ITC by Dereje M. (BSc)

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IOT)

Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Introduction to Communication system
Lab Manual
By, Dereje M.(BSc)
Oromia, W/H, Chiro 2022

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
LAB Manual
By;
DEREJE M.(BSc)
OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

INTRODUCTION
Exchanging information between two systems or human beings is called as communication.
The information‘s in terms of binary digits called as digital data and electrical signals called
as analog data. The Communication System Lab is designed to help students understand the
basic principles of communication techniques as well as giving them the insight on design,
simulation and hardware implementation of circuits. The main aim is to provide hands‐on
experience to the students so that they are able to put theoretical concepts to practice. The
content of this course consist ‗simulation‘. Computer simulation is stressed upon as it is a key
analysis tool of engineering design. MATLAB software is used for simulation of
communication experiments Students will carry out design experiments as a part of the
experiments list provided in this lab manual. Students will be given a specific design
problem, which after completion they will verify using the simulation software or hardwired
implementation.

Course Description:
This Lab covers a wide range of experiments start from introduction to MATLAB and in
analog communication systems including; introduction to communication blocks, basic signal
plotting, spectrum analysis (Fourier series, Fourier transform), Amplitude Modulation types
and demodulation, angle(FM AND PM) modulation and demodulation. Lab experiments
emphasis on design aspects and performance analysis of different systems, techniques and
methods in modern communication systems. This Lab is based on National Instruments
LabVIEW and MATLAB.

Vision of the Institution
To be part of universal human quest for development and progress by contributing high
caliber, ethical and socially responsible engineers who meet the global challenge of building
modern society in harmony with nature.
To emerge as a premier institution in the field of technical education and research in the state
and as A home for holistic development of students and contribute to the advancement of
society and the region.
Mission of the Institute

M1: To Impart Quality Technical Education and Research Orientation Enabling the
Technocrats to Fair Well in Global Competition.
M2: To Inculcate Committed Leadership Qualities through Ethical Practices.
M3: To Acquire Skills through Industry Practices and Develop the habit of life-long learning.
Vision Of The department

To be a premier department in the region that nurtures individuals for acquisition of
knowledge and skills with research orientation which suits the local and global needs of
industry and society in the field of Electronics and Computer Engineering (communication).
Mission Of The Department

To impart quality education and encourage research with an emphasis on application and
innovation; to cater the emerging societal needs through all-round development of students;
to enable individuals face the global competition; to inculcate the importance of ethical and
moral values in students.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathema
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‘s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes

A graduate of the Electronics and Computer Engineering Program will be able to:
PSO1: Apply domain specific knowledge for the design and analysis of VLSI and
Communication System applications
PSO2: Demonstrate technical competency by developing hardware and software applications

in the fields of IOT, Embedded and related systems.

Institute of Technology (IOT)
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
LAB MANUAL
FOR
Introduction to Communication System
Prepared by: Dereje.M (BSc) Checked by:
Approved by:

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY (IOT)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction to Communication System LAB

Course Objectives:
The student should be made:
To understand basic of MATLAB

Identify the functionality of communication system blocks and Simulink of MATLAB
To implements and understand basic signal and spectral analysis (Fourier series and
Fourier transform)
To Implement AM , DSB-SC ,FM & PM modulation and demodulation
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Introduction to MATLAB
2. Introduction to Communication System & MATLAB Simulink
3. Study of Basic Signal Generation in MATLAB
4. FOURIER SERIES AND TRANSFORM LAB
5. AM Modulation and Demodulation (using MATLAB code)
6. AM Modulation and Demodulation (using MATLAB Simulink)
7. DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation (using MATLAB code)
8. DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation (using MATLAB Simulink)
9. FM Modulation and Demodulation (using MATLAB code)
10. FM Modulator and Demodulation (using MATLAB Simulink)
11. PM Modulation AND Demodulation
Required text:
Experiments in Modern Analogy and Digital communicatins using matlab.
Lab Policy
• No late reports or pre-labs will be accepted
• Reports should be done individually.

OBU, ECE OBU, ECE

Institute of Technology (iot)
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction to Communication System LAB
List of experiments
S.N Title of Experiments P.N
1 Introduction to MATLAB
2 Introduction to Communication System & MATLAB Simulink
3 Study of Basic Signal Generation in MATLAB
4 Fourier series and Fourier Transform
5 AM Modulation and Demodulation( using MATLAB code)
6 AM Modulation and Demodulation( using MATLAB Simulink)
7 DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation(using MATLAB code)
8 DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation(using MATLAB Simulink)
9 FM Modulation and Demodulation(using MATLAB code)
10 FM Modulation and Demodulation(using MATLAB Simulink )
11 PM Modulation AND Demodulation

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB
GENERAL GUIDELINES AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

1. Sign in the log register as soon as you enter the lab and strictly observe your lab timings.
2. Strictly follow the written and verbal instructions given by the teacher / Lab Instructor.
If you do not understand the instructions, the handouts and the procedures, ask the instructor
or teacher.
3. Never work alone! You should be accompanied by your laboratory partner and / or the
instructors / teaching assistants all the time.
4. It is mandatory to come to lab in a formal dress and wear your ID cards.
5. Do not wear loose-fitting clothing or jewellery in the lab. Rings and necklaces are usual
excellent conductors of electricity.
6. Mobile phones should be switched off in the lab. Keep bags in the bag rack.
7. Keep the labs clean at all times, no food and drinks allowed inside the lab.
8. Intentional misconduct will lead to expulsion from the lab.
9. Do not handle any equipment without reading the safety instructions. Read the handout and
procedures in the Lab Manual before starting the experiments.
10. Do your wiring, setup, and a careful circuit checkout before applying power. Do not make
circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is on.
11. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.
12. Do not insert connectors forcefully into the sockets.
13. NEVER try to experiment with the power from the wall plug.
14. Immediately report dangerous or exceptional conditions to the Lab instructor / teacher:
Equipment that is not working as expected, wires or connectors are broken, the equipment
that smells or ―smokes‖. If you are not sure what the problem is or what's going on, switch
off the Emergency shutdown.
15. Never use damaged instruments, wires or connectors. Hand over these parts to the Lab
instructor/Teacher.
16. Be sure of location of fire extinguishers and first aid kits in the laboratory.
17. After completion of Experiment, return the bread board, trainer kits, wires, CRO probes
and other components to lab staff. Do not take any item from the lab without permission.
18. Observation book and lab record should be carried to each lab.
10

