PHYLUMS

Svamper <3
Basic animals with no specialized organs. But they are filter feeders that
suck up plankton and other organic matter.

Radial symmetry is not a characteristic of phylum porifera (quiz review

2023)
Segmented worms
Segmented worms have advantages in terms of movement compared to
non-segmented worms. They have localized muscle contractions and
specialized body regions, making their movement more efficient and
effective.
Explanation:
Segmented worms have several advantages over non-segmented worms
when it comes to movement. One advantage is that each segment of a
segmented worm has its own nerve and muscle tissues, allowing localized
muscle contractions to move only the segments needed for a particular
motion. This makes their movement more efficient compared to non-
segmented worms. Another advantage is that segmentation allows for
specialization of different body regions, enabling segmented worms to carry
out particular functions more effectively.

Include earth worms and leches.

It is a large phylum
Worms with a digestive system
Closed circulatory system, and a nerves system.
Have a true coelom (body cavity)
C: Segmentation, Coelom, Closed circulatory system, Parapodia.
The round worms, ihabits bizzare places (parasitic) tho some free-living.
Small, slender worms.

Parasites: Most have a complex life cycle with more than one host.
There are more parasitic species than free-living host.
Most animal phyla have a parasitiv species representative.
Flat worms, ribbon shaped wormes that can absorbe food and oxygen
through their skin by diffusion. Some can regenerate if cut in half.
Snails, clams, slugs, squids and their relatives.
Largest marine phylum.23% of named marine organisms.
They have a mantle, a significant cavity used for breathing.
AND a radula (spikey tounge) and a nerve system.
Largest animal phylum.
Exoskeleton
Crabs
Segmentation, Jointed appendages, exoskeleton, highly developed sensory
organs.

Phyla Tardigrada
Microscopic “water bears” or “moss animals”
They are found everywhere on eart! (deep sea, hot springs, mountain tops
and space)
Can survive desiccation (uttørking)
The evolutionary group is not well resolved, but they seem to be a sister
group to arthropods and phylum Phoronida (horseshoe worms, not shown)

Phyla Arthropoda
Bilateral symmetry, coelomate, segmented bodies, exoskeleton, jointed
appendages (movement, walking, swimming, feeding, sensing)

Have paired venteral nerve cords and fused ganglia for a brain. (Ganglia is
a collection of neuronal bodies found in the voluntary and autonomic
breanches of the peripheral nervous system, and can be thought of as
synaptic relay stations between neurons. The information enters the
ganglia, excites the neuron in the ganglia and then exits)

Open circulatory system ( meaning they lack blood vessels)

Sensory organs (antennae, compounds, eyes, sensory hairs, sensilla)
How their body is segmented:
Head: sensory, eating, neural function.
Thorax: locomotion, respiration.
Abdomen: locomotion (legs reduced or absent in some taxa)
Head and thorax combines in some taxa to form CEPHALOTHORAX.

The exoskeleton is made out of chitin. Is sometimes mineralized with

calcium carbonate
Advantages to exoskeleton is that they have great protection.
The disadvantages is that they must molt to grow (and in some species
mate)

Extinct:
Imporant ones:

Internal anatomy functions:

Cardiac stomach: used for mechanical break down of food. Has little
theeth used for food grinding.
Pyloric stomach: used for chemical digestion.
Antennary (green) gland: excretory organ used in osmotic regulation.
Consists of aa sac, labyrinth and bladder.
Open circulatory system

Vision:
Compound eyes, eye composed of units called ommatidium (facets).
Ommatidium contain clusters of photoreceptor cells surrounded by support
cells and pigment cells.

The outer part of the ommatidum is overlaid with a transparent cornea

Mantis shrimp have 16 photoreseptors (human have 3, red blue green)

Statocysts: paired balance sensory receptors. Located at the base of the

antennules in decapods (crabs, lobsters)
Located in base of the uropods of euphasids (mysid shrimp)

Sensilla: smell, long-range smell (olfaction). Concentrated in the antennae.

Bimodal sensilla: short-range or contact sensilla. Chemosensory (taste)
and mechansensory (touch). Found all over the body but mostl
concentrated on two pairs of antennae, on mouthparts and legs.

