Hewedy et al.

Environmental and Experimental Botany 208 (2023) 105260
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Environmental and Experimental Botany

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envexpbot
Jasmonic acid regulates plant development and orchestrates stress response

during tough times
Omar A. Hewedy a, b, *, Nabil I. Elsheery c, **, Ali M. Karkour d, Neveen Elhamouly e,
Ramadan A. Arafa f, g, Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud h, Mona F.-A. Dawood h,
Walaa E. Hussein i, j, Abdelaziz Mansour k, Dina H. Amin l, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev m, n,
Marek Zivcak o, **, Marian Brestic o, **
a
Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
b
Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
c
Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
d
Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
e
Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
f
Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, 12619 Giza, Egypt
g
Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
h
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, PO 71516, Assiut, Egypt
i
Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
j
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
k
Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
l
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Abbasiya, Cairo 1566, Egypt
m
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
n
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
o
Institut of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are master regulators of plant development and stress response
Jasmonic acid against pathogens and environmental fluctuations. Thus, JA is an important stress-associated phytohormone that
Abiotic stress can promote various defense interactions, regulate stomatal openness, synthesis of antimicrobial substances, or
Jasmonate-responsive genes
plant cell reprogramming. Numerous studies also demonstrated that plants thriving under environmental fluc
Plant development
Phytohormones
tuations stresses are linked to the JA response, revealing that JA application can alleviate the damage of abiotic
Transcription factors stress by improving plant tolerance. Therefore, jasmonic acid and amino acid conjugate (JA-Ile) represent stress
hormones that improve crop resilience under environmental fluctuations. In addition, JA modulates the plant
growth and developmental stages by regulating the crosstalk between JA and the main plant hormone groups,
balancing plant development and defense mechanism against pathogen attacks. The effects on various processes
and plant structures, such as seed germination, primary root/root hair growth, fruit development, pollen
maturation, senescence, and regeneration, have been documented for jasmonates. Therefore, we reviewed the
functional influence of jasmonates, involving sensing and regulating their signaling under harsh conditions,
which is becoming a top priority for agriculture. In addition, the crosstalks with other phytohormones, such as
auxin, salicylic acid, ethylene, and the plant-pathogen interactions, are discussed.
* Corresponding author at: Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
** Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: ohewedy@uoguelph.ca (O.A. Hewedy), nshery@yahoo.com (N.I. Elsheery), marek.zivcak@uniag.sk (M. Zivcak), marian.brestic@gmail.com
(M. Brestic).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105260
Received 3 August 2022; Received in revised form 4 February 2023; Accepted 6 February 2023
Available online 8 February 2023
0098-8472/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
O.A. Hewedy et al. Environmental and Experimental Botany 208 (2023) 105260
1. Introduction systems against insect attacks. In seeds, the exogenous application of JA

to JA biosynthesis-deficient mutants enables their stamen maturation
Abiotic stresses and continuous exposure to unfavorable conditions since the development of stamens is critical for plant fertilization (Jewell
such as pathogens and insect attacks cause significant yield crop losses and Browse, 2016). Interestingly, stamen development in coi1–1 plants
worldwide, especially concerning climate change (Chakraborty and was restored during the overexpression of MYB21 since the mutant
Newton, 2011; Chaudhry and Sidhu, 2022; Mosa et al., 2017). There MYB21 and MYB24 regulate jasmonate-mediated stamen maturation
fore, the documentation of candidate mechanisms positioned by plants (Song et al., 2011). Additionally, the MYB108 MYB24 cascade regulated
as a reaction to various stresses is essential for conserving their life cy pollen maturation and anther dehiscence regulation in response to JA
cles. Since the 1990 s, there have been significantly more articles (Mandaokar and Browse, 2009). In the flowers of myc2 myc3 myc4
studying JA and much more to learn about JA signaling in plants (Ali myc5 plants, a downregulation in MYB57, MYB108, MYB21, and
and Baek, 2020; Creelman and Mullet, 1995; Hou et al., 2013; Per et al., MYB24 expressions was observed. In coi1–1, MYC3 and MYC5 over
2018; Pernas et al., 2000). Jasmonic acid (JA) and Jasmonoyl isoleucine expression can partly reestablish the formation of stamen and fertility
(JA-Ile) are hormonal molecules controlling plant development and (Qi et al., 2015a). In Arabidopsis, ectopic expression of MYC2 or JAZ1
defense. JA has also been identified as a stress hormone controlling how mutation accelerates somatic embryogenesis through stimulation of the
plants react to environmental challenges, such as salt, drought, tem biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (Mira et al., 2016). JA pathway is
perature fluctuations, and the toxicity of heavy metals (Raza et al., essential in the stamen formation in Arabidopsis (Yuan and Zhang,
2022). Therefore, there is a need to understand and review the 2015). Gibberellic acid (GA) inhibited DELLA repressor proteins, which
comprehensive studies that showed the functional impact of jasmonic increased JA accumulation and the gene expression of DAD1. Conse
acid in that era. In addition, recent studies in the plant physiology quently, MYB expression increased, elongating the filament growth
domain have demonstrated that plant growth regulators or hormones, (Cheng et al., 2009). Furthermore, MYB orchestrates JA biosynthesis
particularly JA, have introduced dramatic new insights regarding the expression by controlling the elongation of filament growth and the
signaling pathways of plants under unfavorable environmental developmental process of anther dehiscence. AUXIN RESPONSE FAC
conditions. TOR6 (ARF6)/ARF8, INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 8 (IAA8), and TRANS
Interestingly, JA participates in various cellular and biological pro PORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1 (TIR1)/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX
cesses (e.g., molecular, biochemical, and physiological pathways), PROTEINs - Auxin signaling components - had a crucial impact on this
significantly impacting the resistance mechanisms versus phytopatho process (Nagpal et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2013). Interestingly, the
genic microorganisms and insect outbreaks and stages of plant devel development of the maize floral head and the tassel was a noticeable
opment (Sun et al., 2022). In this review, we summarize recent findings influence on JA in Zea mays. Due to jasmonate deficiency, the devel
relating to the role of jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) opment of tassel lox8 mutants (tasselseed1, ts-1) was regulated in the
in response to environmental fluctuations and how this plant stress tasselseed mutant phenotype. While cross-pollination allows these mu
hormone can mediate the effect of abiotic stressors (Günther et al., 2022; tants to produce viable seeds, they are male sterile. Additionally, it was
Shikha et al., 2022). Furthermore, JA stimulates other hormones to reported that the various mutated allele was repaired by JA treatment,
improve crop resilience under adverse stressors (Rivero et al., 2022). such as male floret-deficient masculinization in lox8 single (Acosta et al.,
This review also discusses the JA signaling pathways in response to 2009), opr7opr8 double mutants (Yan et al., 2012b), and tasselseed2
environmental challenges by upregulating the transcription factors (ts2) mutants.
