ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PRESENTATION, INSPIRATION AND MOTIVATION HAVE

ALWAYS PLAYED THE KEY ROLE FOR THE SUCCESS OF ANY
VENTURE.
I EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS TO PROF. S.A.K. AZAD,
DEAN, SOA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW,
BHUBANESWAR.
I FEEL TO ACKNOWLEDGE MY INDEBTEDNESS AND DEEP
SENSE OF GRATITUDE TO MR. PRAMOD KUMAR PANDA MY
GUIDE WHOSE VALUABLE GUIDANCE AND KIND
SUPERVISION GIVEN TO ME THROUGHOUT THE COURSE
WHICH SHAPED THE PRESENT WORK AS IT SHOW.
I AM IMMENSELY OBLIGED TO MY FRIENDS FOR THEIR
ELEVATING INSPIRATION, ENCOURAGING GUIDANCE AND
KIND SUPERVISION IN THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT.
LAST, BUT NOT THE LEAST, MY PARENTS ARE ALSO AN
IMPORTANT INSPIRATION TO ME.
SO WITH DUE REGARDS, I EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO
THEM.
 DECLARATION
I HEREBY DECLARE THAT DISSERTATION ENTITLED
“INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ORIGIN AND
DEVELOPMENT” IS THE ASSIGNMENT WORK DONE BY ME
FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT
OF DEGREE OF BALLB (H) UNDER SUPERVISION AND
GUIDANCE OF MR. PRAMOD KUMAR PANDA, LECTURE IN
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, S’O’A NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF LAW (SNIL), BHUBANESWAR , ODISHA.

THIS WORK IS ORIGINAL AND HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED

IN PART OF FULFILLMENT OF TO ANY OTHER
COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY/INSTITUTE FOR AWARD OF ANY
DEGREE/DIPLOMA/FELLOWSHIP.
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT WORK ENTITLED
“INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ORIGIN AND
DEVELOPMENT” FOR SUBMISSION AS THE DISSERTATIONS
TOWARDS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE BALLB (H) , S’O’A NATIONAL INSTITUTE LAW
(SNIL) BHUBANESWAR ,ODISHA AND SUBMITTED TO S’O’A
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW , IS A RECORD OF
ASSIGNMENT WORK CARRIED OUT BY :- SHIVANI
SAMANTARAY UNDER THE SUPERVISION GUIDANCE OF MR
PRAMOD KUMAR PANDA, LECTURER IN DEPARTMENT OF
POLITICAL SCIENCE.
INTRODUCTION
The study of the interactions between nation-states and non-
governmental organizations in subjects such as politics,
economics, and security is known as international relations
Professionals proficient in international relations, an intriguing
subject of study that gives a globally oriented perspective on
challenges that transcend national boundaries, are in high
demand in our interconnected, complicated world.

International relations is widely classified as a major sub

discipline of political science, along with comparative politics,
political theory, political methodology, and public
administration. It also often draws heavily from other fields,
including anthropology, economics, geography, law,
philosophy, sociology, and history.
International relations attempts to explain the interactions of
states in the global interstate system, and it also attempts to
explain the interactions of others whose behavior originates
within one country and is targeted toward members of other
countries. In short, the study of international relations is an
attempt to explain behavior that occurs across the boundaries
of states, the broader relationships of which such behavior is a
part, and the institutions (private, state, nongovernmental, and
intergovernmental) that oversee those interactions.
Explanations of that behavior may be sought at any level of
human aggregation. Some look to psychological and social-
psychological understandings of why foreign policymakers act
as they do. Others investigate institutional processes and
politics as factors contributing to the externally directed goals
and behavior of states. Alternatively, explanations may be
found in the relationships between and among the participants
(for example, balance of power), in the intergovernmental
arrangements among states (for example, collective security),
in the activities of multinational corporations (for example, the
distribution of wealth), or in the distribution of power and
control in the world as a single system.

DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

BY DIFFERENT SCHOLARS
“International relations is the branch of political science that
studies relations between countries of the world.” (Encarta)
“It is not only the nations seek to regulate, varied types of
groups-nations, states, governments, people, region, alliances,
confederations, international organizations, cultural
organizations, religious organizations must be dealt with in the
study of international relations if the treatment is to be made
realistic.” (Quincy Wright)
“International relations is concerned with the factors and
activities, that affect the external policies and the powers of the
basic units into that the world is divided.” (Hoffman)
“International relations is the discipline, that tries to explain
political activities across state boundaries (Trevor Tayor).

