Pure Mathematics 34

Supporting Material 3: Integration (Techniques of Integration)

Updated Worksheet
Revision on Integration learned so far {P3 + P4}

➢ Integrating using direct formulae:

Required formulae for integration (Go through the formula page):

𝑥 𝑛+1 1 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) 𝑛 + 1
(1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 (11) ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 +𝐶
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
1
(2) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 (12) ∫ 𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑎

(3) ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 (13) ∫ 𝑎 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑎 𝑘𝑥 ln 𝑎
1 1 1
(4) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 (14) ∫ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 = ln|(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)| + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑎

1
(5) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 (15)∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
1
(6) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 (16) ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
1
(7) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 (17) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
1
(8) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶 (18)∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) cot(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
1
(9) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 + 𝐶 (19) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
1
(10) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 (20) ∫ sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶

1. Integrate the following:

2
a) 5𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 b) 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 c) 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥
1 1 1
d) ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 e) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2 − 𝑥) f) 𝑒 3−𝑥 + sin(3 − 𝑥) + cos(3 − 𝑥)
1 4
g) h) 3 sin(2𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥+1 g) ∫ 𝑎 2𝑥 h) ∫ 3𝑎 5𝑥
(2𝑥+1)2

➢ Integrating using identities: Relate to your formulae page

Required Identities
2. Integrate the following:
sin 𝑥 1 1 1 cos 𝑥
a) ∫ cosec 2 𝑥(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 i. tan 𝑥 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = ; sec 𝑥 = ; cot 𝑥 = =
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥

1+sin 𝑥
b) ∫ ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 sec 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ii. sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 ; 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 ; 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙
c) ∫ 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝑑𝑥 1
iii. sin 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑎𝑥 = 2 sin 2𝑎𝑥 .
1
d) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
1 1
iv. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑎𝑥 = 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑥) . ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎𝑥 = 2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑎𝑥).
(𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝟐
e) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 v. sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) ].
f) ∫(cot 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)𝟐 𝑑𝑥 1
vi. cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)].
g) ∫ 2 cos 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
vii. cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)].
h) ∫ 2 sin 4𝑥 sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
viii. sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = − 2 [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)].

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➢ Integrating using Partial Fraction:

➢ Partial Fraction:
When Distinct factors as Denominator
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥 + 𝑝)(𝑥 + 𝑞)(𝑥 − 𝑟) (𝑥 + 𝑝) (𝑥 + 𝑞) (𝑥 − 𝑟)

When Repeated Factors as Denominator

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
2 3 = + 2 + + 2 +
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 2)3

If the fraction is improper, then first convert it to proper fraction using long division or remainder theorem
and then apply partial fraction

3. Find the following integrals

17 − 5𝑥 𝑥2
a) (3 + 2𝑥) (2 − 𝑥) 2
b) ∫ 𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥
4

Further Techniques of Integration:

Substitution and Shortcut

➢ Integration using substitution shortcut:

Shortcut: 1
𝒇′ (𝒙)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒇(𝒙)| + 𝑪
𝒇(𝒙)

4. Find the following integrals:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑥 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 3

Shortcut: 2
[ 𝒇(𝒙) ] 𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙)[ 𝒇(𝒙) ]𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒏+𝟏
5. Find the following integrals:
a) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

d) ∫(2𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

Shortcut: 3

∫ 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒆 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆 𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) + 𝑪

6. Find the following integrals:

3
a) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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➢ Integration using substitution when ‘u’ is given as a substitute:
When ‘u’ is given in ALGEBRAIC FORM, we can convert the expression in ‘u’ with the help of substitution.
7. Find the following integrals:
√𝑥 2+ 4
a) ∫ 𝑥 (3 + 2𝑥)5 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 3 + 2𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥
5 1 4 1
c) ∫2 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢2 = 𝑥 − 1 d) ∫1 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = √𝑥
1 +√ 𝑥−1 √𝑥(4𝑥−1)

When ‘u’ is given in TRIGONOMETRIC FORM, we can convert the expression ‘u’ with the help of identities.

8. Find the following integrals:

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
a) ∫ 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 c) ∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 √1 + tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑢2 = 1 + tan 𝑥
cos 𝑥

➢ Integration using substitution when ‘u’ is not given:

9. Evaluate the following:

𝜋
5
a) ∫0 𝑥√𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫03 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥√sec 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

➢ Extra example:
𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢 = √4 − 𝑥
√4−𝑥
15 (ln 𝑥 )4
11. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢 = ln 𝑥
𝑥
1
12. Use the substitution 𝑢 = √4 − 𝑥 to find ∫ 𝑑𝑥 .
√4−𝑥
16 4
13. Use the substitution 𝑢 = √𝑥 to find the exact value of ∫9 𝑑𝑥.
√𝑥 (9𝑥−4 )
1 1
14. Find the exact value of ∫0.5 𝑑𝑥. Use the substitution 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.
𝑥 2 √1− 𝑥 2
15. Find ∫ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.

Integration by parts
➢ Integration by parts:

✓ Formula:
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
∫𝒖 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

✓ Where 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 / 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙/ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙/ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙/ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 etc.

𝒅𝒗
Always consider 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒏 , 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)

✓ In case of 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 ,
𝒅𝒗
Consider 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 , = 𝒙𝒏
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
From ‘u’ we can find 𝒅𝒙 and From , we can find ‘v’ by integration,
𝒅𝒙
And then we can use the formula.

The following integrals should be used with the other formulae and are provided in the formulae booklet:

• ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥| + 𝐶
• ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶
• ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sin 𝑥| + 𝐶
• ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + cot 𝑥| + 𝐶

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16. Find the following integrals:
𝑥
a) ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫ 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d) ∫ 3 l𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 e) ∫(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝐼𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sometimes, the formula can be used more than one time but not for ln x:
17. Find the following integrals:
a) ∫ 2𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫ 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
If the limit is given, at first, we have to apply the formula without limit, use the limit in the final integrals:

18. Find the following integrals:

𝜋
𝐼𝑛 2 𝜋 1 𝜋
a) ∫0 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (4 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 c) ∫03 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝐼𝑛 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 d) ∫𝜋. 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
2

~The End~

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