(TFs) and stress-defense genes that regulate JA biosynthesis pathways. Remarkably, the ear shoots of growing opr7opr8 ears are 3–4 times
longer than those of WT. Treatment with JA successfully reversed the
1.1. Jasmonate: a critical frontier in productive plant stages, reproductive abnormal female sexual organ phenotype, like chemical complementa
organs, and seed development tion rescue for the conventional tassel. In rice, JAZ1 acts with MYC2 and
controls spikelet development by the OsG1, OsMADS6, and OsMADS5
Jasmonic acid (JA) and amino acid conjugate (e.g., JA-Ile) emerged floral identity genes (Zhang et al., 2016). It has been discovered that an
in the last decades as essential phytohormones in response to stressful OsPEX5 gene mutation, which produces the PTS1 receptor protein,
conditions and plant development (Browse, 2009; Ghorbel et al., 2021; causes an abnormal spikelet shape by preventing JA production. By
Wasternack, 2007). A crucial role in floral development, tuberization in introducing the OsOPR7 enzyme responsible for JA biosynthesis into
potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), trichome formation, and arbuscular peroxisomes, OsPEX5 regulates spikelet development. OsOPR7 diffuses
mycorrhizal colonization was observed after JA application (Balbi and in the cytoplasm instead of being limited to peroxisomes in the ospex5
Devoto, 2008; Browse, 2005; Yoshida et al., 2009). Begum et al. (2022) mutant, which disrupts JA biosynthesis (You et al., 2019). Jasmonates
examined the roles of JA transcriptional repressor (JAZ), signaling influence rice fertility by regulating the development of rice spikelets
suppressor subtype JAZ1, in potato tuberization. Its overexpression led through the key conserved signaling module constituting
to the inhibition of tuber formation. StJAZ1-like modulated the tran JA-Ile/COI/JAZ/TFs. According to this conserved paradigm, the
scriptomic responses associated with the activity of phytohormones, endogenous content of JA-Ile in the flower parts must be higher than the
cytoskeleton, and overall cell cycle. threshold level for the JAZ repressor to break down and enable
JA concentrations vary according to tissue type, developmental TF-mediated transcription of the genes associated with flowering. In
stage, and environmental stimuli. Flowers and reproductive tissues have rice, the reduction of fertility was observed with altered spikelet struc
the highest JA levels, whereas roots and mature leaves have the lowest ture caused by overexpression of the JASMONIC ACID CARBOXYL
concentrations. A remarkable role of Jasmonates was observed and well- METHYL TRANSFERASE (AtJMT) or mutations of the JASMONYL-L-I
described in the fertility process and plant development regulation as SOLEUCINE SYNTHASES 1 (OSJAR1) gene (Kim et al., 2009; Xiao et al.,
well as reproductive organ differentiation. The abnormalities in floral 2014). In addition, Oxylipin (bioactive lipid metabolites), including
structure and sterility exhibited in JA biosynthetic mutants have been jasmonates, had a critical role in tomato embryo development; they
identified in several crops, including tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. represent signaling compounds in plant growth and development.
(Solanaecae) (Li et al., 2004; Schubert et al., 2019), maize (Zea mays) However, the JA-insensitive tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant jai1
(Acosta et al., 2009; Yan et al., 2012b), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (Li is female sterile. Most mutants affected by jasmonic acid (JA) biosyn
et al., 2013), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) (Park et al., 2002; thesis and signaling are male sterile in Arabidopsis thaliana (Goetz et al.,
Shih et al., 2014). 2012). The 35 S::SlAOC-RNAi lines and the female-sterile jai1 plants
Generally, JA regulates plant developmental stages, as broadly showed a similar phenotype. It implies that a compound is required for
reviewed by Huang et al. (2017). It also governs the plant immune typical embryo development upstream of the AOC-catalyzed process.
2
However, the poor seed set limited any proof based on examining those peroxide and superoxide anions were inhibited after MeJA treatment by
lines. The mutation spr2 affecting 7-fatty acid desaturase enzyme ac improving the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (Fu et al., 2023).
tivity led to poor embryo development, embryos with a smaller endo Important knowledge on the effects of jasmonates on growth and
sperm, or embryo abortions (Wasternack et al., 2012). In the case of development processes has been obtained under in vitro conditions, as
mutant acx1, the normal development of seeds was observed, identical reviewed by Kaminska (Kamińska, 2021). The multiple results demon
to the wild type. Because ACX1 is responsible for the catalysis of the step strate the strict links between cell division, plant growth and develop
downstream of JA precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA), it was ment, and cell differentiation and expansion. For example, researchers
assumed that this compound was necessary for embryo development. used the Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cell line to examine the roles of JA and
Surprisingly, OPDA accumulated primarily in the seed coat throughout ABA on cell development (Swiatek et al., 2002). According to their
embryo development. findings, these growth regulators inhibit the replication process, dis
In contrast, in the testa, endosperm, and embryo, the downstream rupting cell cycle development. However, exogenous administration of
compounds like 12-OH-JA and JA occurred in trace amounts only, and both substances before the G1/S transition resulted in cell cycle reten
the seeds of the acx1 mutant had higher OPDA levels than wild-type tion in the G1 phase. At the later stage, ABA treatment had little effect on
seeds. A TUNEL assay revealed enhanced programmed cell death in cell cycle progression, while JA efficiently inhibited triggering mitosis of
the endosperm tissues and the seed coat of spr2, indicating that low the cells (i.e., cells were stopped in the G2 phase). These findings sug
OPDA levels impact both tissues. This substance was believed to regulate gested that growth reduction in response to JA was caused by a distur
the embryo’s development because of its high content in the testa of wild bance in meristem activity rather than BY inhibition of the cell
type seed and the capacity of the acx1 mutants to synthesize it (Li et al., expansion in the elongation zone (Krajnčič and Nemec, 1995). In addi
2019; Wasternack et al., 2013). Nevertheless, a small amount of tion, MeJA also blocked the activation of M-phase genes, inhibiting cell
JA/JA-Ile in acx1 seeds may ensure normal development of the embryo. division during the G2 phase of the cell cycle, according to an exami
To distinguish the effects of OPDA and JA/JA-Ile, the jai1 mutation was nation of the gene expression in the Arabidopsis genome (Pauwels et al.,
used. Despite being JA-insensitive, this mutant can detect OPDA (Sheard 2008).
et al., 2010). Indeed, in jai1 plants repeatedly injured during embryo Abdelsalam et al. (2021) observed that adding MeJA (10–400 µM) in
development, the embryo growth was partly restored, indicating the growth medium significantly improved somatic embryogenesis at
increased OPDA content in fruits compared to the unwounded different developmental stages, leading to higher numbers of somatic
individuals. and mature embryos and embryogenic shoots. On the other hand, its
Contrary to expectations, the OPDA rise does not correspond to the effects on the organogenesis of shoots and roots were adverse. In turn,
broadly accepted assumption that JA biosynthesis is controlled by COI1- the positive effects of JA on biomass were observed in cultures of Salacia
and JA-dependent genes (Reymond et al., 2000). However, there ap chinensis L. when the callus was treated with 75 µM JA. Moreover, the
pears to be some remaining COI1-independent JA production since the JA-treated callus supplemented with 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l), BAP (1.5 mg/l)
immunocytochemical analyses identified AOC in ovules of jai1 mutant showed higher contents of flavonoids, total phenolics, and mangiferin
(Goetz et al., 2012). One of the hypothesized mechanisms of OPDA ac (Chavan et al., 2021). Nandy et al. (2021) observed in the medicinal
tivity is the influence of OPDA on carbon availability. It has also been crop Hemidesmus indicus (L.) grown in-vitro induction of growth pro
hypothesized that JA has a physiological function in tuber formation. moted by MeJA treatment (25–75 μM). In addition to the overall
Therefore, JA may accelerate tuber growth by breaking intracellular biomass increase, the treatment upregulated nodular meristemoids’
microtubules and promoting radial cell expansion, which occurs before growth and stimulated the accumulation of root-specific bioactive al
tuber development. kaloids. Unlike these two studies, Yazdanian et al. (2022) observed in
Furthermore, the tuber-inducing stimulus in potatoes (Solanum hibition of callus growth under higher concentrations of MeJA treatment
tuberosum) is considered a member of the jasmonate family. Even in Allium jesdianum grown in vitro, while the content of secondary me
modest amounts of tuberonic acid-β-glucosidase offer a strong signal for tabolites was enhanced.
