AEG 502 (22/23) ANS

QUESTION ONE

(i) What is seeding? State the objectives of a perfect seeding.

Seeding is the process of placing seeds in the soil to ensure good germination and growth of crops in the
field. It involves carefully placing the seeds at the correct depth, spacing them properly between rows and
plants, and ensuring the right amount of seeds per unit area.

Objectives:

The objectives of seeding is to ensure the proper placement of seeds in the soil for optimal germination and
growth of crops in the field. This includes achieving the correct amount of seed per unit area, placing the
seeds at the correct depth in the soil, and maintaining the correct spacing between rows and plants.

(ii) List the common seeding methods used for seeding crops.

1. Broadcasting: Broadcasting involves the random scattering of seeds on the surface of seed beds. This can be
done manually or mechanically. When done manually, the uniformity of seed distribution depends on the skill of
the person. After broadcasting, the seeds are covered with soil using planking or other devices. Mechanical
broadcasters are used for large-scale work, ensuring controlled seed scattering at controlled rates.
2. Dibbling: Dibbling is the process of placing seeds in holes made in the seed bed at a specific depth and spacing.
A dibbler tool is used to create these holes, ensuring precise seed placement. This method is commonly used for
sowing vegetables but can be time-consuming for larger seeds.
3. Drilling: Drilling involves dropping seeds in furrow lines in a continuous flow and covering them with soil.
Seed metering can be done manually or mechanically, with the aim of achieving proper depth, spacing, and seed
amount in the field. Drilling can be done by sowing behind the plough, using bullock-drawn or tractor-drawn seed
drills.
4. Seed dropping behind the plough: This method is commonly used in villages for seeds like maize, gram,
peas, wheat, and barley. A person drops seeds in the furrows behind the plough using a device like Malobansa,
which consists of a bamboo tube with a funnel-shaped mouth. This method is slow and laborious but effective for
certain types of seeds.
5. Transplanting: Transplanting involves preparing seedlings in a nursery and then planting them in the field.
This method is commonly used for crops like paddy, vegetables, and flowers. It is a time-consuming operation,
and equipment like a transplanter is used to place the plants in the soil.
6. Hill dropping: In this method, seeds are dropped at fixed spacing rather than in a continuous stream. This
ensures constant spacing between plants in a row, unlike drilling where the spacing may vary.
7. Check row planting: This method involves planting seeds precisely along straight parallel furrows, ensuring
uniform row-to-row and plant-to-plant distance. The rows are typically in two perpendicular directions, and a
machine called a check row planter is used for this purpose.

(iii) Describe process of calibration of a seed drill.

The process of calibrating a seed drill is essential to ensure the correct seed rate for optimal sowing in the field.
Here are the steps involved in calibrating a seed drill:
1. Understand the Seed Drill: Before starting the calibration process, familiarize yourself with the seed drill's
components, including the frame, seed box, seed metering mechanism, furrow openers, covering device, and
transport wheels.
2. Prepare the Seed Drill: Make sure the seed drill is clean and in good working condition. Check for any
blockages or damage that may affect the seed metering process.
3. Determine the Desired Seed Rate: Decide on the amount of seed you want to sow per unit area. This will
depend on the crop you are planting and the recommended seeding rate.

1
4. Fill the Seed Box: Fill the seed box with the seeds you will be using for calibration. Ensure the seeds are clean
and free from debris to prevent clogging during the calibration process.
5. Calibrate the Seed Metering Mechanism: Adjust the seed metering mechanism to the desired setting for the
seed rate you want to achieve. This may involve setting the opening size or adjusting the speed of the metering
device.
6. Perform Test Runs: Run the seed drill over a known distance, such as 10 meters, and collect the seeds that
are dropped during this distance. This will allow you to calculate the actual seed rate of the machine.
7. Calculate Seed Rate: Count the number of seeds dropped over the known distance and calculate the seed rate
per unit area. Compare this with the desired seed rate to determine if any adjustments are needed.
8. Make Adjustments: If the actual seed rate differs from the desired rate, make adjustments to the seed metering
mechanism accordingly. Repeat the test runs until you achieve the correct seed rate.
9. Record Keeping: Keep a record of the calibration process, including the settings used, the actual seed rate
achieved, and any adjustments made. This will help you maintain consistency in seed sowing for future plantings.