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
LAB
INDEX
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS PAGE.NO
USING SOFTWARE (MATLAB, COMMUNICATION TOOL BOX)
1. Introduction to MATLAB 11-26

2. Introduction to communication and MATLAB Simulink 27-34
3. Basic signal generation on MATLAB 35-41
4. Fourier series and Fourier transform 42-49
5. Amplitude modulation and demodulation 50-55
6. AM DSB_SC Modulation and demodulation 60-65
7. FM modulation and demodulation 70-73
8. Pm modulation and demodulation 77-80
USING SOFWARE (MATLAB, SIMULINK)
1. Amplitude modulation and demodulation 56-59

2. AM DSB_SC Modulation and demodulation 66-69
3. FM modulation and demodulation 74-76
11

Introduction to Communication System LAB OBU, ECE
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Introduction to MATLAB
OBJECTIVES:
Introduction to MATLAB
o To define and use variables and functions in MATLAB.

o To define and use vectors, matrices and polynomials in MATLAB.
o To study various MATLAB arithmetic operators and mathematic function
o To plot different function
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
 PC, Desktop
 MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY: MATLAB is a programming language developed by Math Works. It started out

as a matrix programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. MATLAB
(matrix laboratory) is a fourth-generation high-level programming language and interactive
environment for numerical computation, visualization and programming.
MATLAB is developed by Math Works.
It allows matrix manipulations; plotting of functions and data; implementation of algorithms;

creation of user interfaces; interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C,
C++, Java, and FORTRAN; analyze data; develop algorithms; and create models and
applications.
It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help you in mathematical
calculations, generating plots, and performing numerical methods.
GET START WITH MATLAB
As discussed in the earlier topic we can conclude that MATLAB is not only a programming
language but also an advanced platform for many domains. To program in MATLAB, we
must first be familiar with its work environment, its user interface and its tools. This title will
help you to understand the exact structure of MATLAB. It will guide you through the various
windows, their usage and significance When you open your MATLAB software you will see
the following image. Now you can see that there are many windows and it is essential that
you need to get introduced to them.
12

In this part , we will learn step by step to get familiar with all the windows and their
functionality. These windows include command window, workspace, command history and
Current directory. Let‘s get started with the current directory window.
Current Directory
Current directory window displays the current directory of your project. It shows you the
folder in which your current project is going on. It also helps in keeping track of previously
made files and projects.
13

If you notice the Current directory window and Workspace window have shared their places
so only one can remain active at a time for display. But if you want you can simply separate
out any window by just clicking it and dragging it out.
Command Window
Command window is to give real time commands on the go. If you observe you will always
see a double ―>>‖ symbol at the start of every line on command line. This window is used to
give commands to MATLAB in more generalized sense like close all, clear all and quit etc.
so the quit command will close and exit MATLAB.
You can assign values to variables in command window. These variables will be available in
MATLAB for further operations until you remove them.
14

Workspace
Workspace shows all the variables that have been initialized in MATLAB. Workspaces to res
everything in the form of matrix. This is because MATLAB understands only in terms of
Matrix. Thus it saves them as Matrix. As in above example we have initialized a and b. which
will show up in Workspace.
You can directly add the variables in workspace which will be accessible from command
window. Workspace allows you to print the variables, generate new ones as well as Import
them from some other directory.
Command History
Command history shows the commands that have been used. This helps to keep track of four
commands and their respective outcomes along with time. For example we have initialized
variables a and b, commands for these have be reflected in Command History.
15

These are the default windows in MATLAB, but the main window that hosts these windows
has few functions. We will go through these functions one-by-one. It shows options like File,
Edit, Debug, Parallel Desktop, Window and Help along with these it shows new file, cut,
copy, paste, undo and redo functionality. You can also verify your current directory from this
Tab. Let‘s explore the various options available in each options
GETTING FAMILIAR WITH MATLAB
To get familiar with MATLAB we will start with some basic operations. Let‘s start with
simple math operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and a few others. In simple
terms we will be using MATLAB as a calculator.
We will directly perform operations using command window. We will start with initializing 3
variables a, b, Ans. To initialize these variables on command window type as follows.
>> a = 10
>> b = 20
>> Ans = a+b
You will see the results as shown below:
Command window:
16

Workspace:
As soon as we enter any command MATLAB responds to it and gives us a feedback

message, in our case when we enter a and its value. MATLAB responds by sending the same
on screen. And the same entries are made in workspace.
Subtraction:
17

Now once we have done initialization of variables we can again use them directly. To
perform subtraction we simply need to enter the following command.
>> Ans = a – b
Multiplication:
As with all the other programming language, the symbol for multiplication is ‗*‘ Now we
will not use our variable Ans to store answer, instead we will simply enter the following
command and see what happens.
a*b
Division:
Our general symbol for division is ‗ / ‘ , we going to enter the following command a / b and
like the previous example you will see the result. It gives ans as 0.5000, this is because
MATLAB by default takes variables as double.
WORKING WITH MATRICES:
MATLAB works with essentially only one kind of objects, i.e. a rectangular numerical matrix
with possibly complex entries. All variables represent matrices.
 Scalars - 1 by 1 matrix
 Row vector - matrix with one row
 Column vector - matrix with one column
If you want to store a matrix
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
in a variable a in the MATLAB‘s current memory, you type the following in the MATLAB
prompt.
>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]
a=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
18