tuber development. This substance is produced in the leaves and By activating transcription factors and proteins, JA application
transferred down to the stolons (Kolomiets et al., 2001). Furthermore, stimulates cell reprogramming. MeJA primarily boosts gene expression
jasmonates influenced bulblet production in onion (Allium cepa L.) and in jasmonate production; thus, gene expression in the later stages of the
garlic (Allium sativum L.). In the cultivating medium, the presence of JA cell cycle was decreased (Gumerova et al., 2015). Adding MeJA to the
(0.01–10 µM) enhanced the quantity of garlic bulbs (Ravnikar et al., suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata with asynchronous cell division
1993), and in conditions of higher JA concentration (10 µM), the pro led to a series of effects on mitogenesis. During the in vitro propagation
duction of bulbs in onion was upregulated (Koda and Kikuta, 1991). In of calluses, the indirect JA effects on cytokinesis were also observed. In
vitro cultivation of Narcissus triandrus L. shoots in a JA-enriched medium the differentiation stage of Medicago sativa, larger doses (5–50 µM) of JA
led to better quality and a higher quantity of bulbs (Santos and Salema, and MeJA inhibited the development of calluses. Induction with 10–100
2000). Furthermore, in Hyacinthus orientalis, JA combining with cyto µM MeJA significantly reduced the vitality of Taxus baccata and Taxus
kinin 2-iP (isopentyl-adenine) enhanced the generation and develop cuspidata cell cultures on WB/A media with the addition of a 6-benzyl
ment of bulblets (Doğan et al., 2020). However, (Saniewski and amino purine (BAP) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (Bulgakov
Puchalski, 1987) observed that in Muscari armeniacum, 0.5% MeJA et al., 2011). Due to the rapid buildup of H2O2 caused by 100 µM MeJA,
prevented benzyl adenine-induced bulblet formation, but lower con cell viability in the A. thaliana protoplast culture was significantly
centrations of MeJA (0.1% and 0.2%) led to slower bulblet growth and reduced (Zhang and Xing, 2008). Moreover, glucoraphanin (GRA) and
delayed development. In similar, the number of Tulipa gesneriana bulb sulforaphane (SF) biosynthesis after MeJA treatment led to the effective
lets was lowered by MeJA. In turn, one genotype responded to the regulation of broccoli hairy roots (Bao et al., 2022).
combined treatment of MeJA and Arg (500 µM) by stimulated bulblet
growth (Podwyszyńska et al., 2015). 1.2. JA functions to close the stomata and combat pathogens
Recently, it was shown that MeJA induced the accumulation of JA in
response to Botrytis cinerea in tomato fruit. It was demonstrated that Plant species closely control stomatal apertures and guard cells in
0.05 mM MeJA treatment during the tomato storage led to upregulating response to various stressors. Production of jasmonate and other plant
the disease resistance enzyme activities and the expression of hormones elicited various physiological processes in crop plants via
pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. In addition, the transcriptional factors signaling intermediates and other molecules to enhance plant health
of genes (SlCOI1 and SlMYC2) were induced that upregulate the disease- (Turner et al., 2002). Furthermore, jasmonate induced stomatal closure
responsive genes such as SlPI I and SlPI II. Furthermore, hydrogen in various plants, including Nicotiana glauca, Arabidopsis thaliana, Vicia
3
faba, and Paphiopedilum tonsum (Suhita et al., 2004). Diverse essential complex then binds JA-Ile, which is made up of the
signal processes were discovered in MeJA and JA-induced stomatal coronatine-insensitive 1 (COI1) F-box protein and leads to stomatal
closure and signal crosstalk with other plant hormones (Munemasa closure, development responsibility, and internal defense (Sheard et al.,
et al., 2007). Surprisingly, MeJA causes guard cells to release reactive 2010) (Fig. 1).
oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) to induce stomatal closure. Surprisingly, JA can use a COI1-independent strategy to control the
However, diphenylene iodonium, an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, plays a closure and opening of plant stomata. Plants are constantly attacked by
crucial role in ROS generation and the MeJA-induced guard cell potentially phytopathogenic microorganisms, including biotrophic,
response (Munemasa et al., 2007). hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic microbes. Plant pathogens can stim
Furthermore, disrupting the AtrbohD and AtrbohF genes producing ulate immunological signaling pathways, defense interactions, and
NADPH oxidase eliminates closing stomata caused by MeJA and related other circumstances. For example, extensive gene expression reprog
production of ROS (Suhita et al., 2004). Exogenous application of JA or ramming after JA proliferation is associated with many JA activities in
MeJA to crop plants can be followed by their conversion to the physi plant tissues. The JA signaling pathway appears necessary in internal
ologically active form 7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile). The SCFCOI plant immunity under biotic stress, such as in necrotrophic diseases (e.
Fig. 1. The molecular mechanism and physiological and biochemical impact of Jasmonic acid (JA) on plants which controls stomatal closure and internal defense.
JA-Ile = Jasmonoyl isoleucine; ROS = Reactive oxygen species; NO = nitric oxide.
4
g., Botrytis cinerea, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, and Pythium spp.) Takken and Goverse, 2012). As a result, JA governs biological processes
(Campos et al., 2014; Yan and Xie, 2015). The mutants fad3fad7fad8, for plant development and contact, translaminar, and systemic pathogen
jar1, and coi1–1 showed susceptibility to Alternaria brassicicola, resistance reactions.