Life cycle: Larval stages usually planktonic. Undergo different molts and
change morphology.
Zoea: Large dorsal spine, thoracic swimming, legs in decapoda

parthenogenic (female only)

Sjøstjerner, kråkeboller
Deuterostome
Endoskeleton
Poor sensory organs
Asexual and sexual reproduction
Maneter
Characteristics:
A mouth surrounded by tentacles
Cnidocytes
Nematocyst
No anus

Bilateral symmetry, Coelom, Deuterostome, Notochord

Fishes
Subphylum Vertebrata
Three major extant group of fishes:
-Subphylum Agnatha (jawless, lampreys and hagfish)
- Class Chondrichthyes: jawed, cartilaginous fishes like sharks, skates, rays
and chimeras.
- Super class Osteichthyes: bony fishes.

Class Scaropterygii is primitive fishes like lungfish, coelacanth, sturgeon

and tetrapods.
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes, most fishes.

Lacks true jaws: Agnata

Notochord in larvae and adults
Cartilaginous skeleton (brusk)
Seven or more paired gill pouches.
Fertilization and development are both external.
Covered by skin, no scales.

Class Chondrichthyes:
- Skeletons composed of cartilage
- Jawed, theet and vertebrae sometimes calcified.
- Lack a gas bladder
- Paired fins (pectoral)
Subclass Elasmobranchii: Sharks, rays, skates and sawfish (placoid
scales)
Subclass Holocephali: chimeras

Osteichthyes: Bein fisk

Jaws, bony skeleton, gas bladder for buoyancy (respiration in primitive
fishes)
>30 000 species, 96% are bony fish
59% are marine.

EXTERNAL ANTOMY:
Dorsal/anal fins: stabilizers
Paired pelvic and pectoral fins: steering and balance
Caudal fin: thrust, lift in sharks
Adipose fin (salmonids/catfish)
Scales: Placoid (bruskfisk), Ganoid scales (nonteleost bony fishes), cycloid
scales (teleost fishes, laks), Ctenoid scales (teleost fishes)
MUNN:
jaws:
Oral jaws- for opening the mouth, biting and manipulating food.
Pharyngeal jaws- grinding, further mastication of food. Moray eels can
protrude their pj
Cichlids have a diversity of pharyngeal jaws based on their ecological
specialization.

GILLS:
Pouches/velum mebrane, slits, arches (covered by operculum).
Rakers:
Bony or cartilaginous projections from gill arch used to strain food.

Small food: thin, densely packed gill rakers, e.g filter feeders.
Large food: Wider, spaced gill rakers, e.g carnivores.
Respiration:
Water flows or pumped over the gills, Gills have lamellae (thin capillaries)
to increase surface area.
Counter current exchange- Deoxygenated blood is pumped into the gills.
Increases the efficiency of respiratory gas exchange.
Some species use RAM VENTILATION:
Swimming with mouth open forcing water over gills
More efficient at high speeds
Facultative ram breathers (remoras, some shark)
Obligate ram breathers ( great white, whale shark, tuna, sword fish,
billfish).

Digestive system:
Mouth does the mechanical digestion, chewing, swallowing.
Pharynx receives food, pharyngeal teeth continues mechanical breakdown.
Esophagus: secretes mucus that lubricates and protects the wall during
food transportation.
Stomach is food reservoir and site of chemical digestion.
Intestine is site of absorption of nutrients and water.
(intestine can differ in classes)
Elasmobranchs(shark skate ray ect) – Spiral valve that increases surface
for absorption
Teleosts: intestine is connected to pyloric caeca, fingerlike projections that
may play a role in secreting digestive enzymes.
The rectum is the end of tract. Teleosts have an anal sphincter,
elasmobranchs have cloaca.

LIVER: Absorbs nutrients from the small intestine and produces bile which
helps digest fat, stores glycogen, detoxification, used in buoyancy in
sharks(jaw brusk fisk).
SPLEEN: is important for immunofunction.
GALL BLADDER: Stores bile and releases it into the intestine.
Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes most teleosts is the pancreas
dispersed throughout the fatty tissue around the pyloric caeca.
Rekrutering:

Handler om klekkingen, om de klekker i en tid eller plass hvor det er mat

tilgjengelig eller ikke.