The rows are separated by semicolons and elements are separated by space or by comma.
That is, the above matrix can also be stored by the following command.
>> a = [1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9];
or by the statement
>> a = [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ];
The semicolon at the end of a command suppresses the output.
The matrix a is transposed and is stored in b by the following command
>> b = a‘
b=
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 9
The following matrix operations are available in MATLAB
Function Task
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
^ Power
‗ Transpose
\ Left division
/ Right division
Examples:
>> a1 = a+b (matrices a and b are added and stores in a1)
a1 =
2 6 10
6 10 14
10 14 18
>> b1 = a-b (b is subtracted from a and stores in b1)
b1 =
19

0 -2 -4
2 0 -2
4 2 0
>> c = a*b (a is multiplied with b and stores in c)
c=
14 32 50
32 77 122
50 122 194
The operations *, ^, \, / can be made to operate entry-wise by preceding them by a period .
>> [ 1 2 3 4] .* [1 2 3 4] (element-wise product)
ans =
1 4 9 16
>> [1 2 3 4] .^ 2 (element-wise power)
ans =
1 4 9 16
>> m = [ 2 1 5; 5 4 9;8 6 3];
>> n = inv(m) (Computes the inverse of the matrix a)
n=
1.1351 -0.7297 0.2973
-1.5405 0.9189 -0.1892
0.0541 0.1081 -0.0811
>> l = det(m) (Computes the determinant of a)
l=
-37
>> eig(a) (display eigen values of a)
ans =
20

16.1168
-1.1168
0.0000
>> [v,d]=eig(a) (gives eigen values and eigen vectors v of a)
v=
0.2320 0.7858 0.4082
0.5253 0.0868 -0.8165
0.8187 -0.6123 0.4082
d=
16.1168 0 0
0 -1.1168 0
0 0 0.0000
>> size(a) (gives size of the matrix a)
ans =
3 3
>> rank(a) (Displays rank of a)
ans =
>> clear (Clear‘s All variables a, b, c, a1, b1, d)
>>clc (Clears Screen)
The following are some special matrices generated by built-in statements and functions
>> a = magic(4) (Produces Magic square of size 4)
a=
16 2 3 13
5 11 10 8
9 7 6 12
4 14 15 1
21

>> b = rand(5) (Generates Random matrix of size 5)
b=
0.9501 0.7621 0.6154 0.4057 0.0579
0.2311 0.4565 0.7919 0.9355 0.3529
0.6068 0.0185 0.9218 0.9169 0.8132
0.4860 0.8214 0.7382 0.4103 0.0099
0.8913 0.4447 0.1763 0.8936 0.1389
>> a = hilb(5)
a=
1.0000 0.5000 0.3333 0.2500 0.2000
0.5000 0.3333 0.2500 0.2000 0.1667
0.3333 0.2500 0.2000 0.1667 0.1429
0.2500 0.2000 0.1667 0.1429 0.1250
0.2000 0.1667 0.1429 0.1250 0.1111
is the Hilbert matrix, the king of ill-conditioned matrix of order 5.
>> ones(5) (generates square matrix of order 5 with all entries 1)
ans =
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
>> zeros(6) (generates matrix with all entries zero)
ans =
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
22

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Plotting Graphs
2-D plots :
To plot the graph of a function, you need to take the following steps −Define x, by specifying
the range of values for the variable x, for which the function is to be plotted Define the
function, y = f(x) Call the plot command, as plot(x, y) Following example would demonstrate
the concept. Let us plot the simple function y = x for the range of values for x from 0 to 100,
with an increment of 5.
Create a script file and type the following code −
x = [0:5:100];
y = x;
plot(x, y)
When you run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot –
Let us take one more example to plot the function y = x2.
Create a script file and type the following code –
x = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10];
x = [-100:20:100];
23

y = x.^2;
plot(x, y)
When you run the file, MATLAB displays the following plot –
Adding Title, Labels, Grid Lines and Scaling on the Graph MATLAB allows you to add title,
labels along the x-axis and y-axis, grid lines and also to adjust the axes to spruce up the
graph.
 The xlabel and ylabel commands generate labels along x-axis and y-axis.
 The title command allows you to put a title on the graph.
 The grid on command allows you to put the grid lines on the graph.
 The axis equal command allows generating the plot with the same scale factors and
the spaces on both axes.
 The axis square command generates a square plot.
Example
x = [0:0.01:10];
y = sin(x);
plot(x, y), xlabel('x'), ylabel('Sin(x)'), title('Sin(x) Graph'),
grid on, axis equal
MATLAB generates the following graph −
24

Generating Sub-Plots
When you create an array of plots in the same figure, each of these plots is called a subplot.
The subplot command is used for creating subplots.
Syntax for the command is −
 subplot(m, n, p)
where, m and n are the number of rows and columns of the plot array and p specifies where to
put a particular plot. Each plot created with the subplot command can have its own
characteristics. Following example demonstrates the concept –
Example
Let us generate two plots −
y = e−1.5xsin(10x)
y = e−2xsin(10x)
x = [0:0.01:5];
y = exp(-1.5*x).*sin(10*x);
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(x,y), xlabel('x'),ylabel('exp(–1.5x)*sin(10x)'),axis([0 5 -1 1])
y = exp(-2*x).*sin(10*x);
subplot(1,2,2)
25

plot(x,y),xlabel('x'),ylabel('exp(–2x)*sin(10x)'),axis([0 5 -1 1])
CONCLUSION:-
26

VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. How to create matrix in MATLAB?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Name some electronics engineering fields where MATLAB can be used.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the function of MATLAB function clc?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens if we put a semicolon after a statement in a MATLAB program?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Expand MATLAB? And importance of MATLAB?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
27

EXPERIMENT NO .2
Introduction to Communication System & MATLAB Simulink

OBEJTIVES:
 To understand the basic communication system block

 To define and understand elements of communication system
 To introduce MATLAB Simulink
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY: Introduction to Communication System The communication system is a system

which describes the information exchange between two points. The process of transmission
and reception of information is called communication. The major elements of communication
are the Transmitter of information, Channel or medium of communication and the Receiver
of information
28

Types Of Communication Systems Depending on Signal specification or technology, the
communication system is classified as follows:
(1) Analog: Analog technology communicates data as electronic signals of varying frequency
or amplitude. Broadcast and telephone transmission are common examples of Analog
technology.
(2) Digital: In digital technology, the data is generated and processed in two states: High
(represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0). Digital technology stores and transmits data in
the form of 1s and 0s.
Depending on the communication channel, the communication system is categorized as

follows:
1. Wired (Line communication)
• Parallel wire communication
• Twisted wire communication
• Coaxial cable communication
• Optical fibre communication
2. Wireless (Space communication)
• Ground wave communication
• Skywave communication
• Space wave communication
29

Examples of Communication Systems The following are a few examples of communication
systems: 1. Internet 2. Public Switched Telephone network 3. Intranet and Extranet
4.Television
Elements of Communication Systems The definitions of the terms used in the

communication system are discussed below.
Information Message or information is the entity that is to be transmitted. It can be in the

form of audio, video, temperature, picture, pressure, etc. Signal The single-valued function of
time that carries the information. The information is converted into an electrical form for
transmission.
Transmitter It is the arrangement/device that processes the message signal into a suitable
form for transmission and subsequently reception. Antenna An Antenna is a structure or a
device that will radiate and receive electromagnetic waves. So, they are used in both
transmitters and receivers. An antenna is basically a metallic object, often a collection of
wires.
Channel A channel refers to a physical medium such as wire, cables, space through which
the signal is passed from the transmitter to the receiver. Noise, Attenuation and distortion to
mention the major impairments
Noise Noise is one of the channel imperfection or impairment in the received signal at the
destination. There are external and internal sources that cause noise.
Receiver An arrangement that extracts the message or information from the transmitted signal
at the output end of the channel and reproduces it in a suitable form as the original message
signal is a receiver.
Introduction to MATLAB Simulink:

Simulink is a simulation and model-based design environment for dynamic and embedded
systems, integrated with MATLAB. Simulink, also developed by MathWorks, is a data
flow graphical programming language tool for modelling, simulating and analyzing
multi-domain dynamic systems. It is basically a graphical block diagramming tool with
customizable set of block libraries. Using Simulink To open Simulink, type in the MATLAB
work space. simulink Simulink opens with the Library Browser. The Library Browser is used
for building simulation models.
30

Building Models to create a new model, click the New button on the Library Browser's
toolbar. This opens a new untitled model window.
31

A Simulink model is a block diagram. Model elements are added by selecting the
appropriate elements from the Library Browser and dragging them into the Model window.
Alternately, you can copy the model elements and paste them into the model window.
Add Blocks to a Model To start building the model, browse the library and add the blocks.
1. From the Sources library, drag the sine wave block to the Simulink Editor.
2. Add the following blocks to your model
* Gain (of some value)
* Step function block
* Adder
* Output source (Scope)
Connect Blocks
Connect the blocks by creating lines between output ports and input ports.
Run Simulation
After you define the configuration parameters, you are ready to simulate your model. In the
Simulation tab, set the simulation stop time by changing the value in the toolbar.
32

The default stop time of 10.0 is appropriate for this model. This time value has no unit. The
time unit in Simulink depends on how the equations are constructed. This example simulates
the simplified motion of a car for 10 seconds — other models could have time units in
milliseconds or years. To run the simulation, click the Run button.
Lab Task
Create models of addition, multiplication and subtraction of two sinusoidal signals in

MATLAB Simulink.
33

34

Conclusion: In this lab we learn about the MATLAB Simulink . We take three adders for
addition, subtraction and Multiplication and sine waves to draw the output waveform after
applying the operations.IN subtraction we take the gain of 1 which effects our waveform amplitude at
output.
35

EXPERIMENT NO .3
Study of Basic Signal Generation in MATLAB

OBEJECTIVES:
 To Study about the characteristics of basic signals.

 To generate the unit impulse signal, unit step signal and ramp signal.
 To plot the basic signals with plot and stem commands and generate other signals by
changing the inputs in basic signals.
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
Introduction: In this lab we will learn about the Different Signal and their graph for example
Ramp signal, Unit impulse signal, and unit signal. We will study how to generate the signal
on MATLAB. We will Use some new Commands in this lab.
Task 1 Unit Step Function:
Step function given by
u(n)={ 1 for n >=0 ; 0 for n< 0 }
Discrete
Open MATLAB and write this program
clear all
close all
clc
n1=input('Enter the lower limit');
n2=input('Enter the upper limit');
n=n1:n2;
x=[n>=0];
stem(n,x);
title('Unit Step Signal - Discrete');
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xlabel('Time(s)') ylabel('Amplitude (a.u)') grid on;
OUTPUT:
Task 2 Unit Impulse
Impulse function given by
∂ (t) = { 1 for t=0 ; 0 otherwise }
Open MATLAB and write the program below:
clear all
close all
clc
n1=input('Lower limit')
n2=input('Upper limit')
x=n1:n2;
y=[x==0];
stem(x,y,);
37

