. In
between each piston & disc, a friction Pad is held in position by springs. When the brakes are applied,
hydraulically actuated Pistons move the friction pads into contact with the discs, applying equal and
opposite Forces on the latter. On releasing the brakes, the rubber sealing rings act as return Springs and
retract the pistons and the friction pads away from the disc
(#)Explain the working of gas-filled shock absorbers in brief. Draw a simple sketch for The same

Gas-Filled Shock Absorber: :The gas-filled shock absorber is a hydraulic shock absorber that is charged
with gas. The Principal gas used in nitrogen is kept under either; Low pressure (10-15 Kg/cm2) or High
Pressure (20-30 Kg/cm2).

Working of Gas-Filled Shock Absorber during Bounding (Compression): The piston rod moves downward,
causing the pressure of the fluid to be higher in the Lower chamber than in the upper chamber.
Therefore, the fluid in the lower chamber is Forced into the upper chamber through the piston valve. At
this time, the damping Force is generated by the flow resistance of the valve. The high-pressure gas
exerts Great pressure on the fluid in the lower chamber, forcing it to flow quickly & smoothly Into the
upper chamber. This ensures a stable damping force.

Working of Gas Filled Shock Absorber during Rebounding (Expansion)::The piston rod moves upward
causing the fluid pressure in the upper chamber to be Higher than that in the lower chamber. Therefore,
the fluid in the upper chamber is Forced into the lower chamber through the piston valve and the
resistance exerted by The valve acts as a damping force. Since the rod moves upward, a portion of it
moves Out of the cylinder, so the volume of fluid displaced by it decreases. To compensate for This, the
free piston is pushed upward by a distance equivalent to this volume.
(#)Explain the following terms related with car Aerodynamics. (i) Drag (ii) Lift

1)Drag: It is the largest and most important aerodynamic force encountered by a Vehicle at normal
highway speeds. The major factors included in aerodynamic drag areInduced drag, profile drag, and
Friction drag. It depends on the shape of the body. Air Drag is given by the equation,

DA = ½ ρ V2 CD A , Where, ρ= Density of air , V= Speed of Vehicle , CD = Coefficient of Drag

A= Frontal Area of the vehicle.

2) Lift: The pressure difference from the top to bottom of the vehicle causes the lift Force. The lift force is
measured at the centerline of the vehicle at the center of the Wheelbase. The aerodynamic lift and
pitching moment are undesirable effects. The lift Force is given by the equation, LA = ½ ρ V2 CL A
Where, ρ= Density of air , V= Total wind velocity , CL = Lift Coefficient , A= Frontal Area of the vehicle.

(#)Explain Rack and Pinion type steering gearbox with a neat sketch.

Rack and Pinion Type Steering Gear Box: In this type of steering gearbox, a pinion is mounted at the end
of the steering shaft. The pinion engages with the rack which is provided with a ball joint at each end in
order To allow for the rise and fall of the wheel. The rotary motion of the steering wheel is Transmitted
to the pinion. The circular motion of the pinion is converted into the linear Rack movement, which is
further transmitted to tie rods to the stub axle through the Ball joint. This type of steering gearbox
provides sufficiently low gear reduction for cars And it is quite suitable even for heavier motor vehicles if
assisted with power. It Occupies very less space and less a number of linkages.

(#) State function and need of independent suspension system.

Function of Independent Suspension System: •It has light moving parts that help the wheel to follow the
road irregularities. •The Unsprung weight is low. •It absorbs road shocks or impacts due to bumping in
the road by oscillation. •Tires also provide a spring effect, but to a smaller extent. •It set the parameters
like camber, caster, and kingpin inclination for better steering Quality. • Axle should not tilt and the
wheel remains vertical. •It reduces the shocks to passengers and gives a comfortable ride, also reducing
Additional stresses in the automobile frame body. •It requires a more rigid subframe or chassis frame.