Livs historie:
Anadrome: klekkes i ferskvann, bruker mesteparten av livet i marine miljø
og returnerer så til ferskvann for gyting.

Eustary (brakkvann)

Catadromy: Klekkes i marine miljø, bruker mesteparten av livet i ferskvann

og returnerer til havet for å gyte.

Semelparity: gyter en gang så dauer de.

Iteroparity: flere gytinger (forskjellige reproduktive sesonger)

True jaws: Holocephalii, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

Cartilaginous skeleton: Holocephalii

Bony skeleton: Osteichthyes

Not bony: Holocephalii, Agnatha, Chondrichthyes (jawed cartilaginous
fishes: shark, skates, rays chimeras)

Vertebrate jaws evolved out of: Pharyngeal slits

Elasmobranchii (Sharks, skates, rays)

Have ampullae of lorenzini for detecting prey with electrosensing, Their
body tissues are isosmotic to the external environment, have a rectal
gland for salt excretion, have a lateral line system.
Oceanography
The Corilois effect drives currents in a clockwise direction in the Northern
Hemisphere

Thermoclines are rapid changes in temperature with depth.

Costal upwelling, Brings cold nutrient-rich water up from the deep ocean.

Fjords are deep, influenced by freshwater, formed by glaciers. They are

NOT well connected to the ocean currents

Ocean currents are driven by: Gravity, Wind and Density.

Movement-
- Wind driven circulation.
- Density/buoyancy-driven circulation
- Deep circulation
- Tides and waves

Continental margins
They consist of massive wedges of sediment eroded from the land and
deposited along the continental edge. Can be divided into three parts.
 - The continental shelf.
- The continental slope.
- The continental rise.

Deep ocean province: is between the continental margins and the mid-
oceanic ridge. Includes a variety of features from mountains to flat plains.
- Abyssal plains
- Abyssal hills
- Seamounts
- Deep sea trenches.
The midoceanic ridge province: consists of a continuous submarine
mountain range. It covers about one third of the ocean floor. Extends for
about 60,000km around the earth.

Typical sediments in different ocean regions:

Ways to divide the ocean: Netric, Pelagic, Oceanic, Photic, Aphotic,

Benthic.
Photic zone: water column penetrated by sunlight – photosynthesis.
Aphotic: below light penetration and perm dark.
PAR- photosynthetically active radiation
Long waves- first, short waves- last, in open ocean blue light penetrates
the deepest.

The water appears yellow to green because particles reflect these

wavelengths. (in turbid costal waters light rarely penetrates deeper than
20m)

Water have a high heat capacity.

Hydrogen bonds contribute to: high solubility of chemical compounds,
unusual thermal properties.

Thermocline is also a vertical distribution of temperature. Temperatures

changes rapidly with depth.

Salinity = concentration of dissolved salts in the ocean

Relative proportions of the ions are constant.

Bcus of this, only necessary to test for one salt ion to determine the total
amount of salt present.

Halocline: Salinity changes rapidly with depth.

Pycnocline: density changes rapidly with depth

Stratification: Layering of water masses depending on their density.

Stable stratifaction: d increases with depth “water column is stratified”
Unstable st: a dense layer is lying above less dense layer (mixing will
occur)
Determinated by temperature
Polar: salinity often determines stratification.

Spring tides occur, when moon and sun are 0/180 DEGREES, from one
another.

The North Atlantic current is a continuation of the gulf stream, strong

warm and saline water, influences marine productivity.
Life

The man who originally proposed the idea of evolution by “survival of the
fittest” in the Orgin of the Species (1859) was: Charles Darwin.

Organisms that float to the surface of the water: Pleuston

Covergent evolution is: The independent evolution of similar structures in

different species.

Diel vertical migration is when zooplankton go to the surface during the

night to feed and return to deep water to hide from predators. (think about
octapus and light)
Tropic cascades are indirect interactions that affect the ecosystem.

The Genotype is: The genes that an organism possesses.

Sexual selection: It was originally proposed by Darwin. It is responsible for

the elaborate traits and behaviors of many organisms, It is comprised of
intrasexual selection (mate competition) and intersexual selection (mate
choice)

Sympatric speciation occurs when two species diverge within the same
habitat.

A genetic method for identifying species diversity is eDNA.