Output :
Task 3 Ramp Signal
Ramp function given by
r(t)={ t for t >= 0 ; 0 for t <0 }
Recall that ramp signal r(t)=t*u(t) where u(t) is unit step signal
Open MATLAB and write the program below:
clear all
close all
clc
n1=input('Enter lower limit');

38

n2=input('Enter upper limit');
n=n1:n2;
x=n.*[n>=0];
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,x,'r');
title('Continuous');
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,x,'b');
title('Discrete');
Output:
39

Task 4 Sine wave, Cos wave and Their Discrete Form Commands
Clear all;
clc;
t=0:0.01:1;
f=5
X=sin(2*pi*f*t)
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,X)
grid on;
xlabel('Time (s)')
ylabel('Amplitude (a.u)')
title('sine function')
grid on;
t=0:0.01:1;
f=5
X=cos(2*pi*f*t)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,X)
grid on;
xlabel('Time (s)')
title('cosine function')
grid on;
t=0:0.01:1;
f=5
A=cos(2*pi*f*t)
subplot(2,2,3)
40

stem(t,A)
grid on;
xlabel('Time (s)')
title(' ')
grid on;
t=0:0.01:1;
f=5
X=sin(2*pi*f*t)
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(t,X)
grid on;
xlabel('Time (s)')
title(' ')
grid on;
OUTPUT
41

CONCLUSION:-
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Signal
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Define determistic and Random Signal
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Define Delta,unit step and ramp Function
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What is Signal Modeling
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
42

EXPERIMENT NO .4
FOURIER SERIES AND TRANSFORM

OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this lab is
 To introduce the spectrum analysis ( fourier series and transform).

 To estimate the spectrum (Fourier transform magnitude) of a signal and the
limitations of this estimate
 To plot and analysis the spectrum of some signals.
After completing this lab you should: Know how to use and interpret the Fourier series and
Transform function to analysis different signals in frequency domain.
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
INTRODUCTION
Fourier series and the Fourier transform play a vital role in many areas of engineering such as
communications and signal processing. These representations are among the most powerful
and most common methods of analyzing and understanding signals. A solid understanding of
Fourier series and the Fourier transform is critical to the design of filters and is beneficial in
understanding of many natural phenomena.
FOURIER SERIES
Almost all periodic signals can be represented as an infinite sum of sine and cosines. This
sum is called a Fourier series representation and is defined by the following equation,
43

Where a0, an and bn are the Fourier series coefficients.
To find fourier series of a square wave on Matlab
Using Fourier series expansion, a square wave with a period of 2 ms, peak-to peak value of
2 volts and average value of zero volt can be expressed as
Write a MATLAB program to plot a(t) from 0 to 4 ms at intervals of 0.05 ms and to show
that a(t) is a good approximation of g(t).
44

MATLAB CODE
clear all
• f = 500;
c = 4/pi;
w0 = 2*pi*f;
• t=0:0.05e-3:4e-3;
• s=zeros(1,length(t));
• for n = 1: 12
• s = s+c*(1/(2*n - 1))*sin((2*n - 1)*w0*t);
• end
• plot(t,s)
• xlabel('Time, s')
• ylabel('Amplitude, V')
• title('Fourier series expansion')
Output
45

FOURIER TRANSFORM
A Fourier transform can be used to analyze a circuit in the frequency domain much like the
Laplace transform can be used to analyze circuits in the s domain. The Fourier transform is
defined by
Using the above function one can generate a Fourier Transform of any expression. In
MATLAB, the Fourier command returns the Fourier transform of a given function. Input can
be provided to the Fourier function using 3 different syntaxes.
 Fourier(x): In this method, x is the time domain function whereas the independent
variable is determined by symvar and the transformation variable is w by default.
 Fourier(x,transvar): Here, x is the time domain function whereas transvar is the
transformation variable instead of w.
 Fourier(x,indepvar,transvar): In this syntax, x is the time domain function whereas
indepvar is the independent variable and transvar is the transformation variable
instead of symvar and w respectively.
MATLAB code:
Now we find the Fourier Transform of e^{-t^2}.
% MATLAB code to specify the variable t
% and u as symbolic ones The syms function
% creates a variable dynamically and
% automatically assigns to a MATLAB variable
46

% with the same name
syms t u
% define time domain function x(t)
x = exp(-t^2-u^2);
% fourier command to transform into
% frequency domain function X(w)
% using 1st syntax, where independent variable
% is determined by symvar (u in this case)
% and transformation variable is w by default.
X = fourier(x);
% using 2nd syntax, where transformation
% variable = y
X1=fourier(x,y);
% using 3rd syntax, where independent
% variable = t & transformation variable = y
X2=fourier(x,t,y);
% Display the output value
disp('1. Fourier Transform of exp(-t^2-u^2) using fourier(x) :')
disp(X);
disp('2. Fourier Transform of exp(-t^2-u^2) using fourier(x,y) :')
disp(X1);
disp('3. Fourier Transform of exp(-t^2-u^2) using fourier(x,t,y) :')
47

disp(X2);
output
Let‘s take another example to find the Fourier Transform of a*abs(t).
Matlab code:
% MATLAB code for specify the variable
% a and t as symbolic ones
syms a t
% define time domain function x(t)
% where t=independent variable & a=constant
x = a*abs(t);
% fourier command to transform into frequency
% domain function X(w)
% using 1st syntax
X = fourier(x);
% using 2nd syntax, where transformation
% variable = y
X1 = fourier(x,y);
48