P. cucumerina, and B. cinerea in Arabidopsis (Hu et al., 2017; Stintzi et al.,
2001). Recently, Chen et al. (2021) reported that the JA signaling 1.3. The functions of JA in root behavior and development
pathway played a role in the positive activation of defense mechanisms
in Arabidopsis vs. A. brassicicola and B. cinerea via the transcription factor Plant species, as sessile organisms, must be very efficient in adjusting
WRKY75 and the target gene ORA59. In addition, the biosynthetic en to the various climate scenarios by modifying their growth and devel
zymes ACX2 and ACX3 of JA were activated by an interaction between opment. Plant roots represent the underground part that absorbs mac
IQ-MOTIF-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 (AtIQM1), a Ca2+-independent ronutrients, micronutrients, and water. Depending on plant families and
CaMBP, and CATALASE2 (CAT2) in Arabidopsis, resulting in an increase species, the architecture of plant roots displays a high level of
in JA levels and resistance to B. cinerea (Lv et al., 2019). Through the morphological variability. Improved root systems can increase the ab
degradation of JAZ1 and the release of RcMYB84 and RcMYB123, JA sorption of all necessary elements for the life cycle and water, increasing
consistently causes basal resistance in Rosa chinensis plants against crop productivity. In addition, several biotic and abiotic parameters can
B. cinerea (Ren et al., 2020). influence root architecture with high plastic characteristics. The plas
In addition, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is a bacterium speck ticity and its molecular mechanisms have been studied in model plants,
disease that produces coronatine (COR) as a virulent molecule to acti such as Arabidopsis thaliana (Motte et al., 2019; Osmont et al., 2007).
vate the JA signaling pathway. Finally, JAZ2-COI1 complexes activate Since numerous phytohormones are essential in the development of
and deteriorate JAZ, resulting in stomata opening induction and plant root systems, JA regulates other plant organ development,
allowing the pathogen to enter and colonize the host (Gimenez-Ibanez including seed development and germination, root regeneration, and
et al., 2017). Indeed, the innate immunity systems in plants consist of flower evolution (Ye et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2019). JA impacts root
both effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pathogen-associated mo growth, including primary root disincentive, root regeneration, and
lecular patterns (PAMPs) (Jones and Dangl, 2006). Moreover, PRRs, the reducing adventitious root formation. In addition, it encourages lateral
pattern recognition receptors, are considered the first line of defense root construction, where all these physiological procedures are regu
against PAMPs (Macho and Zipfel, 2014) (Fig. 2). lated by crosstalk with other plant hormones (Lakehal et al., 2019;
The promotion of MAPK, induction of ROS, pathogen-related protein Zhang et al., 2019). The JA signaling pathway includes some of the
activation, and the biosynthesis of phytohormones associated with stress regulatory factors, such as JASMONATE-RESISTANT 1 (JAR1) and
(e.g., JA, SA) are among the physiological processes and communication JASMONATE-INSENSITIVE 1 (MYC2/JAI1), as well as
components involved in the early defense interaction (Ahuja et al., CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1), which are associated with the
2012; Torres et al., 2006; Tsuda et al., 2013). Consequently, stomatal JA-mediated plant root system (Berger et al., 1996). Additionally, plant
closure, antimicrobial component synthesis, and plant cell reprogram root elongation can be decreased by JA application by reducing the
ming promote defense interactions (Dixon, 2001). Effector-triggered number of cells and dimensions, an intricate process, along with the root
immunity (ETI) can also be stimulated when plant-adapted microor architecture (Chen et al., 2011a), as shown in Fig. 3.
ganisms insert effector proteins to disrupt PAMP-triggered immunity Furthermore, the exogenous application of JA at different doses to
(PTI) response signaling pathways (Dodds and Rathjen, 2010; Hann the growth media of sunflower seedlings revealed a repressing effect on
et al., 2010). These proteins are recognized via resistance genes of the the root architecture through inhibition of the primary root growth and
host tissues and lead to incompatible responses (Spoel and Dong, 2012; reducing the number of lateral roots (Corti Monzón et al., 2012; Sun
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of crop-pathogen interactions showing the plant immunity system including two main defence components, effector-triggered
immunity (ETI) and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Incompatible response (resistance) due to specific receptors and resistance genes, PAMP – pathogen-
associated molecular pattern; NB-LRRs – nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeats; PRRs – pattern recognition receptors; JA – jasmonic acid; PR-proteins –
pathogenesis-related proteins, MAPK – mitogen-activated protein kinase.
5
Fig. 3. Diagram depicting the influence of JA application on the root system of crop plants. An increased JA dose represses the formation of primary and lateral roots.
et al., 2009). A biological pathway of JA can be involved in lateral root 1.5. JA and drought stress
regulation, where the application of MeJA to the wild-type of Arabi
dopsis induced lateral root formation. In contrast, another mutant Water scarcity is a significant constraint affecting development,
(asa1–1) did not generate these roots (Sun et al., 2009). Similarly, physiological, biochemical, molecular aspects, and productivity.
(Raya-González et al., 2012) reported that the receptor COI1 of JA is Numerous reports showed the negative impacts of drought stress on
vital in the production of the lateral root, whereas, in the case of the plant tissues by changing membrane stability, inducing reactive oxygen
coi1–1 mutant, JA failed to promote more roots. Similarly, Jing et al. species, and decreasing turgor pressure. In addition, the attenuation of
(2022) found that the suppressor of JA signaling, StJAZ1-like, decreases gas exchange by stimulating stomatal closure causes a decline in
drought tolerance by downregulating the formation of adventitious photosynthetic efficiency (Seleiman et al., 2021; Sharma et al., 2020;
roots. Barboričová et al., 2022). JA production is also stimulated in response to
Additionally, one of the underlying molecular mechanisms for water deficit, demonstrating that JA is associated with the dehydration
crosstalk between JA and other hormones is the transcription of various response. Drought stress also alters the endogenous content of phyto
genes associated with the biosynthesis of auxins, such as ASA1, hormones. For instance, the content of JA in tomato roots exposed to
YUCCA2, and NITRILASE 3 (NIT3), and ASB1, which can be triggered by water shortage for 12 h was almost 10-fold higher than that of
MeJA (Cheng et al., 2006; Kutz et al., 2002; Stepanova et al., 2005). In non-stressed plants. The leaf JA contents were also elevated (Zhang and
addition, MeJA activates YUC8 and YUC9 in auxin-mediated lateral root Huang, 2013). In addition, JA accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
initiation and primary root development. Likewise, the compatible was upregulated in response to water limitations, and the cellular JA
interaction between JA and auxin pathways induces the regeneration of concentration was 5-fold higher for 24 h (Kamran et al., 2021).
plant roots, where JA activates ERF109, CYCLIN D6;1 (CYCD6;1), and Furthermore, drought stress stimulated the JA biosynthesis-
ERF115 expression (Hentrich et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2019). associated gene expression in wheat, including LOX1, AOS1, AOC1,
and OPR3. It suggests that the water deficit supports the production of
1.4. Jasmonic acid orchestrates abiotic stress responses JA, which is connected with the upregulation of related genes (Kim
et al., 2021). Increases in the concentrations of endogenous JA in
Jasmonic Acid, as a phytohormone mediates plant responses to un drought-stressed A. thaliana and citrus (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifo
favorable environmental conditions at low concentrations. It alleviates liata) were fast and transient (Balbi and Devoto, 2008; de Ollas et al.,
abiotic stresses via physiological and molecular responses, as shown in 2013). On the other hand, the prolonged stress led to JA decreasing
(Fig. 4). Triggering the antioxidant system (Karpets et al., 2014), soluble basal levels.
