Environmental Issues

1. Rationale:-
The environment is everything around us that affects our lives. The environment includes all
living and non-living things, like plants, animals, and natural resources. It's the world we live
in, and it needs our care and protection. The Today’s world facing the biggest challenge of
survival. Degradation of ecosystem, depletion of natural resources, increasing levels of
pollution pose major threat to the survival of mankind. The need of the hour, therefore, is to
concentrate on the area of environmental aspects, which shall provide an insight into various
environment related issues.

2. Course Outcome (CO):-

a. Develop public awareness about environment.

c. Conserve Ecosystem and Biodiversity.

d. Apply techniques to reduce Environmental Pollution.

3. Literature Review:-
The environment is everything around us that affects our lives. The environment includes all
living and non-living things, like plants, animals, and natural resources. It's the world we live
in, and it needs our care and protection. The Today’s world facing the biggest challenge of
survival. Degradation of ecosystem, depletion of natural resources, increasing levels of
pollution pose major threat to the survival of mankind. The need of the hour, therefore, is to
concentrate on the area of environmental aspects, which shall provide an insight into various
environment related issues.

4. Actual Methodology Followed:-

1. First we made group of 3 members and discussed about the topic assigned to us.
2. We collected information.
3. Took guidance from our guide.
4. Then we will start to create the project for topic.
5. At first, we will arrange this information as per instructions.
6. Then we will prepare a report on the topic.
7. We will present it to our guide and ask her for the queries.
8. We will make changes as per the guidance.
9. Will make our final project.
10. Submit it to our guide.
 5. Resources Required:-

Sr. Name of
Specification Quantity Remark
no Resources
Processor:- Intel core i5,
Computer RAM:- 8 GB It is used to perform some
1) 1
System Operating System:- Windows project related task.
11.

It is used to gather
2) Software MS Word 1
information together.

6. Output:

6.1. Environmental Issues:-

Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further,

these issues can be caused by humans (human impact on the environment) or they can be
natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the
present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse.

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the

individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and
humans.
 Environmental issues refer to harmful disruptions in the natural balance of
ecosystems, impacting the health and sustainability of our planet. These disruptions can be
caused by human activities, such as industrialization, consumerism, pollution, deforestation,
and overexploitation of resources, as well as natural events like earthquakes, hurricanes, and
volcanic eruptions. The effects of environmental issues are far-reaching, leading to health
problems, ecosystem disruption, loss of biodiversity, economic consequences, and social
impacts.

The Environmental issues are the after effects of different human activities. The following
issues are prominent:

1. Green House effects

2. Climate change
3. Global Warming
4. Acid Rain
5. Ozone layer depletion
1. Green House effects:

The greenhouse effect is the natural warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar
radiation enters the atmosphere mainly as light, and some of that radiation is absorbed by
the Earth’s surface then changed to heat that is re-radiated into the atmosphere where it is
absorbed by greenhouse gases then re-radiated back to Earth again.
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that keeps Earth's temperature warm
enough to support life. It occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere (like carbon
dioxide, methane, and water vapour ) trap heat from the sun.
A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be used to grow plants. The sun’s
radiations warm the plants and the air inside the greenhouse. The heat trapped inside can’t
escape out and warms the greenhouse which is essential for the growth of the plants.
Same is the case in the earth’s atmosphere.
2. Climate change:

Climate change is when the Earth's temperature rises due to harmful gases in the air.
This happens when we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, and cut down trees. These
gases trap heat, making the planet warmer.
Climate change is a pressing environmental issue, referring to the long-term warming
of the planet due to an increase in average global temperatures. This phenomenon is primarily
caused by human activities, notably the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas,
which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Deforestation and land-use changes also
contribute to the increase in greenhouse gases. Additionally, methane emissions from
agriculture and industry exacerbate the problem.
The effects of climate change are far-reaching and devastating. Rising sea levels and
melting glaciers threaten coastal communities and ecosystems. Extreme weather events, such
as heat waves, droughts, and floods, become more frequent and intense. Changes in
precipitation patterns disrupt ecosystems, leading to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem
disruption. These changes have severe consequences, including negative impacts on human
health, food and water scarcity, economic losses, and increased risk of natural disasters.