Need for Independent Suspension System: •In order to provide a comfortable ride to the passenger and
avoid additional stresses In the vehicle frame. •The vehicle should neither bounce nor roll or sway the
passengers when cornering Nor pitch when accelerating, braking or suddenly lifting or dropping of the
front wheel With respect to the rear wheel. •Although some of the road irregularities and inequalities
are absorbed by large tires. •It may provide a softer suspension because the low spring rate (stiffness)
enables Large wheel movement. •. In this the engine and chassis frame can be placed relatively lower
which means the Engine position can be moved forward so more space for the passenger. •The
unsprung weight is low

(#)Explain the working of starting system of a vehicle with a neat sketch.

Working of Vehicle Starting System: The starting or cranking system consists of starting motor, battery,
control switch, and Interconnecting wiring. The starting system is the heart of the electrical system in
Automobiles. The key is inserted into the ignition switch and turned to the start Position a small number
of current passes through the neutral safety switch to the Starter relay or starter solenoid. The Starter
solenoid allows high current to flow Through the battery cable to the starter motor. The starter motor
cranks the engine so That the piston moving downward, can create suction that draws the air-fuel
mixture Into the cylinder.
(#)Explain the necessity and importance of Cable Color Codes in automobiles.

Necessity and Importance of Automobile Cable Color CCodes In order to quickly identify and also to
simplify the wiring system, the cables are Colored. For quick identification, insulations of various wires in
a circuit are assigned Different colors. The seven-color code system is the general one and involves
brown, Yellow, red, white, green, blue, and black colors. In motor vehicle wiring systems there Are a
number of wires for different systems such as a headlamp, fog, side indicator, Horn, etc. As the wires are
more for each circuit, we have limited space for making a Suitable arrangement of wiring.Thus, the
following seven color code systems Mentioned below, used in an automobile:

(#) Explain the charging system of a vehicle with a neat sketch. Automobile Charging System:
A)The battery is the storage of direct current. The battery has to supply the current to The starter at the
time of starting as well as to the various accessories of the Automobile. Due to prolonged use, the
charge of the battery is decreased. Therefore to Keep the battery always in charged condition there is a
need for a charging system.B)The charging system consists of an alternator provided with a rectifier to
convert AC To DC and a voltage regulator to limit the generator voltage to a correct value. The
Alternator consists of a stator, Rotor which is driven by a fan belt. © When the Ignition switch is turned
on, the rotor receives the current from the Battery through the voltage regulator. This current energizes
the rotor field magnet, Which induces a current in the stator windings as the rotor is turned by the
pulley. The Induced alternating current is changed to a direct current by the rectifier.

(#) Write silent features of the motor vehicle Act 1989. Draw any 04 traffic signs and State their
meaning. Salient Features of M. V Act 1989:

● This act covers the following ppoint Offenses and Penalties, Documentation, Control of traffic,
Construction and Maintenance of Vehicle. ● The policy must be against any liability incurred by the
insured in respect of death Or bodily injury to any person or damage to any property of a third
party…...● The insurer can be made a party to the proceedings of the Motor Accident Claims
Tribunal.....● Background: Currently, as per the Central Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, a transport Vehicle
driver must need to have passed Class VIII. ● It will also help meet the shortage of nearly 22 lakh drivers
in the country’s Transport and logistics sector, which is hindering economic growth. ● This act
emphasized that anyone applying for a driving license will have to Mandatory pass a stringent skill
test...● Since driving schools are subject to regulatory control by states, therefore, training Imparted
should be of high quality and must cover all aspects of driving a particular Type of motor vehicle
(#) Enlist any four gauges and sensors with their functions.

Gauges with their Functions:

[1] Fuel Gauge: To indicate the level of fuel in the fuel tank.[2] Water temperature Gauge: To indicate
the temperature of engine cooling water.[3] Oil Pressure Gauge: To indicate the oil pressure in the
engine.[4] Speedometer: Use to measure the speed of the automobile vehicle.[5] Tachometer: Use to
Measure the RPM of the Engine.