carbohydrates (Wasternack, 2014), and increasing the content of the The functions of exogenous JA in plant stress response and tolerance
amino acids (isoleucine and methionine) was the physiological re to water deficit were observed in multiple studies. For instance, MeJA
sponses to JA application (Acharya and Assmann, 2009). Besides, the treatment in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), soybean, and rice led to
modulation of the closing and opening of stomata during photosyn enhanced drought resistance (Todaka et al., 2015; Fu et al., 2017;
thesis. Interestingly, high concentrations inhibit growth and photosyn Mohamed and Latif, 2017). JA-treated soybean, pearl millet (Pennise
thesis while accelerating senescence (Kamran et al., 2021). Moreover, tum glaucum), and maize led to a more resistant response to water
the role of JA in mediating molecular responses is the upregulation of deficit (Riemann et al., 2015; Abdelgawad et al., 2014; Awan et al.,
expression of related genes (AOC, JAZ, COI1, AOS1, and LOX2) inter 2021). In addition, JA increased proline accumulation and reduced
acting with various phytohormones (IAA, GA, ABA, ET, SA, BR). Finally, plant ROS levels (Fugate et al., 2018; Sirhindi et al., 2015). In this
it interacts with transcription factors (MYC2 and bHLH148) (Hu et al., respect, JA was shown to regulate the ROS scavenging system and
2017; Ku et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2013). proline metabolism by gene expression regulation (Abdelgawad et al.,
2014; Awan et al., 2021). The methyl jasmonate treatment of maize
enhanced drought tolerance which was associated with the
6
Fig. 4. Jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated various plant stress responses, including high temperature, heavy metals, salinity, drought, and phytopathogenic microor
ganisms. Implementing JA can regulate many advantageous biological processes in plants at different levels to confer protection and adaptation against undesirable
biotic and abiotic factors. The sections show the impact of JA (stress hormone) on modulating the physiological responses to various stresses.
accumulation of different metabolites, such as soluble sugars, poly hormonal imbalance, causing growth and yield suppression (Arif et al.,
saccharides, proteins, free amino acids, or proline (Abdelgawad et al., 2020; Ibrahimova et al., 2021; Hewedy et al., 2022). JA is one of the
2014). essential phytohormones reported to be affected by salinity stress. A.
thaliana (Friero et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022) and tomato (Altaf et al.,
2022; Pedranzani et al., 2003) had increased JA content in response to
1.6. JA and salt stress salt stress. Several studies have started improving the JA content and
JA-biosynthesizing genes of maize and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
Salt stress is a significant constraint on agricultural soil caused by (Zhang et al., 2017) in response to salt stress. In addition, the JA
high salt levels in the soil or water supply. Salinization of soil severely biosynthetic genes MtAOS1 and MtAOS2 were enhanced by salt treat
impacts plants by restricting water uptake and the accumulation of Na ment of Medicago truncatula compared to control plants (De Domenico
and Cl, causing ionic toxicity. It harms plants’ physiological and et al., 2019). Thus, many studies have reported the effect of exogenous
biochemical attributes, such as photosynthetic inhibition, water-relation JA on plants as an antistress salt agent. In this regard, the exogenous
imbalance, ROS accumulation, membrane disorders, failure of the application of JA restrained the reduction in chlorophyll mediated by
antioxidant system, deregulation of secondary metabolites, and
7
saline conditions in soybean, almond (Prunus dulcis), and pepper accumulation under boron toxicity led to the activation of the antioxi
(Capsicum annuum), supporting the role of JA in salt stress response dant system of Artemisia annua that reduced lipid peroxidation (Aftab
(Tavallali and Karimi, 2019; Yoon et al., 2009). In addition, the exog et al., 2011).
enous application of JA on leaves of plants exposed to salt stress was Furthermore, by stimulating the antioxidant system, JA mitigated
shown to regulate oxidative stress and promote the synthesis of osmo the harmful effects of oxidative stress on plant growth, biomass, and
protective compounds, thus supporting plant tolerance (Farhangi-Abriz protein levels in Ni-treated plants (Azeem, 2018). Jasmonates, ethylene,
and Ghassemi-Golezani, 2018). and brassinosteroids regulated the root system (e.g., lateral roots) under
Ion toxicity was considered the main problem of salt stress; the heavy metals (Betti et al., 2021). In Arabidopsis, JA levels in roots were
negative impacts of salt stress might depend on reducing Na accumu increased due to the induction of genes that promote endogenous JA
lation (Dawood et al., 2022). For example, a decline in Na+ content by production under Cd accumulation. JAs, both produced or applied
applying JA in soybean under various levels of salt stress significantly exogenously, lowered the Cd concentration in root cell sap and reduced
affected the changes in Na+ uptake and translocation from roots to Cd stress by downregulating gene expression that promotes Cd uptake
shoots (Farhangi-Abriz and Ghassemi-Golezani, 2018). Furthermore, in and long-distance translocation (Lei et al., 2020).
two maize genotypes, JA could improve Na+ exclusion in the root by Moreover, JA plays a role in reducing the oxidative stress on plants
decreasing Na+ uptake and facilitating surface salt stress tolerance and induction of genes encoding antioxidants and secondary metabolites
(Shahzad et al., 2015). Furthermore, the exogenous application of JA in B. napus (Farooq et al., 2016). Furthermore, in response to increased
decreased plant salt-mediated damage by increasing photosynthetic osmotic pressure, external JA accumulation might reduce Cd toxicity
rates, proline contents, and antioxidant enzyme activity (Walia et al., rates in roots, shoots, and leaves, restricting H2O2 (Noriega et al., 2012).
2007). In addition, the endogenous JA improved salt tolerance by Such reports illustrated that JA improved the plant tolerance against
maintaining the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tomato heavy metal stress by triggering the secondary metabolism and antiox
crops (Abouelsaad and Renault, 2018). idant system to minimize heavy metal uptake.
Furthermore, (Jiang et al., 2016) reported that the application of
MeJA to black locust trees (Robinia pseudoacacia) mitigated the nega 2. JA orchestrates other phytohormones
tive impacts of salinity by stimulating the antioxidant system, namely,
SOD and APX. In addition, (Faghih et al., 2017) stated that APX, POD, 2.1. JA–ABA
and SOD were stimulated in salt-stressed plants by MeJA. Moreover, the
exogenous application of JA reduced the lipid peroxidation and ABA is a critical regulator of plant responses to stressful conditions
hydrogen peroxide accumulation of wheat plants, which enhanced the (Gomez-Cadenas et al., 2015). ABA crosstalks with JA, mediated
tolerance of wheat to salinity stress. Furthermore, the levels of the through JAZs-MYC2, regulate plant growth, defense against herbivorous
transcripts of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities were increased insect feeding, and respond to drought, cold, salt, and water stress (Hu
significantly. In addition, the transcriptional levels of the FeSOD, POD, et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2011a; Wang et al., 2020a). For example, the
CAT, and APX genes and the ascorbate content improved under NaCl regulation of ABA and JA signaling pathways is mediated mainly
salinity and JA treatments (Qiu et al., 2014; Sheteiwy et al., 2021). through MYC2 and AOC1 under adverse abiotic stresses (e.g., drought)
These studies suggest a role for JA in improving salt stress by increasing (Browse, 2009). Both ABA and JA were increased in response to low
the level of antioxidants. temperatures in Z. japonica leaves (Li et al., 2018). Interestingly, the
concentration of ABA increased simultaneously with the increase in JA
1.7. JA and heavy metal stress concentration under salt stress (Wang et al., 2001). Proline accumula
tion in A. thaliana lines was reported independent of ABA under water
Industrialization emits various metalloids and metals that mediate scarcity. At the same time, JA-insensitive (jai1) and JA-deficient
ecotoxicity or potential phytotoxic impacts on plants. Alteration of some (jar1–1) proteins accumulate at the same levels (de Ollas et al., 2015).