It embraces all kinds of relations traversing state boundaries,

no matter whether they are of an economic, legal, political or
any other character, whether they be private or official, and all
human behavior originating on one side of a state boundary
International relations studies foreign relations, diplomacy.
agreements and pacts, international law, international
organizations, inter-state interaction, war and peace,
international justice and alliances etc. pacts, international law,
international organizations, inter-state interaction, war and
peace, international justice and alliances etc.
ORIGIN OF
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
In ancient times, Aristotle said: “Man by nature and necessity is
a social animal.” A man who can live without other beings is
either a God or a beast. In modern times we can safely say that
no nation or country can live in isolation. The co-existence of
nations is the order of the day.

No doubt, every nation is independent and sovereign;

nevertheless, it counts on other nations of the world in several
respects. Cordial relations and understanding among nations
have become an important phenomenon of modern life.
International Relations have thus assumed great pragmatic and
academic significance in present times.

Though International Relations as an academic discipline is of a

recent origin, relations among nations were as old a
phenomenon as history. There were inter-tribal inter-city-state
and inter Kingdom relations even in the ancient age. One can
find incidental references to war and peace issues in the
religious texts and epic literature of ancient times, mostly with
the pacifist approach.

Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, the Sumerian, the

Assyrian, the Indian, the Chinese, the Greeks,s and the Rom had
evolved a distinct code of inter-state conduct and a pattern of
international relations. Out of the Fifteen Books of Kautilya’s
Arthashastra, one was devoted exclusively to diplomacy.

But in the ancient world, international relations were incidental

sporadic, and limited in nature. Mostly they were not global but
merely regional in character. They were actually not
international relations of the true sense of the term. They can,
at best, be described as parochial and occasional interstate
relations.

With the Renaissance and the reformation, international

relations assumed a new character. After the Peace of West-
Phalia in 1648, statehood became an ideal unit of humanity.
With this, territorial sovereign and nation-state emerged as a
basic political unit and an effective international relations actor.
These sovereign states were very much aware of their
independence, yet they were also conscious of the reality of
interdependence in the modern world.

Modern international relations began to grow in the

paradoxical situation of independence and inter-dependence,
separateness and closeness, individuality and mutuality,
nationalism and internationalism. They continued to develop as
a process of cooperation and conflict.

There was a manifold increase in the wants and needs of the

various countries after the industrial Revolution. It was
considered after the industrial Revolution; relations were a
considerable improvement in transport and communications.
Trade, transit, and transactions between the nations became
the order of the day. Scientific and technological revolutions of
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries further brought the
nations nearer and closer. All these developments made
international relations more regular, more comprehensive,
more valuable day by day.

Their character became more and more global and broadened

instead of regional and narrower. Industrial and scientific
innovations had an impact on war technology and armaments.
The trauma of the First World War, together with the demand
for democratic control of foreign policy, stimulated the public
urge to better understand foreign relations. The issues of war
and peace came to the forefront. These developments
attracted people’s attention to the growing importance of
international relations and provided the ground for creating
international relations as an academic discipline.

Growth of International Relations as a Subject The earliest text

on International Relations for the first time, was written by the
Greek historian Thucydides (430-406 B.C), The Peloponnesian
War was introduced with the establishment of the Woodrow
Wilson chair of International Relations in 1919 at the University
College of Wales, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom. Alfred
Zimmern was the first holder of this chair. C.K. Webster and
E.H.Carr were among the early scholars of this discipline. This
subject was offered in European and American Universities
from the 1920s.
Simultaneously at several other places, chairs of International
Relations were established such as in Hebrew University,
Jerusalem (1929), Oxford University (1930), the London
Academically, the study of International Relations School of
Economics (1936) and the University of Edinburgh (1948).
The First World War had a deep impact on the development of
this new subject in social sciences. Before the First World War,
according to Alfred Zimmern, "There was no teaching of the
subject as such, and very little conscious study. Grant, Hughes,
Greenwood, Kerr and Urguhart wrote the first textbook on
International Relations entitled, An Introduction to the Study of
International Relations, (1916, Britain). A few developments
around the globe like establishment of a School of Foreign
Service at Georgetown University in 1919, U.S.A; Independent
School of International Relations at the University of Southern
California in 1924; the Institute of Advanced International
Studies in Paris (1923); the Carnegie Endowment for
International Peace at Washington, D.C (1910); the Union of
Democratic Control in England (1914); Foreign Policy
Association and the Council on Foreign Relations in New York
(1918); Royal Institute of International Affairs in London (1920)
further helped in the development of IR. Several institutes in
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Pakistan were
affiliated with the above institute. Further, with the
establishment of some more institutes in International Affairs
such as New Commonwealth Institute in London (1934),
renamed as the London Institute of World Affairs; the Institute
of International Affairs in Paris in 1935; Indian Council of World
Affairs in India in 1943 also played a great role in the
development of IR. Thus, in the early 20th century,
International Relations became a discrete academic field within
Political Science. In practice, International Relations was carried
out as a separate academic program me or as a subsection of
Political Science. The courses taught therein were highly
interdisciplinary in nature.
This subject was developing day by day. In the contemporary
period, cordial relations and mutual understanding among
states have greater significance for the progressive
development of each nation. This resulted in providing
independent status to ‘International Relations’.