Sensors with their Functions:

[1] Mass airflow Sensor: Use to calculate the air density in the engine. [2] Engine Speed Sensor: Use to
monitor the crankshaft rotation speed.[3] Oxygen Sensor: Use to monitor the content of exhaust gases.
[4] Coolant Sensor: Use to check temp. of coolant.[5] Voltage Sensor: Use to manage the car idling
speed.

(#)Draw the organization structure of the motor vehicle (RTO) department. Write the

Role of RTO. Role of RTO:

•To maintain a database of registered vehicles. •Mechanical inspection of accidental vehicles .•To grant
a certificate of fitness to transport vehicles. • To issue International driving permits. •To routinely inspect
vehicles. •Checking emissions and issuing pollution certificates for vehicles. •To conduct the driving test,
issue Learner’s, Permanent driver’s licenses and Renew the same. •. To maintain a proper check on the
validity of insurance on motor vehicles. •To issue badges to the drivers of public services vehicles like
Auto rickshaws and Taxis
(#) Describe the torque converter with a neat sketch. Compare it with a fluid flywheel.

Torque Converter:The cut section of the torque converter as shown in Fig. Torque converter is a device
That performs the same function as that of the gearbox. It transfers the torque by Using fluid which acts
as the connecting link. It is directly coupled to the engine Flywheel. It increases torque in the ratio of 2: 1
to 4: 1. Generally, good quality Engine oil is used as the fluid.

Working of Torque Converter: A)When the engine is started, the impeller starts rotating. Due to
centrifugal force at The impeller, its vane pushes oil into the turbine. This high-velocity jet of oil strikes
the Turbine vanes and forces it to rotate the turbine. As engine speed increases, this force Also
increases. When sufficient force is developed the turbine starts rotating and the Vehicle move.
B)The turbine vane angle is such that it changes the direction of oil flow so that it Comes out of the
turbine at the center; its direction is effectively backward. A stator is Used to provide proper direction for
oil to strike back on the impeller blades in a Favorable direction. So, it avoids dragging action and
prevents power loss.

© This flow of oil from the impeller to the turbine to the stator and back to the Impeller goes
continuously and the phenomenon associated is called torque Multiplication. The maximum torque
multiplication occurs when the turbine is Stationary and the impeller is running fast at the engine speed
this is called ‘STALL’. The Maximum torque multiplication at the stall is about 2.1 to 2.6 and goes on
decreasing As engine speed increases.

D)Torque multiplication will become unity when the impeller and turbine speed Become equal this is
known as direct speed.

Advantages of Torque Converter:1 [Simple in design. 2 Less maintenance. 3 No skill needed to operate.

4 No frequent calibration is required. 5 Smooth transfer of drive without any shock/jerk.

6.No wear of moving parts because of no meshing gears.

(#) State need of ABS .Draw typical layout of ABS. Write in Brief role different Components

Need of ABS: It is also known as anti-skid braking system. Wheels skid when they slow down faster Than
the vehicle.To prevent skidding of the vehicle the wheels must not be lock up. This is the purpose of
antilock braking system

Layout of ABS:-

Role of Different Components:-

1.Electronic Control Unit (ECU) It is heart of ABS. It monitors and controls antilock brake function when
required. Its function based on input from wheel speed sensors and hydraulic unit to decide Whether
antilock operation is necessary or not.

2. Accumulator It is used to maintain high pressure in braking system by storing hydraulic fluid. It also
provides residual pressure for power assisted braking.
3. Wheel Speed Sensor It is mounted on each wheel. It is used to measure speed of wheel. It sends signal
to ECU.

4. Hydraulic Unit The brake lines from the master cylinder are connected to it. It modulates the brake
pressure as per the signals provided by the ECU

(#)List Factor affecting tyre life. State the meaning of all terms involved in following Tyre Designation:
P215/65R16 95 H.