(iv) The following results were obtained while calibrating a seed drill.
a. Number of furrows = 10
b. Spacing between furrows = 20cm
c. Diameter of drive wheel = 1.5 meter
d. Speed = 500 rev/min
e. Seed collected = 20kg.

Calculate the seed rate per hectare

Soln.

Effective width of seed drill = 10×20cm = 2m

Circumference of drive wheel = π×1.5m

Area covered in one revolution = π×1.5×2m

Area covered in 500 revolution = π×1.5×2×500 = 4712.3m

Seed dropped for 4712.3m = 20kg

×
Seed dropped/ha = = 42.44kg.
.

QUESTION TWO

(i) Why are fertilizers used and in what form can they be applied?

Fertilizers are used in agriculture to provide essential nutrients to plants that may be lacking in the soil. These
nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), are crucial for plant growth, development, and
overall health.
When crops are grown continuously in the same soil, they deplete the nutrients present in the soil. Fertilizers help
replenish these nutrients, ensuring that plants have access to the necessary elements for optimal growth.

Forms
1. Solid form: Solid fertilizers can be applied as powder or granular form. They are typically spread using
fertilizer broadcasters that control the rate at which the fertilizer drops from the hopper onto a spinning disc. The
forward speed of the tractor and the speed of rotation of the disc also play a role in determining the coverage area
and the amount of fertilizer spread per hectare.
2. Liquid form: Liquid fertilizers can be applied under low pressure or not under pressure at all. They are often
stored in tanks and can be discharged using gravity, pumps, or air pressure. Liquid manure spreaders are

2
commonly used to distribute liquid manure collected from cattle yards or other areas evenly across the field.
3. Gas form: Gas fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonia, are applied under high pressure. Anhydrous ammonia
is a commonly used gas fertilizer that is effective in promoting plant growth when applied correctly.

(ii) Which fertilizer is applied in bulk?

The fertilizer that is applied in bulk is typically solid granular fertilizer. This type of fertilizer, such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers, is commonly used in large quantities for agricultural purposes. Solid
granular fertilizers are convenient for spreading over wide areas using equipment like spinning disc distributors,
making them a popular choice for farmers looking to efficiently fertilize their fields.

(iii) What are the function of the fertilizer spreader? List the components and describe the components of this
machine.

The function of a fertilizer spreader is to evenly distribute fertilizers over a large area of land, ensuring that crops
receive the necessary nutrients for healthy growth. The components of a typical fertilizer spreader include:
1. Storage unit: This is a container, usually cone-shaped, where the fertilizer is stored before being distributed.
It is often made of plastic to prevent corrosion and allow for easy flow of the fertilizer.
2. Metering and distribution mechanism: This component controls the rate at which the fertilizer is released
onto the field. It ensures that the correct amount of fertilizer is applied per hectare, preventing over or under-
application.
3. Agitator: This is a disc or spiral located at the bottom of the storage unit. It helps to break up clumps of fertilizer
and ensure a consistent flow of material to the distribution mechanism.

(iv) With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe the operation of the ratchet and pawl arrangement used
to drive the conveyor apron of a manure spreader.

1. The ratchet and pawl system consists of a ratchet wheel and a pawl (a lever with a tooth that engages with the
ratchet wheel). The ratchet wheel is connected to the conveyor apron shaft, while the pawl is fixed in place.
2. As the beater mechanism tears the manure into small fragments, the conveyor apron shaft rotates, moving the
conveyor apron to distribute the manure.
3. The ratchet wheel allows the conveyor apron to move in one direction only, preventing it from moving
backward and ensuring a consistent flow of manure.
4. The pawl engages with the teeth on the ratchet wheel, allowing the conveyor apron to move forward with each
rotation of the shaft.

3
5. The pawl prevents the conveyor apron from moving backward when the beater mechanism stops, ensuring that
the manure is continuously distributed.