% using 3rd syntax, where transformation variable
% = y & independent
% variable = t (as t is the only other variable)
X2 = fourier(x,t,y);
% Display the output value
disp('1. Fourier Transform of a*abs(t) using fourier(x):')
disp(X);
disp('2. Fourier Transform of a*abs(t) using fourier(x,y):')
disp(X1);
disp('3. Fourier Transform of a*abs(t) using fourier(x,t,y):')
disp(X2);
OUTPUT
CONCLUSION:-
49

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is Fourier series?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Fourier series representation can be used in case of Non-periodic signals too. True or false?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is Fourier Transform?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Can you explain the concept of linearity with respect to Fourier transform?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. What are some common properties of Fourier transforms?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Can you explain how a time-domain function can be converted into its frequency domain
equivalent using Fourier transforms?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the difference between a continuous analog spectrum and a discrete digital
spectrum?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. Is it possible to apply a Fourier transform on a non-periodic signal? If yes, then how?
________________________________________________________________________
9. What are the types of Fourier series?
________________________________________________________________________
50

EXPERIMENT NO .5
AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Aim:
A. To generate the amplitude modulated signal(AM wave) by using given message signal and
carrier signals in MATLAB software
B. To demodule the AM wave using envelope detector principle
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY: In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier voltage varies in

accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating voltage. Let the modulating voltage
be given by expression,
Vm = VmcosWmt
Where wm is angular frequency of the signal &Vm is the amplitude. Let the carrier voltage
Vc = Vccoswct
On Amplitude Modulation, The instantaneous value of modulated carrier voltage is given by,
V = V(t) coswct
V(t)=Vc+ kaVmcoswmt
V=Vc[1+ ma coswmt] coswct
Where ma is modulation index and the modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum
amplitude of modulating signal to maximum amplitude of carrier signal.
ma= Vm / Vc
The demodulation circuit is used to recover the message signal from the incoming AM wave
at the receiver. An envelope detector is a simple and yet highly effective device that is well
suited for the demodulation of AM wave, for which the percentage modulation is less than
100%.Ideally, an envelop detector produces an output signal that follows the envelop of the
input signal wave form exactly; hence, the name. Some version of this circuit is used in
almost all commercial AM radio receivers.
51

PROGRAM:
AM without functions:
clc
clearall
closeall
t=linspace(0,0.02,10000); %defining time range for the signal
fc=5000; %frequency of carrier signal
fm=200; %frequency of message signaql
fs=40000; %sampling frequency---------fs>=2(fc+BW)
Am=5; %amplitude of the message signal
Ac=10; %amplitude of the carrier signal
m=Am/Ac %modulation index for the AM wave
wc=2*pi*fc*t; %carrier frequency in radians
wm=2*pi*fm*t; %message frequency in radians
ec=Ac*sin(wc); %carrier signal
em=Am*sin(wm); %messagesignal
y=Ac*(1+m*sin(wm)).*sin(wc); %amplitude modulated signal
z=y.*ec; %in synchronous detection the AM signal is multiplied with

carrier signal and passed through LPF
z1=conv(z,exp(-t/0.000795)); % the LPF filter response in time domain is given by

exp(-t/RC), the cut off frequency for filter should be fm=200 %F=1/(2*pi*R*C), replacing
F=200, and %assuming R=1k ohm then C=0.795MICROFARAD %so RC=0.000795 %we
will get the demodulated signal by convolving the AM signal with LPF response
l=10000;
subplot(4,1,1),plot(t(1:l),em(1:l))
xlabel('time(sec)');
ylabel('amplitude in volts(V)');
title('MODULATING SIGNAL');
52

subplot(4,1,2),plot(t(1:l/2),ec(1:l/2))
title('CARRIER SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,3),plot(t(1:l),y(1:l))
title('AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,4),plot(t(1:l),z1(1:l))
title('DEMODULATED SIGNAL');
OUTPUT
53

AM with functions:
clc
clearall
closeall
fm=200; %frequency of message signal
y=ammod(em,fc,fs,0,Ac); %amplitudemodulatedsignal
z=amdemod(y,fc,fs,0,Ac); %demodulated AM signal
l=100000;
54

axis([0 0.02 -20 20]) %setting axis dimensions
title('AMPLITUDE MODULATED SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,4),plot(t(1:l),z(1:l))
OUTPUT
CONCLUSION:-
55

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is modulation and why modulation is needed?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Compare different AM techniques?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is narrow banding?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What is synchronous detection?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
56

EXPERIMENT NO .6
Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
(using Simulink)
Aim: To generate amplitude modulated wave using simulink and demodulate the modulated
wave.
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY: Amplitude Modulation is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the

carrier wave c(t) is varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal
m(t).The standard form of an amplitude modulated (AM) wave is defined by
S(t)=Ac[1+Ka m(t)cos(2pi fc)]
Where Ka is a constant called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.basically amplitude

modulated signal is generated by product modulator. The inputs to the product modulator are
message signal and carrier signal. Demodulation is the process of extracting the baseband
message signal from the carrier so that it may be processed at the receiver. For that purpose
various methods are used like diode detector method, product detector method, filter detector
etc. The same has been implemented on simulink model. Low pass filter has been
implemented to extract the carrier from the modulated signal. Low pass filter (LPF), filters
out the high frequency component and allows the low frequency component to pass. Since
the carrier signal is of relatively much higher frequency than that of message signal, carrier
signal is attenuated while the message signal is received at the receiver.
57