1. Factors affecting Tire Life: [1] Inflation Pressure: The tyre must be run on specified air pressure given
by the manufacturer. If tyre Inflated with less pressure i.e. Under Inflated Pressure it will result
in :•More flexing (ii)Uneven tread wear (iii)More tyre wear on sides (iv) Cracking of the side wall (v)
Lack of directional stability (vi) Increased rolling resistance. (vii) If tyre is inflated with more tyre
pressure i.e. Over Inflated Pressure it will Result in; (viii)Reduces the road grip (ix) Less cushioning
effect (x) Reduce the tread contact area (xi) More wear in the center of the tread

[2] Wheel Alignment: Due to improper wheel alignment rapid wear of tyre thread takes place. Unequal
Camber results in excessive wear of tyre by pulling the wheels to one side. Too little Or too much castor
causes the wheel to wander resulting in spotty wear. If wheel Balancing is not proper uneven load will
occur on tyres, again radial and lateral runout will also cause wear of the tyres. Badly adjusted brakes
result in faster tyre wear In spots. The brake heat may also cause the failure of the tube and valve.

[3] Overloading: In case of overloading the tyre has an insufficient amount of air to support the dead
Weight carried. This results in a decrease in tyre mileage.

[4] Driving manners: This includes sudden acceleration, high speeds, sudden braking, driving on bad
roads, Etc. all cause faster tread wear.

5. Miscellaneous Factors- These includes; Heat: Faster thread wear, radial side wall cracking, etc. may
occur due to high Temperature. Road conditions: On poor-quality roads tyre life decreases. Season
(Weather condition): In winter the mileage is more and heat failure is less as Compared to the summer
season. Position of tire: Front tyres generally wear slower than rear ones. Meaning of Tyre Designation:
P215/65R16 95 H The meaning of each marking is explained below; The first marking indicates the
application/type of tire; P- P – Passenger Cars, C – Commercial Vehicle, LT – Light truck, T – Temporary
(spare), ML – mining and logging, ST – special trailer, TR – truck. 215: Second marking indicate the
section width in mm of an inflated tyre. 215/65: The third part indicates i. e. figure after the slash (/)
aspect ratio of tire. Aspect Ratio = Section Height/ Section Width R- Fourth part indicate the construction
type

(#) State the significance of the Live & Dead axle. Describe Semi Floating axle with Sketch.

Significance of live and dead Axle:

•It facilitates steering to turn the vehicle right or left as required. •t provides space for attachment of the
suspension system, wheels, etc.• It prevents interference due to front engine location.•A live front axle
contains the differential mechanism through which the engine Power flows toward the front wheels € It
also acts as an anchorage for pivoting the stub axle. • Dead axle does not rotate and has no function to
transmit power to road wheels.

Semi Floating axle: The arrangement of the semi-floating axle is shown in Fig. It is also called as the
halffloating rear axle. The driving wheel is directly bolted to the axle shaft at its outer end. The inner end
of the axle shaft is splined and is supported by the differential unit. It has A single ball bearing which is
mounted on the axle shaft and inside the axle casing.
Working of Semi Floating Axle: The vehicle load is received by each of the half shafts through casing and
bearing. This Causes a bending load and tendency to shear at marked point P. The axle shafts also Have
to take end thrust and torque loads caused by the skidding, turning, and wobbling Of the wheels.
Advantages of Semi Floating Axle:

[1] Simple design.

[2] Low cost.

Limitation:[1] As the axle shafts have to carry all loads, they have to be of larger diameter for The same
torque transmission as compared to the other two types’ arrangements. [2] Difficult to tow the vehicle if
the half shaft is broken.

Application of Semi Floating Axle: Mostly used in cars and light-duty vehicles.

(#)Draw an Electronic ignition system. Compare it with a Conventional ignition system (Any four
points)

Electronic ignition system : ● Electronic ignition systems use some solid state devices like transistors and
Capacitors, etc. to generate the right sparking voltage at right time. ● These systems have overcome the
limitations of conventional (battery Ignition and magneto-ignition) ignition systems. Modern
automobiles make Use of these systems. Two systems, common in use, are:

a)Capacitive discharge ignition and ,b)Transistorized coil ignition.