International relations arose around the turn of the twentieth

century, mostly in the West, and particularly in the United
States, as that country’s strength and influence expanded. The
study of international relations was started by the Soviet Union
that was newly formed and later communist China by officially
imposing the Marxist ideology, the area boomed in the West as
a result of a number of factors: a increasing requirement for
non-lethal and highly beneficial ways of conducting connections
among the people, governments, societies, and economies; a
hike of research and writing and research influenced by the
faith that is ideal and systematically observed to an inquiry that
could lead to more effective outcomes; and a surge of writing
and research.

The old concept that military and foreign affairs should be the
sole domain of monarchs and many other important people
gave way with a thought that such issues were a major concern
and duty for all citizens. The idea that a good amount of
literacy, education and understanding should include foreign
affairs instruction and also that understanding must be
progressed in the best interest of greater public oversight and
control of foreign and military policy was reinforced by the
increasing popularization of international relations.
DEVELOPMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Stages of development of
International Relations
As a well defined academic discipline, International Relations
emerged in the first half of the twentieth century. Kenneth
Thompson illustrated a very comprehensive picture of different
stages of International Relations which could be enumerated as
follows:
The first stage can be termed as historical approach where
more emphasis was laid on historical analysis rather than on
the political study of international events. However, this
historical approach could not develop a theoretical core for the
discipline.
The second stage can be labeled as contemporaneous stage
when more emphasis was laid on contemporary issues rather
than on history. It emerged after the end of First World War.
This approach totally neglected past, it was also partial.
The third stage began during the inter-war period when there
occurred a paradigm shift from the historical and
contemporaneous to a moralistic-legalistic approach. Scholars
emphasized a war-free world order and suggested creation of
organizations like League of Nations. However, this approach
was too idealistic and ignored the hard realities of international
life.
The fourth stage commenced after the end of the Second
World War in 1945. Now there was a shift from merely praising
or condemning different states’ behavior but to discover the
causes behind such behavior. The emphasis was now more on
understanding. This shift in international relations in the fourth
stage was the outcome of decolonization, emergence of new
nation-states, rise of new universal values, demographic change
etc. This shift gave birth to the Realist school which believed
that power was a means, as well as end in itself. International
politics was nothing but a struggle for power. Morgenthau
became its chief proponent.

The fifth stage started from the mid-sixties to the seventies

when international organization, trans-national institutions and
multinational corporations were added to the study of
International Relations, which resulted in the coming of Neo-
liberal school of thought. Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
emerged as its chief proponents who stressed upon
interdependence, security communities, transnational
economic cooperation and creation of an international regime.
Kenneth Thompson opined that the dependency theorists
reacted to many of the same international economic changes
as neoliberals, but in a negative sense that was dependence not
positive-interdependence. These changes resulted in increased
intervention by the US in the affairs of Third World countries to
fulfill her own economic interests.
This further widened the gap between the world’s rich and
poor countries leading to North-South conflict and thus
generating new debate on the global political agenda. Thus for
the first time, in this stage, the South demanded the
establishment of a New International Economic Order (NIEO)
which became a subject of analysis in international relations.
Another development of this stage was the revival of peace
studies. The issues of global stability, world order and control of
global violence now got predominance in the international
relations.