QUESTION THREE

(i) What is a sprayer? State four functions of a sprayer

A sprayer is a piece of equipment used to apply pesticides, fertilizers, or other chemicals to crops or plants. It is
essential for ensuring proper coverage and effective application of these substances. Here are four functions of a
sprayer:
1. Atomization: A sprayer atomizes the liquid chemical into small droplets, ensuring even distribution and
coverage on the target surface. This function is crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of the pesticide or
fertilizer.
2. Pressure regulation: Sprayers regulate the pressure at which the liquid is sprayed. Proper pressure control
ensures that the droplets are of the right size and are delivered at the correct velocity for optimal coverage.
3. Nozzle selection: Sprayers come with different types of nozzles that can be selected based on the specific
requirements of the application. Nozzle selection affects the droplet size, spray pattern, and coverage area, so
choosing the right nozzle is essential for achieving the desired results.
4. Calibration: Calibration is an important function of a sprayer that involves adjusting the settings to deliver the
correct amount of chemical per unit area. Proper calibration ensures that the right dosage is applied, preventing
under or over-application of pesticides or fertilizers.

(ii) List any 10 components of a sprayer. Discuss any five.

1. Tank: The tank holds the liquid chemical that will be sprayed onto the crops.
2. Pump: The pump pressurizes the liquid in the tank for spraying.
3. Nozzle: The nozzle is responsible for atomizing the liquid into droplets for application.
4. Pressure regulator: This component controls the pressure at which the liquid is sprayed.
5. Hose: The hose connects the tank to the nozzle for delivering the liquid.
6. Strainer: The strainer filters out any debris or particles that could clog the nozzle.
7. Handle: The handle allows the operator to carry and maneuver the sprayer.
8. Wand: The wand is an extension of the nozzle for reaching specific areas.
9. Trigger: The trigger controls the flow of liquid from the sprayer.
10. Shoulder straps: Shoulder straps help distribute the weight of the sprayer for comfortable carrying.
being sprayed.

(iii) What is a duster? List the essential components of a duster.

A duster is a piece of equipment used to apply chemicals in dust form to crops or plants. It is designed to ensure
proper coverage and effective distribution of the chemical. The essential components of a duster include:
1. Hopper: The hopper is used to store the chemical in dust form before application.
2. Agitator: The agitator is responsible for keeping the dust moving freely within the hopper to prevent caking.
3. Metering mechanism: This mechanism, usually an adjustable orifice, controls the rate of discharge of the
chemical during application.
By having these components, a duster can effectively apply the chemical in dust form to the target plants or crops,
ensuring proper treatment and coverage.

(iv) The suction capacity of a sprayer per plunger is given by

Q = × 𝐷 × 𝐿 × 𝑛 × 10

Q = Theoretical suction capacity (lit/min) D = Diameter of plunger (mm)

L = Stroke Length (mm) n = rev/min

4
(v) Calculate the water power which is required to discharge liquid at 30 liter/min at 30kg/cm3 pressure.
Water horse power, kW
× . × × . ×( × )
= = = 1.47kW
× ×

QUESTION FOUR

(i) What do you understand by harvesting? List the four ways by which harvesting action can be carried
out.

Harvesting is the process of cutting, picking, plucking, digging, or a combination of these actions to remove crops
from either below or above the ground, or to extract the useful parts or fruits from plants.

four main ways in which harvesting can be carried out:

1. Slicing action with a sharp tool.
2. Tearing action with a rough serrated edge.
3. High-velocity single-element impact with a sharp or dull edge.
4. Two-element scissors-type action.
When crops are cut, it is typically through the shearing action of cutting elements, which involves bending and
compression. The cutting elements can move in three different ways: linear, reciprocating, or rotary. Depending
on the surface being harvested, a single cutting element may be sufficient, and it can either be moving or stationary
with respect to the machine.
In practical terms, harvesting can be done manually using tools operated by hand, with animal-drawn machines,
or with mechanically operated machines.

(ii) What is a mower? With the aid of a well-labelled diagram, describe the operation of the cutter bar mower.

A mower is a machine used for cutting herbage crops and leaving them in a swath. There are different types of
mowers, such as reciprocating mowers, rotary mowers, and flail mowers.

The cutter bar on a mower operates by using a shaft connected to the PTO shaft, which drives a pulley through a
universal joint. This pulley then rotates another smaller pulley on the crankshaft, transmitting reciprocating
motion to the cutter bar. The cutter bar is an assembly of fingers, knife guides, wearing plates, and shoes made of
high-grade steel. The knife on the cutter bar is a metal bar with triangular sections mounted on it, which make a
reciprocating motion to cut the plants efficiently.

(iii) Calculate the total time required to harvest 2.5 hectares of grass by means of a 2meter mower being
operated at a speed of 4km/hr. (Take field efficiency of the mower to be 80%)

Soln
Theoretical area covered/hr = 2×4×1000m2

5
 × × × × × ×
Actual area covered/hr = 𝑚 = = ℎ𝑎
×

= 6.4ℎ𝑎
.
Time required for 2.5ha = = 3.9ℎ𝑟𝑠
.