phytohormones is one of the adaptive responses of plants to heavy Moreover, ORA47 functions as a genetic target in ABA/JA biosynthesis
metals toxicity. Jasmonates improve different plant species under heavy under drought stress (Chen et al., 2016). Arabidopsis thaliana and to
metal stress, and various heavy metals influence the endogenous level of bacco metabolic reprogramming are regulated through signaling be
jasmonate. Copper (Cu) or cadmium (Cd) stresses rapidly enhance the tween JA and PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1-like proteins (PYLs), ABA
endogenous level of JA (Ojuederie and Babalola, 2017). In response to receptors. Plant resistance to herbivorous insect feeding is mediated by
100 µM Cu or 100 µM Cd (Maksymiec et al., 2005), JA increased by 4- forming the PYL-JAZ complex that activates MYC2, which increases the
and 6-fold, respectively. An accumulation of JA 2-fold in response to the JA-responsive gene expression VSP2 by mediating MED25. Additionally,
Cd stress of pepper plants was observed (Yan et al., 2013, 2015). In root initiation and the expression of PTL1 and PTL 2 are inhibited by
addition, increasing the susceptibility of tomato plants to Cd stress was MYC2; moreover, ABA induces JAZ12 degradation, playing a significant
correlated with the lack of endogenous JA. These findings suggested that role in JA/ABA crosstalk (Pauwels et al., 2015).
heavy metal stress influences JA levels. This hypothesis supported the Yan and coworkers reported (Yan et al., 2012a) that mutant OPR7
observations that heavy metal conditions impacted the activation of and OPR8 exhibited propagative deficiency and robust progression ab
gene expression involved in JA response or biosynthesis. normalities, particularly with substantially reduced JA perception,
The JA-mediated improvement of the growth performance of Choy which were rescued by exogenous JA treatment. One of the crops’ most
sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis L.) under Cr stress was asso important adaptation problems and methods to ensure reproductive
ciated with its positive role in cellular redox balance, upregulation of success in either wild-type or developed crops is seed germination time.
water and nutrient uptake, and carbohydrate metabolism. JA improved Furthermore, phytohormones are essential in seed dormancy regulation
the Cr-mediated phytotoxic effects on gas exchange and photosynthetic via compatible and incompatible (antagonistic) interactions. As cross
pigments on the growth of Choy sum plants (Kamran et al., 2021). In talk with abscisic acid (ABA), JA has a twofold function in seed germi
response to heavy metal stresses, improving plant tolerance by nation. First, in cold-stimulated seed germination, the level of JA in
increasing the activity of antioxidants was also a practical approach germinating wheat seeds increased considerably after induction of JA
stimulated by JA under heavy metal stress (Raza et al., 2021a). In biosynthesis-associated gene expression, and TaNCED1 and TaNCED2,
addition, JA improved some antioxidants, including ascorbate/gluta two critical genes for the ABA pathway, were inhibited (Xu et al., 2016).
thione and glyoxalase, to stimulate plant defense. Moreover, antioxi Alternatively, crosstalk between JA and ABA inhibits rice seed germi
dants efficiently decreased the negative impact of oxidative and nation via the control of the SAPK10-bZIP72-AOC biosynthetic pathway,
carbonyl stresses on Brassica under Cr stress (Kamran et al., 2021). JA which includes phosphorylation of bZIP72 and promotes AOC
8
transcription (Wang et al., 2020b). due to JA biosynthesis failure (JA receptor COI1 (coi1–1)), which
resulted in male sterility (Raza et al., 2021b). Liu et al. (2022) observed
2.2. JA–auxin inhibition of the pollen tube formation by exogenous JA and MeJA at
1.0 mM concentration. JA upregulated JA-signal transduction genes
Auxin is a necessary plant hormone to initiate seed development and CoJAZ1, and CoMYC2, especially in self-pollinated styles. The results
regulate cell division (Figueiredo and Köhler, 2018). Plant development suggest that JA signal transduction plays a role in the process of pro
and physiology are regulated through the coordinated signaling path tection against self-pollination, where the JA signal triggers the molec
ways of JA and auxin. Although auxin deficiency results in the devel ular mechanism of inhibiting the growth of self-pollinating pollen tubes.
opment of very short roots, root growth inhibition might be mediated
through JA-auxin (Ursache et al., 2014). JA and auxin antagonize root 2.4. Transcription factors regulating plant stress responses
growth through JAZ–MYC2 activity. Exogenously applied auxin induces
the signaling of auxin–TIR–AUX/IAA–ARF and the JA biosynthesis. The Plant tolerance in response to stressful conditions is regulated by
endogenously produced JA initiates auxin biosynthesis through auxin transcription factors (TFs). They play crucial roles in mediating JA
synthase gene (ASA1) expression, mediating JAZ1 expression and root crosstalk and JA signaling pathways (Fig. 5). The mechanistic roles of
growth. In addition, JA initiates COI1-JAZ complex formation, which ORA59, OsGSK2, and MYC2 TFs and the various JA-associated functions
results in degradation, hence, MYB21/MYB24 transcriptional activities regulated by these TFs are discussed in this review as significant targets
and flower development (Yang et al., 2019). PLETHORA (PTL1 and for phytohormone modulation.
PTL2) gene expression is inhibited by MYC2, which signals aux
in–TIR–AUX/IAA–ARF to counteract root growth (Chen et al., 2011b). 2.5. ORA59
The development of stamens and petals is regulated by the interactions
between auxin signaling pathway components (ARF6/ARF8), JAZ in JA JA and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways impact the synergistic
signaling pathway components (MYB21/MYB24), and the level of regulation of plant defense under biotic stress. As a critical component of
endogenous JA (Qi et al., 2015b). Additionally, leaf senescence is plant immunity, phytohormone signaling necessitates the interaction of
regulated through JA positive regulation and JA-auxin antagonistic in transcription factors and transcriptional reprogramming. Octadecanoid-
teractions. JA promotes senescence through COI1, while MYC2 induces responsive Arabidopsis 59 (ORA59) functions as a critical regulator in the
leaf senescence by expressing senescence-related genes and chlorophyll interplay between JA and ET. ORA59 is a transcription factor of the IX
degradation-associated genes (Qi et al., 2015b; Zhu and Lee, 2015). ethylene response factor (IX ERF) family. It has been suggested that
Moreover, IAA29 and auxin signaling repressors positively regulated ORA59 functions as an integrator in JA/ET signaling pathways and
senescence, while JAZ4, JAZ8, and WRKY57 negatively regulated mediates defense against necrotrophic pathogens (Kim et al., 2018).
senescence (Jiang et al., 2014). The interactions of JA with phytohor Resistance to Botrytis cinerea was enhanced through the overexpression
mones are summarized in Table 1. of ORA59, which JA and ethylene regulate to induce plant defense
(Berrocal-Lobo et al., 2002). In addition, a yeast two-hybrid system was
2.3. JA-ethylene used to unravel the molecular function of ORA59 and identify another
VII ERF family member RELATED TO AP2.3 (RAP2.3) (Kim et al., 2018).