The sixth stage may be counted from the late seventies to the
first half of eighties. In this period, the efficacy of detente was
questioned and 'New cold war’ emerged which changed the
whole scenario. On the one hand, the Soviet Union intervened
in Afghanistan, on the other, US President Reagan threatened
the world by talking of star war programme. The whole world
got worried about its effect on the environment and ecology.
Hence, ecological and environmental issues now became the
dominant subjects of international relations. In the same
period, Kenneth Waltz formulated the neorealist theory and
transformed the abstract principles of classical realism with a
more concrete theory of realism making it more acceptable and
much closer to a scientific study of international relations.
The Neorealist theory argued for managing and manipulating
the new cold war in the 1980s.
With the emergence of the steady process of multi-
polarization , the scholars of the United States especially
showed interest in third world countries. Area studies were
undertaken by different universities in the US and Britain. In
many cases, for field data researchers were sent to the third
world countries. But the Western theories of international
relations were challenged by the scholars of the third world
countries. They questioned the relevance and suitability of
these theories to the underdeveloped countries which
constitute the two-thirds majority of the UN membership.
The seventh stage began in 1985 with Mikhail Gorbachev’s new
political thinking, which recognized "balance of interests" in
place of the balance of power, co-operation instead of
confrontation, disarmament in place of armament,
internationalization instead of nationalization and détente in
place of cold war." With the advent of this ‘new political
Thinking’, international relations entered into a new era putting
emphasis on peaceful coexistence and equal security for all. At
first, the US is suspicious about these new moves, but later on,
it responded positively to this ‘new political thinking’. During
this period, since the realist and liberalist debate disappeared,
the postmodernists came to fill the vacuum.
Post-modernists or reflectivity argued that norms and regimes
could not be studied in a positivist framework based on
objectivity, but has to be analyzed as an inter-subjective
phenomenon. This new trend in the 1980s was known as post-
positivism. It contained four major currents: critical theory;
post-modern Marxism; post-modernism and post-modern
feminism.
The eighth stage began with the disintegration of the Soviet
Union. Republics of the USSR and Yugoslavia became
independent states. The supremacy of the US paved the way
for the unipolar world as it remained the only superpower. The
third world countries and the countries of the erstwhile
disintegrated communist bloc started seeking economic aid
from the Western countries and especially from the US. The US
started pressurizing these countries to accept its terms and
conditions for economic aid.
Thus, through the description of the above eight-stages,
Thompson had aptly analyzed how international relations
developed from normative theory to causal theory, from
idealism to realism, from realism to behaviouralism and
scientism, neoliberalism to radicalism (globalism), neorealism
to post-positivism and so on.

In the post-cold war period, there were several issues which

gained significance in the study of international relations. Some
of these were: importance of non-state actors, energy crisis,
terrorism, globalization, the fear of third world war,
technological development, increasing role of trans-national
organizations, non-traditional security threats, the North-South
debate, environmental degradation, rise of world oligarchy and
world mass, nuclearization, expansion of weapons of mass
destruction, etc.
However, in spite of the fact that the study of international
relations remained no more state-centric and added many new
areas in its scope, it had not yet given due consideration to the
issue of gender. Women had throughout been ignored in the
realm of international politics, their voices had not been heard,
their representation in various decision-making and policy
making bodies had been minimal, yet these issues had been
totally overlooked in the study of international relations.
Role of League
The League of Nations also played a role in developing
International Relations as a separate subject. The league
encouraged the study by its work as a form in international
discussions and sponsoring a series of International Studies
Conferences through its Institute of International Cooperation.
The Geneva Institute of International Relations served as an
intermediary between the League and the growing subject of
International Relations on the level of Universities.

After the Second World War

This total war once more exhibited the costly and perilous
character of the institution of war. It underlined the compelling
need to improve inter-state relations techniques for the
survival of the human race. During this war, the military
installations in different parts of the world created the
necessity to develop area studies as an effective direction mark
to assist the army personnel. This area study became a
breakthrough in the discipline of International Relations.

With the end of the Second World War came nuclear

technology, the U. N. O, and political independence to Asia,
Africa, and Latin America. Nuclear proliferation completely
changed the factors governing international relations. The
question of war and peach became the key issue for humanity.
The political and military impacts of nuclear energy have
opened up new frontiers for International Relations study. In
fact, this study has already moved from a mere academic
curiosity to the very defense of human civilization in a nuclear
age.

The creation of a universal organization United nations and its

specialized Agencies have given an additional stimulus to the
development of the study of International Relations. The
UNESCO-sponsored conference of representatives of
Universities in 1948 gave a call to establish a department chair
for systematic teaching, study, and research of International
Relations. UNESCO has also sponsored The University Teaching
of Social Sciences. International Relations and this International
survey were edited by Professor Manning of the University of
London in 1954.

Asian, African, and Latin American countries gained political

freedom after the Second World War. With the emergence of
these new states, the scope of International Relations
expanded. International Relations no longer remained the
exclusive preserve of Europe and the West. The domination of
Europe in the last four hundred years came to an end.
International Relations truly assumed an international
character. This horizontal expansion of International Relations
has led to International Relations courses and departments in
all new countries. These newly independent states had to
develop foreign relations afresh, which required the
International Relations discipline development.