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
1. Open the MATLAB window and then select a Simulink
2. Select create a new blank model and open the Simulink Library browser
3. Select Signal generator from sources of Simulink and drag it to the new model
4. Select the sine wave as message signal and set the input voltage signal to 5Vp-p and signal
frequency to 500Hz
5. Again select the signal generator then sine wave. Give the name as Carrier signal. Set the
carrier voltage 8Vp-p, frequency 1 KHz
6. Select constant from commonly used block of Simulink
7. Select Add, Product Blocks from Math Operations
8. All the above blocks connect as per the diagram shown to get the Amplitude modulation
signal. Observe the output in scope
9. For demodulation select Analog Filter Design block from Filter Designs Library Links of
Simulink
10. Connect the filter output to the scope and observe the results
58

Results:
Model Waveform:
CONCLUSION:-
59

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define single tone modulation? In laboratory type of AM is single tone modulation or
not?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Draw the frequency spectrum of AM wave?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. If μ=1 in an AM wave what is the amount of power saving in an AM wave? What is the
band width of an AM wave?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the procedure of Amplitude modulation? What is the significance of Emax and
Emin points in AM wave?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
60

EXPERIMENT NO .7
AM-DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Aim:
A. To generate the AM-DSBSC modulated signal(DSBSC wave) by using given message
signal and carrier signals in MATLAB software
B. To demodule the DSBSC wave using synchronous detector
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY:
The amplitude-modulated signal is simple to produce but has two practical drawbacks in
application to many real communications systems: the bandwidth of the AM signal is twice
that of the modulating signal and most of the power is transmitted in the carrier, not in the
information bearing sidebands. To overcome these problems with AM, versions on AM have
been developed. These other versions of the AM are used in applications were bandwidth
must be conserved or power used more effectively. If the carrier could somehow be removed
or reduced, the transmitted signal would consist of two information-bearing sidebands, and
the total transmitted power would be information. When the carrier is reduced, this is called
as double sideband suppressed carrier AM or DSB-SC. Instead of two third of the power in
the carrier, nearly all being the available power is used in sidebands.
PROGRAM:
AM-DSBSC without functions:
clc
clearall
closeall
fm=1000; %frequency of message signaql
61

m=Am/Ac; %modulation index for the AM wave
y=em.*ec; z=y.*ec; %in synchronous detection the AM signal is multiplied with carrier
signal and passed through LPF
z1=conv(z,exp(-t/0.000159)); % the LPF filter response in time domain is given by exp(-

t/RC), the cut off frequency for filter should be fm=200 %F=1/(2*pi*R*C), replacing F=200,
and %assuming R=1k ohm then C=0.159MICROFARAD %so RC=0.000159 %we will get
the demodulated signal by %convolving the AM signal with LPF response
l=100000;
subplot(4,1,1),plot(t(1:l/2),em(1:l/2))
subplot(4,1,3),plot(t(1:l/2),y(1:l/2))
title('DSBSC MODULATED SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,4),plot(t(1:l),z1(1:l))
62

OUTPUT
Model waveforms:
AM-DSBSC with functions:
clc
clearall
closeall
fm=200; %frequency of message signal
fs=10000;%sampling frequency---------fs>=2(fc+BW)
63

y=modulate(em,fc,fs,'amdsb-sc'); %amplitude modulated signal
z=demod(y,fc,fs,'amdsb-sc'); %demodulated AM signal
l=10000;
axis([0 0.02 -5 5]) %setting axis dimensions
title('DSBSC MODULATED SIGNAL');
subplot(4,1,4),plot(t(1:l),z(1:l))
64

OUTPUT
CONCLUSION:-
65

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define DSBSC modulation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Give the equation of DSBSC signal?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Draw the wave form of DSBSC wave and AM wave,and differentiate those two
waveforms?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Amount of power saving in DSBSC signal is------------
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Plot message, carrier and DSBSC waves and explain each wave clearly.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
66

EXPERIMENT NO .8
DSB_SC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Aim: To generate DSB-SC Modulated wave using simulink and demodulate the modulated
signal.
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY:
In the double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) modulation, unlike AM,

the wave carrier is not transmitted; thus, a great percentage of power that is dedicated to it is
distributed between the sidebands, which imply an increase of the cover in DSB-SC,
compared to AM, for the same power used.
The DSB-SC modulator output as follows
The coherent DSB-SC requires a synchronized local oscillator and works on above principle.
A low pass filter filters out the message signal from above.
67

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:
3. Select Signal generator from sources of Simulink and drag it to the New model
4. Select the sine wave as message signal and set the input voltage signal to 5Vp-p and signal
frequency to 500Hz
5. Again select the signal generator then sine wave. Give the name as Carrier signal. Set the
carrier voltage 8Vp-p, frequency 1 KHz
6. Select Product Block from Math Operations
7. All the above blocks connect as per the diagram shown to get the Amplitude modulation
signal. Observe the output in scope
8. For demodulation select Analog Filter Design block from Filter Designs Library Links of
Simulink
9. Connect the filter output to the scope and observe the results
68

Result:
Model waveform:
CONCLUSION:-
69

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. How DSBSC is more efficient than AM in terms power saving, explain?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the generation methods of DSBSC?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Coherent detection means?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why the circuit is called balanced modulator?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
70