(iv) List any 5 components of the mower and state their functions.

1. Frame: The frame of a mower provides space for gears, clutches, and bearings. It also includes a lever for
lifting the cutting bar and a flywheel to store energy for maintaining a steady cutting speed.
2. Power transmitting unit: This component consists of an axle, gears, crank wheel, crankshaft, and pitman. In
bullock-drawn mowers, the transport wheel provides power to the axle, which is then transmitted through the gear
box. The crank wheel and pitman are attached to the crankshaft, and the reciprocating motion is transferred to the
knife in the cutter bar.
3. Cutting bar: The cutting bar is an assembly of fingers, knife guides, wearing plates, and shoes. It is made of
high-grade steel and works like a knife to cut grass and forage efficiently.
4. Shoes: Shoes are placed at each end of the cutter bar to regulate the height of the cut above the ground. The
inner shoe is larger in section and is positioned at the inner end of the cutter bar.
5. Ledger plate: Ledger plates are provided with knife guards on the cutter bar. They allow the knife to move
smoothly and hold the knife sections down against the ledger plates. Knife clips are placed with wearing plates
to ensure proper spacing for effective cutting.

QUESTION FIVE

(i) What is threshing? What is the principle of threshing?

Threshing is the process of separating the edible part of the grain from the inedible part, such as the husk or outer
covering. This is typically done after harvesting the crop to obtain the grain for further processing or consumption.

The principle of threshing involves applying force to the harvested crop to break the grain free from the rest of
the plant material. Different types of threshers are used depending on the crop being processed, such as wheat,
paddy, groundnut, millet, soyabean, or a combination of crops. Each type of thresher is designed to effectively
separate the grain from the plant material, ensuring a high-quality final product.

(ii) What is a power thresher? What are the functions of a power thresher?

A power thresher is a machine used in agriculture to separate the edible grain from the rest of the plant material
after harvesting. It operates by applying mechanical force to the harvested crop to effectively separate the grain
from the chaff or husk. Power threshers come in different types based on their feeding systems and the crops they
are designed to process.
The functions of a power thresher include:
1. Threshing: The primary function of a power thresher is to separate the grain from the harvested crop. This is
achieved through the use of rotating elements like cylinders, concaves, and chopping knives that apply force to
the crop to break the grain free.
2. Separation: After threshing, the power thresher also helps in separating the grain from the straw, chaff, or other
unwanted plant material. This ensures that only the edible grain is collected for further processing.
3. Cleaning: Some power threshers come equipped with cleaning mechanisms like blowers or sieves to remove
any remaining debris or impurities from the grain. This helps in obtaining a clean and high-quality final product.
4. Feeding: Depending on the type of power thresher, the feeding mechanism can vary, such as chute feeding,
conveyor feeding, feed roller feeding, or hopper feeding. Each feeding system is designed to efficiently process
the specific type of crop being threshed.

6
(iii) What factors affect the efficiency and quality of threshing?

The efficiency and quality of threshing can be influenced by several factors, including the type of thresher used,
the feeding system, the crop being processed, and the condition of the crop.

(iv) With the aid of a labeled diagram, describe the different component of a power thresher.

The concave is a concave-shaped metal grating that partially surrounds the cylinder in the thresher. The main
function of the concave is to help separate the grain from the plant or ear heads as the cylinder rubs against it
during the threshing process.
As the cylinder rotates, the concave assists in dislodging the grain from the plant material, allowing the clean
grain to fall onto the sieve for further processing. The design of the concave is essential for ensuring efficient
threshing and separating the grain effectively.

The cylinder or drum is a crucial component of a power thresher that plays a key role in the threshing process. It
is a balanced rotating assembly that typically consists of rasp, beater bars, or spikes on its periphery.
When the harvested crop enters the power thresher, the cylinder or drum rotates, and the rasp, beater bars, or
spikes on its surface help in separating the grain from the rest of the plant material. These elements work together
to effectively thresh the crop and ensure that the clean grain is collected for further processing.