Recently, additional JA functions for enhancing plant regeneration Additionally, they elucidated an ethylene-dependent nuclear localiza
have been discovered (Zhang et al., 2021). For example, JA perception tion that plays an essential role in resistance to Pectobacterium
could reduce quiescent center (QC) quiescence in the root stem cell carotovorum.
niche (SCN) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana via the RBR-SCR Moreover, the overexpression of ORA59 antagonizes the SA-
stress protein ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR115 network (ERF115) counteracting effect on PDF1.2 expression mediated through JA (He
(Zhou et al., 2019). Thus, plant growth activation may be induced et al., 2017). ORA59 was reported to regulate the synergistic JA and
during stress circumstances via the JA biological pathway and stem cell ethylene induction of basic chitinase (b-CHI) and PDF1.2 expression
regeneration stimulation. In terms of reproductive growth, JA is essen (Pré et al., 2008). Additionally, ORA59 is activated through the synergy
tial for pollen capability, dehiscence, and stamen filament elongation between JA and ethylene. Both JA and ET promote the phosphorylation
(Thines and Mandaokar, 2013). Interestingly, male sterility in plant of ORA59, which is essential for ORA59 activity and specificity (Yang
species is a typical feature of JA deficiency. However, the opr3 and aos et al., 2021). The synergistic action in response to JA and ethylene was
mutants exhibited flaws in Arabidopsis anther and pollen development promoted through the direct binding of ORA59 to GCC boxes of the
PDF1.2 promoter (Zarei et al., 2011).
Table 1
Overview of the crosstalk among phytohormones and their functions of plant 2.6. OsGSK2
growth regulation, development, and biotic or abiotic stress responses.
Phytohormone Responses Components involved The interplay between JA and the signaling pathways of brassinos
teroids (BRs) is also critical for the developmental stages of plant and
JA–SA Biotic stress (pathogenic MAPK, MYC2, PDF 1.2, GRX,
diseases) TGAs, WRKY70, NAC TFs defense mechanisms. The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)–like and
JA–ABA Environmental factors JAZs, MYC2, AOC1, ORA47, kinase OsGSK2 (also named OsGSK7, OsSK22) function as a suppressors
(drought, cold, salinity) PYLs, VSP2, MED25, PTL1, PTL 2 of BR signaling through interactions with variable protein substrates
JA–auxin Growth and development JAZs, MYC2, TIR, AUX, IAA, such as OsBZR1, OsDLT, OsLIC, OsOFP8, and RLA1/SMOS1 (Qiao et al.,
ARF6, ARF8, ASA1, COI1,
MYB21, MYB24, IAA29,
2017; Tong et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2016). BR signaling pathways
WRKY57 regulate plant development through the phosphorylation of OsGSK2 to
JA–GA Plant defense JAZs, DELLAs, MYC2, PIF, OsOFP8, which is critical for its nuclear export to the cytoplasm and
DAD1, LOX subsequent proteasomal degradation (Yang et al., 2016). Either over
MYB21, MYB24, RGA3
expression of OsGSK2 or the inhibited expression of OsGSK2 through
JA–ET Stress responses (drought, ERFs, AP2, ORA59, ORCA, JAZs,
salinity, cold, and resistance MYC2 iRNA technology were correlated with increasing OsBZR1 phosphory
to pathogens) EIN3, EIL1, VSP2, PDF1.2., lated form levels (Tong et al., 2012). OsGSK2 acts as a positive regulator
JA-BR Growth and defense OsDI1, OsDWARF, TFs, BAK1, and enhancer of antiviral plant defense by activating JA signaling in rice
BRI1, (Oryza sativa) (He et al., 2020). In addition, OsGSK2 interacts directly
BES1, BZR1, COI1, VSP2, MYC2
with and phosphorylates OsJAZ4. That led to OsJAZ4–OsNINJA and
9
Fig. 5. An integrated view of JA biosynthesis at the molecular levels, gene expression regulation, and functional role of JA in helping plant species respond to
stressful conditions.
OsJAZ4–OsJAZ11 disruption, resulting in OsJAZ4 destabilization and JA crosstalk with other plant hormones regulates numerous enzymes
degradation. High levels of BR enhanced rice susceptibility to the and proteins, complex biological pathways, gene networks, and anti
black-streaked dwarf virus through increasing OsGSK2 activity, result oxidants that protect plant cells and tissues against destructive factors in
ing in increased levels of OsJAZ4 and decreased JA signaling (He et al., the surrounding environment. Moreover, thanks to the next-generation
2017). sequencing (NGS) technologies, novel functions of JA, and innovative
signaling pathways have been discovered, providing a new approach to
3. Summary and conclusions the function of JA in response to stressful conditions and plant devel
opmental processes. However, the signaling pathway of JA is still
Biotic and abiotic stressors affect crop quality and quantity, causing incomplete, similar to a puzzle with some missing pieces. Tran
losses globally. Therefore, plants must identify and establish critical scriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics studies will help to under
mechanisms to tolerate these harmful factors and sustain their devel stand the signal pathways of plant hormones and defensive gene
opment and persistence. Essentially, phytohormones (e.g., JA, IAA, SA) expression. Thus, knowledge of genomic clustering and plant stress
participate in plant stress defense and developmental stages by regu defense cascades will provide a better knowledge of the capability
lating stress-responsive genes and synthetic hormone pathways. In mitigation of plants under unfavorable conditions. In addition, this
addition, JA plays crucial roles in crop development at different growth knowledge will improve plant adaptability and resilience under climate
stages, including seed germination, root system formation, anther, pol change, increasing crop yield and providing novel future green agri
len development, tissue regeneration, flowering time, and stomatal culture opportunities.
closure and reopening. In general, due to the diversity of phytohormone
signalings and the numerous genes (i.e., JAZ, AOS1) involved in the JA Funding
synthetic pathways and TFs (MYC2). Therefore, further research on the
interactions among plant hormones under various environmental stress Marek Zivcak and Marian Brestic were supported by the Science
is needed to study the underlying mechanisms controlling the inhibitors Grant Agency (VEGA) of The Ministry of Education, Science, Research
and activators of JA pathways. and Sport of the Slovak Republic under the grant no. VEGA 1/0664/22.
10
The results (Fig. 4) were obtained within the state assignment of the enzyme activities and artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Protoplasma
248, 601–612.
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation,
Ahuja, I., Kissen, R., Bones, A.M., 2012. Phytoalexins in defense against pathogens.
Russia (theme No. 122050400128–1). Trends Plant Sci. 17, 73–90.
Ali, M.S., Baek, K.-H., 2020. Jasmonic acid signaling pathway in response to abiotic
stresses in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 621.