Along with the horizontal expansion of International Relations,

new frontiers were discernible on the vertical side. The
socioeconomic and cultural-ideological aspects of interstate
relations, the problems, and economic development programs
demonstrate the vertical developments in post-Second World
War international relations. Some of the international problems
are erosion of national sovereignty and the phenomenon of
trans-nationality, world oligarchy, and world mass the problem
of rich ‘North’ and poor ‘South’ in international society, the
threat of nuclear capabilities and the problem of
demilitarization, the protection of the human environment and
the alternative restructuring of the international system.3

The tendency of revolt against the existing sovereignty and an

urge for distribution of power and authority the world over
seems to have acquired a global dimension. By 1989, this
tendency has even crept into the once highly regimented and
centrally controlled part of the world, the Soviet Union, and
East Europe. The international systems have also developed
natural resistance to the malaise of national sovereign powers’
political exclusivity. The working of various non-government,
trans-nations and supra nations agencies are indicative of it.

The emergence of international agencies such as GATT (General

Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), IMF (International Money
Fund), and the IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development) has made possible a collaborative structure of
the world economy. These certainly show a trend from
“transnationality” to “internationality.” The proliferation of
multi-nation corporations (MNC) is another evidence of an
economic enterprise’s expanding trend beyond national
boundaries. The U. N specialized agencies FAO, ICAO, ILO, IUU,
UPU, WHO, UNESCO, etc., are also contributing their might to
the various aspects of human life.

There is a combination of collaboration and collision in the

relationship between the world oligarchy and masses, though
collaboration arises out of expediency than mutual admiration.
The worlds rich regularly attract allies from the world’s poor to
widen their sphere of influence and consolidate their position
in the oligarchy’s factional rivalry. This they do with the help of
massive economic and military aid to the world’s poor. On their
part, the poor also chose allies among the oligarchy and, during
the process, often succeed in demonstrating how ably the weak
can use the power for achieving the desired goals. The small
powers have more than once asserted that they require
“Friends no Masters,” and they want to be partners and not
satellites.

Despite the collaborative nature of oligarchy mass

relationships, there certainly prevails a big gap between the
rich and the poor. This gap is increasing day by day. Economic
inequality between the rich North and the poor South became
another important world issue in the seventies and eighties.
Poor Third World countries of the South raised the demand for
new and just international economic order (NIEO). The need for
disarmament and DE-nuclearization has been felt by the world
community. Several partial steps have also been taken in this
direction by the UN as well as by the big powers, yet the
problems call for multi-tier efforts for its solution. SALT, START,
and INF, etc., are to be strengthened.
The larger issue of environmental protection is another aspect
of contemporary international politics that has been troubling
practically every thinking person and community globally. The
environmental problem is primarily being viewed as a global
concern. Similarly, the World Order Models Project (WOMP)
has been another international trend both as an institution and
an intellectual tradition. It is a trans-nations research endeavor
initially intended to explore the elimination of war as a human
social institution. Later on, many distinguished scholars and
thinkers from various nationalities joined it to project issues
and the problem of global reform, both political and not
political. In brief, the WOMP is for searching the “normative
basis and the constitutive structure of the global community.”
 CONCLUSION
In a globalised society, the Importance of
International Relations
Although our more linked world has given international
relations a new meaning, it is far from a novel notion. Treaties
between states were the first form of international relations in
the history of the world.

In today’s society, studying and practising international

relations is beneficial for a variety of reasons:

 International relations help successful state-to-state

trading strategy.
 International relations promotes commerce, tourism, and
immigrant travel, giving individuals an opportunity to
better their life.

International relations allow governments to collaborate, pool

resources, and share information to address global issues that
impact more than one country or region. Pandemics, terrorism,
and the environment are all current worldwide concerns.

International relations enriches human culture through cultural

exchanges, diplomacy, and policy development.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://unacademy.com/content/karnataka-psc/study-
material/polity/all-about-international-relations/

https://study.com/learn/lesson/international-relations-
overview-topics.html

https://www.politicalscienceview.com/international-relations-
origin-growth/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-relations
NAME:-SHIVANI SAMANTARAY
ENROLLMENT ID:-2241802125
SUBMIT TO:-MR. PRAMOD KUMAR PANDA
TOPIC NAME:-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: ORIGIN AND
DEVELOPMENT
SECTION:-B

CONTENTS
1] INTRODUCTION
2] ORIGIN OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
3] DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
4] ROLE OF LEAGUE
5] AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR
6] CONCLUSION
7] BIBLIOGRAPHY