The cleaning unit in a power thresher is a critical component responsible for removing impurities and debris from
the grain after the threshing process. It ensures that only clean and high-quality grain is collected for further
processing.
The cleaning unit typically consists of mechanisms such as sieves, blowers, and fans that work together to separate
the grain from chaff, husk, and other unwanted materials. As the threshed crop moves through the cleaning unit,
the sieves help in separating the grain based on size, while the blowers and fans create airflow to remove lighter
impurities like dust and chaff.

QUESTION SIX
(i) What is a combine harvester? List the basic function of the combine harvester?

A combine harvester is a versatile agricultural machine designed to efficiently harvest various crops like wheat,
corn, soybeans, and more. It combines multiple harvesting functions into a single machine, making the harvesting
process more efficient and productive.
The basic functions of a combine harvester include:
1. Cutting: The combine harvester is equipped with a cutting mechanism, such as a header with a rotating blade,
that cuts the crop at the base and feeds it into the machine.

7
2. Threshing: Once the crop is cut, the combine harvester separates the grain from the stalk or husk through a
threshing mechanism. This process helps in extracting the valuable grain for further processing.
3. Separating: After threshing, the combine harvester separates the grain from the chaff, straw, and other debris
using sieves and fans. This ensures that only clean grain is collected for storage or processing.
4. Cleaning: The combine harvester has a cleaning unit that removes any remaining impurities from the grain,
such as dust, small debris, or broken grains. This step helps in improving the quality of the harvested grain.
5. Discharging: Finally, the cleaned grain is collected in a storage tank or bin within the combine harvester. Once
the tank is full, the grain can be unloaded into a truck or storage facility for further processing or sale.

(ii) Identify the labelled part.

1. Cabin
2. Threshing
3. Grain Tank
4. Engine
5. Cutter Bar
6. Fan
7. Straw Walkers
8. Straw Chopper/Spreader

(iii) List the advantages and disadvantages of a combine harvester thresher.

Advantages:
1. Efficiency: A combine harvester thresher streamlines the harvesting and threshing processes, saving time and
labor compared to separate machines for each task.
2. Versatility: This machine can handle multiple crops like wheat, paddy, groundnut, millet, and soybean, making
it suitable for diverse farming operations.
3. Increased productivity: By combining harvesting and threshing, farmers can increase their overall harvesting
capacity and cover larger areas in a shorter time.
4. Quality output: The threshing mechanism of a combine harvester thresher ensures that the harvested grain is
separated efficiently from the crop, leading to high-quality output.
5. Labor-saving: Automating the harvesting and threshing processes reduces the manual labor required, resulting
in cost savings for farmers.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost: The initial investment in a combine harvester thresher can be high, which may pose a financial challenge
for small-scale farmers.
2. Maintenance: Regular maintenance and servicing are necessary to keep the machine in optimal working
condition, adding to the overall operating costs.

8
3. Field limitations: The size and design of the machine may not be suitable for small or irregularly shaped fields,
limiting its usability in certain farming environments.
4. Weather dependency: Like other harvesting equipment, a combine harvester thresher's performance can be
affected by adverse weather conditions, impacting crop quality and machine efficiency.
5. Skill requirement: Operating a combine harvester thresher requires training and expertise, which may be a
barrier for farmers unfamiliar with such machinery.

(iv) Highlight the general care and maintenance of fertilizer application equipment.

1. Regular Cleaning: After each use, clean the equipment thoroughly to remove any fertilizer residue, dirt, or
debris. This helps prevent corrosion and clogging of the components.
2. Inspection: Periodically inspect the equipment for any signs of wear and tear, loose or damaged parts, leaks,
or malfunctions. Address any issues promptly to prevent further damage.
3. Lubrication: Keep moving parts well-lubricated to reduce friction and wear. Use appropriate lubricants
recommended by the manufacturer for each component.
4. Calibration: Regularly calibrate the equipment to ensure accurate application rates. Follow the manufacturer's
guidelines for calibration procedures to avoid under or over-application of fertilizers.
5. Storage: Store the equipment in a clean, dry, and well-ventilated area to prevent rust and deterioration. Cover
the equipment when not in use to protect it from the elements.
6. Maintenance Schedule: Create a maintenance schedule based on the manufacturer's recommendations. This
may include tasks such as changing filters, inspecting hoses, checking electrical connections, and adjusting
settings.
7. Training: Ensure that operators are properly trained in the use and maintenance of the equipment. Provide
refresher training sessions to keep operators up to date on best practices.