● These systems are more reliable and require less maintenance. Wear and tear Of components are
reduced the and life of spark plugs is increased with the Use of electronic ignition. Note- Consider any
One Diagram
Compare it with a Conventional ignition system (Any four points)

a.Because of arcing, pitting of contact breaker point and which will lead to Regular maintenance
problems.

b.Poor starting: After a few thousand kilometers of running, the timing becomes Inaccurate, which
results in poor starting (Starting trouble).

c.At very high engine speeds, performance is poor because of the inertia effects Of the moving parts in
the system.

d.Sometimes it is not possible to produce spark properly in fouled spark plugs.

(#) Describe in brief different passenger safety systems adapted in Modern Vehicles Passenger
Comfort and Safety Systems:

[1] Air Bags: Airbags are passive safety features designed. Airbags are strong fabric bags that are
Folded and concealed behind various parts inside the vehicle. Many vehicles have a Driver airbag in the
steering column and a front-passenger airbag in the dashboard. Newer vehicles may also have side
airbags located in the interior side panels, the roof, Or the doors. Features of Air Bags: It provides added
protection to seatbelts. It reduces injury by either cushioning the Occupant’s contact with the interior of
the vehicle or preventing contact completely in The event of a crash. It inflates and deflates very rapidly
in the event of a severe crash.

[2] Seat Belts: Seatbelts are a passive vehicle safety feature designed to minimize the severity of Injuries
sustained by drivers and passengers in the event of a crash. When a vehicle Stops or accelerates
suddenly, a great deal of force is placed on everything inside the Vehicle, including the people in the
vehicle. Seatbelts help to reduce the effects of this Force by distributing it across the strongest parts of
the body – the chest and pelvis It helps to prevent injuries resulting from colliding with other objects or
people in the Vehicle. It prevents the ejection of the occupant from the vehicle, which can often Result
in fatal injury. It prevents or minimizes the second impact in a crash, which Causes injuries. The working
of seat belts in case of immediate braking.

[3] Collapsible Steering Column:The collapsible steering column is a type of advanced steering column. It
is a part of The passive safety system in cars. Most passenger vehicles commonly employ the Collapsible
version instead of the regular steering column. It is also known as an ‘Energy absorbing steering column’.
Features of Collapsible Steering Column: It reduces the risk of injuries occurring to the driver in case of
frontal impacts by Collapsing. Energy dissipation management in the event of a frontal collision. Provide
Mounting for the multi-function switch, column lock, column wiring, column shroud, Transmission gear
selector, gauges, etc. Offer (height and/or length) adjustment to Suit driver preference.

[4] Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) with EBD: When a brake is applied suddenly with huge force the
wheels get locked and go out of Control resulting in an accident. ABS with electronic brake-force
distribution prevents The wheels from locking and skidding. Ensuring better control even during sudden
Braking.

[5] Electronic Stability Control (ESC): Many car accidents happen because the car loses control due to
oversteer or Understeer in corners, low traction in wet roads, etc. ESC monitors the steering wheel Angle
along with the car’s individual wheel rotation. During an emergency, ESC applies The brake and balances
the engine power to regain control.

6.Adjustable Steering: When you are behind the wheel, you need to be comfortable. Having adjustable

Steering commonly known as tilt and telescopic steering will help the driver to adjust The height
ofsteering wheel and the distance from the driver. This reduces any sort Of discomfort to the
7.Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS): A sensor is placed in each wheel to monitor the tyre
pressure. TPMS sends an alert to The instrument cluster when the tyre pressure is low. It increases your
car’s safety on The road with better handling, reduced braking distance and better fuel
economypressure. TPMS sends an alert to The instrument cluster when the tyre pressure is low. It
increases your car’s safety on The road with better handling, reduced braking distance and better fuel
economy.