3. Global Warming:
 Global warming, also known as climate change, refers to the long-term rise in Earth's
average surface temperature due to human activities.
The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from automobiles and chlorofluorocarbons add
to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has led to an increase in the earth’s
temperature causing environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the global is
known as global warming.
Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface
temperature due to human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and
natural gas. These activities release large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other
greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, which trap heat from the sun. This
phenomenon is called the "greenhouse effect."
Global warming is a key environmental issue because it leads to various negative
consequences, such as:

 Climate Change: It contributes to shifts in weather patterns, causing more extreme

weather events like hurricanes, floods, droughts, and heat waves.
 Loss of Biodiversity: Many species are unable to adapt to rapidly changing
temperatures, leading to habitat loss and extinction of some plant and animal species.
 Impact on Agriculture: Shifts in temperature and precipitation patterns can disrupt
food production, leading to food shortages and higher prices.

Addressing global warming requires reducing GHG emissions through renewable energy,
sustainable practices, and policy initiatives aimed at mitigating environmental damage.

4. Acid Rain:
Acid rain is precipitation that contains high levels of sulphuric and nitric acids, harmful to the
environment, human health, and infrastructure.
Acid rain is a type of precipitation that contains harmful acidic pollutants, primarily sulphuric
acid and nitric acid. These acids are formed when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
emitted primarily from the burning of fossil fuels, react with water, oxygen, and other
chemicals in the atmosphere.
Causes of Acid Rain:
 Burning of fossil fuels: Power plants, factories, and vehicles release significant
amounts of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
 Industrial processes: Certain industrial activities, such as smelting and refining, also
contribute to these emissions.
 Natural sources: Volcanoes and decaying vegetation can release smaller amounts of
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Types of Acid Rain:-

1. Wet Deposition:
When the acid rain contains water, it is called wet deposition. In wet deposition, the
sulphuric and nitric acids form in the atmosphere and mix with rain, snow, fog, or hail and
fall on the ground as acid rain.
2. Dry Deposition:
When acid rain forms with dust or gases, it is called dry deposition. The acidic particles
and gases may deposit on the surfaces of water bodies, vegetation, or buildings. These
particles can also react during transport into the atmosphere and form larger particles very
harmful to living beings. When the accumulated acidic particles are washed off the surface
by the next rain, the rainwater becomes acidic and flows over the ground. This is very
dangerous for wildlife and aquatic animals.
5. Ozone layer depletion:

The ozone layer is a protective layer in the Earth's atmosphere, about 15-30 km above the
surface, containing ozone (O3) gas. It shields life from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation
from the sun. Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning or destruction of the ozone layer
due to human activities, allowing harmful UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface.

The ozone layer is the layer present in the Stratosphere. It absorbs the harmful ultraviolet
rays that come from the sun. Moreover, it causes harmful radiation that has a high concentration
of ozone (O3) which is harmful to living beings on the earth.

The thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere is called ozone layer
depletion. Some chemical compounds release chlorine and bromine, which in exposure to
high ultraviolet light causes the depletion of ozone.
The depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on the environment. Let us see
the major effects of ozone layer depletion on man and environment.

 Effects on Human Health:

Humans will be directly exposed to the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the sun due to
the depletion of the ozone layer. This might result in serious health issues among
humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns, cataract, quick ageing and weak
immune system.

 Effects on Animals:
Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations leads to skin and eye cancer in animals.

 Effects on the Environment:

Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth, flowering and photosynthesis in
plants. The forests also have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.

 Effects on Marine Life:

Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays. These are
higher in the aquatic food chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms present
in the food chain are also affected.
 7. Skill Developed / Learning Outcome: -

1. From this project we increased our communication skill.

2. The important thing which we learnt is “Time Management” which is needed now a
day.
3. Listening, critical & logical thinking & leadership qualities are increased.

8. Benefits:-

1. Supports economic growth and development.

2. Ensures long-term sustainability for future generations.
3. Protecting water cycles maintains aquatic life and supports human consumption.
4. Conserving natural resources ensures a live able future for generations.

9. Future Improvement: -

1. Renewable Energy
2. Sustainable Infrastructure
3. Eco-Friendly Technologies
4. Environmental Education
5. Disaster Resilience

10.Conclusion: -
Environmental issues such as pollution, deforestation, climate change, and acid rain
pose significant threats to ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. These challenges are
primarily driven by human activities, including industrialization, deforestation, and the
overuse of natural resources. Environmental issues pose a significant threat to the well-being
of our planet and its inhabitants. The consequences of climate change, ozone layer depletion,
acid rain, and other environmental problems are far-reaching and devastating.

11. References: -
1. https://www.javatpoint.com

2. https://www.github.com

3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org