CRediT authorship contribution statement Altaf, M.A., Shahid, R., Kumar, R., Altaf, M.M., Kumar, A., Khan, L.U., Saqib, M.,
Nawaz, M.A., Saddiq, B., Bahadur, S., 2022. Phytohormones mediated modulation of
Omar A. Hewedy, Nabil I. Elsheery, Ali M. Karkour: Conceptu abiotic stress tolerance and potential crosstalk in horticultural crops. J. Plant Growth
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Methodology. Neveen Elhamouly: Software. Ghada Abd-Elmonsef physiological and biochemical changes in plants: An omic approach towards salt
Mahmoud, Mona F.-A. Dawood, Walaa E. Hussein: Validation. stress tolerance. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 156, 64–77.
Awan, S.A., Khan, I., Rizwan, M., Zhang, X., Brestic, M., Khan, A., El-Sheikh, M.A.,
Omar A. Hewedy, Nabil I. Elsheery, Ali M. Karkour, Neveen Elha
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mouly, Ramadan A. Arafa, Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud: Formal restrain polyethylene glycol-induced drought by improving the growth and
analysis. Omar A. Hewedy, Nabil I. Elsheery, Ali M. Karkour, Ghada antioxidative enzyme activities in pearl millet. Physiol. Plant. 172, 809–819.
Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud, Mona F.-A. Dawood, Walaa E. Hussein, Azeem, U., 2018. Ameliorating Nickel stress by Jasmonic acid treatment in Zea mays L.
Russ. Agric. Sci. 44, 209–215.
Abdelaziz Mansour: Investigation. Omar A. Hewedy, Nabil I. Balbi, V., Devoto, A., 2008. Jasmonate signalling network in Arabidopsis thaliana:
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Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud, Mona F.-A. Dawood: Resources. Bao, J., Lu, X., Ma, L., Zhang, X., Tian, P., Zhang, X., Li, S., Ma, S., Yang, J., Lu, Y.,
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Omar A. Hewedy, Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud, Mona F.-A. glucoraphanin and sulforaphane synthesis in methyl jasmonate treated broccoli
Dawood, Walaa E. Hussein, Abdelaziz Mansour, Dina H. Amin: (Brassica oleracea var. italica) hairy roots. J. Plant Res. 135, 757–770. https://doi.
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Barboričová, M., Filaček, A., Mlynáriková Vysoká, D., Gašparovič, K., Živčák, M.,
Omar A. Hewedy, Abdelaziz Mansour, Dina H. Amin, Marian Brestič, M., 2022. Sensitivity of fast chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to
Brestic, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Marek Zivcak: Writing − review combined heat and drought stress in wheat genotypes. Plant Soil Environ. 68,
& editing. Omar A. Hewedy, Neveen Elhamouly, Ramadan A. Arafa, 309–316.
Begum, S., Jing, S.L., Yu, L., Sun, X., Wang, E., Kawochar, M.A., Qin, J., Liu, J., Song, B.,
Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud, Mona F.-A. Dawood, Walaa E.
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Hussein, Abdelaziz Mansour: Visualization. Nabil I. Elsheery, Mona initiation and tuber bulking in potato. Plant J. 109 (4), 952–964.
F.-A. Dawood, Omar A. Hewedy, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Berger, S., Bell, E., Mullet, J.E., 1996. Two methyl jasmonate-insensitive mutants show
altered expression of AtVsp in response to methyl jasmonate and wounding. Plant
Marian Brestic, Marek Zivcak: Supervision. Nabil I. Elsheery: Project
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administration. Neveen Elhamouly, Abdelaziz Mansour, Dina H. Berrocal-Lobo, M., Molina, A., Solano, R., 2002. Constitutive expression of ETHYLENE-
Amin, Marian Brestic, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Marek Zivcak, RESPONSE-FACTOR1 in Arabidopsis confers resistance to several necrotrophic
Nabil I. Elsheery: Funding acquisition. All authors have read and fungi. Plant J. 29, 23–32.
Betti, C., Della Rovere, F., Piacentini, D., Fattorini, L., Falasca, G., Altamura, M.M., 2021.
agreed with the final version. Jasmonates, ethylene and brassinosteroids control adventitious and lateral rooting as
stress avoidance responses to heavy metals and metalloids. Biomolecules 11, 77.
Browse, J., 2005. Jasmonate: an oxylipin signal with many roles in plants. Vitam. Horm.
Declaration of Competing Interest 72, 431–456.
Browse, J., 2009. Jasmonate passes muster: a receptor and targets for the defense
hormone. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 60, 183–205.
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal re Bulgakov, V.P., Tchernoded, G.K., Veselova, M.V., Fedoreyev, S.A., Muzarok, T.I.,
lationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Zhuravlev, Y.N., 2011. Catechin production in cultured cells of Taxus cuspidata and
Marek Zivcak, Marian Brestic reports financial support was provided by Taxus baccata. Biotechnol. Lett. 33, 1879–1883.
Campos, M.L., Kang, J.-H., Howe, G.A., 2014. Jasmonate-triggered plant immunity.
Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education J. Chem. Ecol. 40, 657–675.
Science Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic. Suleyman I. Chakraborty, S., Newton, A.C., 2011. Climate change, plant diseases and food security:
Allakhverdiev reports financial support was provided by Ministry of an overview. Plant Pathol. 60, 2–14.
Chaudhry, S., Sidhu, G.P.S., 2022. Climate change regulated abiotic stress mechanisms in
Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.
plants: a comprehensive review. Plant Cell Rep. 41, 1–31.
Chavan, J.J., Kshirsagar, P.R., Jadhav, S.G., Nalavade, V.M., Gurme, S.T., Pai, S.R., 2021.
Data availability Elicitor-mediated enhancement of biomass, polyphenols, mangiferin production and
antioxidant activities in callus cultures of Salacia chinensis L. 3 Biotech 11, 1–11.
Chen, H.-Y., Hsieh, E.-J., Cheng, M.-C., Chen, C.-Y., Hwang, S.-Y., Lin, T.-P., 2016.
No data was used for the research described in the article. ORA47 (octadecanoid-responsive AP2/ERF-domain transcription factor 47)
regulates jasmonic acid and abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling through binding
to a novel cis-element. N. Phytol. 211, 599–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/
Acknowledgment nph.13914.
Chen, Q., Sun, J., Zhai, Q., Zhou, W., Qi, L., Xu, L., Wang, B., Chen, R., Jiang, H., Qi, J.,
Omar A. Hewedy was supported by a generous scholarship from the 2011a. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC2 directly represses
PLETHORA expression during jasmonate-mediated modulation of the root stem cell
Government of Egypt.
niche in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 23, 3335–3352.
Chen, Q., Sun, J., Zhai, Q., Zhou, W., Qi, L., Xu, L., Wang, B., Chen, R., Jiang, H., Qi, J.,
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Environmental and Experimental Botany 208 (2023) 105260

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Environmental and Experimental Botany

Jasmonic acid regulates plant development and orchestrates stress response

1. Introduction systems against insect attacks. In seeds, the exogenous application of JA

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