EXPERIMENT NO .9
FREQUENCY MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Aim:
A. To generate frequency modulated signal and observe the characteristics of FM wave using
MATLAB software.
B. To demodulate a Frequency Modulated signal usingMATLAB software
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY:
Frequency modulation consists in varying the frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance
with the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage. Thus the amplitude of the carrier
does not change due to frequency modulation. Let the modulating voltage be given by
expression:
Vm=Vmcoswmt.
Where wm is angular frequency of the signal &Vm is the amplitude. Let the carrier voltage
On frequency modulation, the instantaneous value of modulated carrier voltage is given by;
hence the frequency modulated carrier voltage is given by,
The modulation index is defined as the ratio of frequency deviation to frequency of

modulating signal mf=d/fm where deviation d=(fmax-fmin)/2.
71

PROGRAM:
FM with functions:
clc
clearall
closeall
Fs = 8000; % Sampling rate of signal
Fc = 100; % Carrier frequency
t = linspace(0,1,10000); % Sampling times
x = sin(2*pi*10*t) % Channel 1
dev = 50; % Frequency deviation in modulated signal
y = fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,dev); % Modulate both channels.
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,dev); % Demodulate both channels.
subplot(411),plot(t,x)
subplot(412),plot(t,sin(2*pi*Fc*t))
subplot(413),plot(t,y)
title('FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL');
subplot(414),plot(t,z)
72

OUTPUT
CONCLUSION:-
73

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define frequency modulation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the types angle modulations?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What do you mean by angle modulation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What is sideband FM ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
74

EXPERIMENT NO .10
FREQUENCY MODULATION
Aim: To generate frequency modulated signal using communication block set of

SIMULINK
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY:
In Frequency Modulation (FM), the amplitude of the sinusoidal carrier wave was modulated
in AM, this time the instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal carrier wave will be modified
proportionally to the variation of amplitude of the message signal.
The FM signal is expressed as
Circuit diagram:
75

Procedure:
3. Select Signal generator from sources of Simulink and drag it to the New model
4. Select FM modulator from Communication Block set of Simulink Library Browser
5. Observe FM modulated output in scope
Model waveform:
CONCLUSION:-
76

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. FM produces ______ sidebands than AM .
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. The carrier in an FM signal can never drop to zero amplitude. True or False.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. For an FM signal, the maximum deviation occurs at ______ point of the modulating signal
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Why FM is called as a type of angle modulation ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Express the FM signal .
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Ideally how many sidebands are present in the spectrum of FM ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the difference between FM and PM ?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
77

EXPERIMENT NO .11
PM Modulation AND Demodulation
Aim:
A. To generate phase modulated signal and observe the characteristics of PM wave using
MATLAB software.
B. To demodulate a Phase Modulated signal using MATLAB software
PC, Desktop
MATLAB SOFWARE
THEORY:
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier varies. But in Phase Modulation (PM),
the phase of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal.
The amplitude and the frequency of the carrier signal remains constant whereas the phase of
the carrier changes.
78

MATLAB PROGRAM:
%PM modulation and demodulation
clc;
clear all ;
fs=800;
t=0:1/fs:3;
fc=10;
fm=1;
pdev=pi/2;
ct=sin(4*pi*fm*t);
mt=sin(2*pi*fm*t)+ct;
x=pmmod(mt,fc,fs,pdev);
y=pmdeod(x,fc,fs,pdev);
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(t,mt,‘b‘);
grid on
title(‗message signal‘)
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(t,ct,‘r‘);
grid on
title(‗carier signal‘);
subplot(4,1,3)
plot(t,x,‘r‘)
grid on
title(‗phase modulation signal‘)
subplot(4,1,4)
plot(t,y,‘m‘)
79

grid on
title(‗phase demodulation signal‘)
OUTPUT:
CONCLUSION:-
80

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define phase modulation?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Δθ represents _______?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. The general name for both FM and PM is ____________ modulation
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. In PM _______ of the carrier is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating

signal.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. When the modulating signal goes positive in PM the phase shift becomes ______ and
carrier frequency _____ .
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. In PM when modulating signal goes negative the phase shift becomes ____ and carrier
frequency ______
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
81

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ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (IOT)

Introduction to Communication system

Oromia, W/H, Chiro 2022

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

Mission of the Institute

M2: To Inculcate Committed Leadership Qualities through Ethical Practices.

Vision Of The department

Mission Of The Department

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

Program Specific Outcomes

PSO2: Demonstrate technical competency by developing hardware and software applications

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

Prepared by: Dereje.M (BSc) Checked by:

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

Introduction to Communication System LAB

To understand basic of MATLAB

2. Introduction to Communication System & MATLAB Simulink

3. Study of Basic Signal Generation in MATLAB

4. FOURIER SERIES AND TRANSFORM LAB

5. AM Modulation and Demodulation (using MATLAB code)

6. AM Modulation and Demodulation (using MATLAB Simulink)

7. DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation (using MATLAB code)

8. DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation (using MATLAB Simulink)

9. FM Modulation and Demodulation (using MATLAB code)

10. FM Modulator and Demodulation (using MATLAB Simulink)

11. PM Modulation AND Demodulation

Experiments in Modern Analogy and Digital communicatins using matlab.

• Reports should be done individually.

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

ODA BULTUM UNIVERSITY

2 Introduction to Communication System & MATLAB Simulink

3 Study of Basic Signal Generation in MATLAB

4 Fourier series and Fourier Transform

5 AM Modulation and Demodulation( using MATLAB code)

6 AM Modulation and Demodulation( using MATLAB Simulink)

7 DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation(using MATLAB code)

8 DSB-SC Modulation AND Demodulation(using MATLAB Simulink)

9 FM Modulation and Demodulation(using MATLAB code)

10 FM Modulation and Demodulation(using MATLAB Simulink )

11 PM Modulation AND Demodulation

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

GENERAL GUIDELINES AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

4. It is mandatory to come to lab in a formal dress and wear your ID cards.

8. Intentional misconduct will lead to expulsion from the lab.

11. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.

12. Do not insert connectors forcefully into the sockets.

OBU,ECE LAB M by Dereje M.(BSc)

USING SOFTWARE (MATLAB, COMMUNICATION TOOL BOX)

1. Introduction to MATLAB 11-26

USING SOFWARE (MATLAB, SIMULINK)