Human Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction
Some technical terms:-
A. Zygote
it is a single celled diploid structure that is formed after fertilisation.
B. Fertilisation:-
 It is the process of fusion of two haploid gametes to form a
diploid cell called zygote.
 Depending upon the place of fusion of gametes, fertilisation is of
two types- external and internal.
C. Gametes:-
They are reproductive or sex cells which take part in sexual
reproduction.
D. Menstrual cycle
 It is a series of cyclical changes which occur in the reproductive
system of human females.
 The average duration of menstrual cycle is 28 days.
E. Menstruation
 it is discharge of blood mucus and broken thick and spongy lining
of the uterus .
 It occurs, when the ovum is not fertilized.
 It does not occur during pregnancy.
F. Gestation period
 The period from fertilization till the birth of the baby is known as
Gestation period.
 It is 40 weeks or 280 days or nine months.
G. Parturition
The act of giving birth to a baby is known as parturition.
H. Semen
 It is Milky alkaline fluid which is released by males.
 It consists of sperm along with the secretions from the seminal
vesicle and prostate gland.
I. Ovulation
 The release of ovum from the ovary at around the 14th day of
the menstrual cycle is known as ovulation.
 It occurs around 13-14th day of menstrual cycle.
Human Reproduction
 Puberty
a. The age at which sex hormones begin to be produced and the
individual begins development for sexual maturity is known as
puberty.
b. It occurs at the age of 10 to 12 years for girls and 12 to 14 years
for boys.
 Adolescence
a. It is the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood.
b. The period between the first sign of puberty and attainment of
complete sexual maturity is known as adolescence.
 Common changes in boys and girls during puberty
a. Skin becomes oily and pimples may develop on face
b. Growth of pubic hair under the armpits and genital aea
c. Fine hairs appear on legs ,arms and face.
d. Increased production and secretion of sweat.
 Changes in the girls during puberty
a. Broadening of pelvis
b. high pitched voice
c. Increase in the size of breast
d. Beginning of menstruation
e. deposition of fat on thighs and buttocks.
 changes in boys during puberty
a. growth of beard and moustache.
b. broadening of shoulders
c. growth of larynx
d. strengthening of pelvis
e. low pitched cracking voice
f. Low pitched cracking voice
Male reproductive system
It consists of
 A pair of testis
 Epididymis
 Vas deferens
 Seminal vesicles
 Prostate gland
 Penis
A. Testis
 It is male gonad or primary male sex organ
 it lies outside the abdominal cavity in a pouch called
scrotum.
 Testis is located outside the abdominal cavity because
formation of sperm requires a lower body temperature (2-
2.5 °C)than the normal body temperature.
 Function of testis
a. To produce male gamete,sperm.
b. To secrete male sex hormone testosterone.
B. Epididymis
 It is a long tubule whose one end is connected to testis
and the other vas deferens.
 It stores and nourishes the sperm.
C. Vas deferens
 It is a thick muscular tube which joins urethra .
 It conducts the sperm hence it is a secondary sex organ
D. Seminal vesicles
 It is a gland which adds its secretion(plasma) to the
sperm.
 The secretions provides nourishment to the sperm.
E. Prostate gland
 Secretion of prostate gland provides motility to the sperm.
 Secretion is alkaline in nature.
F. Penis
 It is the male copulatory organ.
 Through urethral opening it releases sperm outside the
body.
Female Reproductive system
It consists of
 A pair of ovaries
 A pair of fallopian tube or oviduct
 Uterus
 Cervix
 Vagina
A. Ovaries
 It is the female gonad or primary sex organ.
 It lies inside the abdominal cavity near the kidneys.
 Function of ovaries
a. To produce female gamete,ovum
b. To secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and
progesterone.
B. Fallopian tube
 They are curved tubes which open into the uterus .
 It is the site of fertilisation in humans.
C. Uterus
 It is a muscular thick walled bag like organ.
 It is the site of implantation.
 It nourishes the foetus during pregnancy.
 It undergoes changes during menstrual cycle.
D. Cervix
 It connects uterus to vagina.
E. Vagina
 It is the female copulatory organ.
 It also serves as birth canal and passage for menstrual
blood.
Fertilisation in humans
 In humans,internal fertilisation occurs.

 Semen discharged in the vagina of females contains millions of sperm.
Sperms discharged In female genital tract travel to all the parts and
finally reach fallopian tube.
 One of the sperm fuses with the egg cell to form zygote..
 The fusion of sperm with the egg cell resulting in the formation of
zygote is called fertilisation.
 Fertilisation occurs in fallopian tube.
Development of embryo
 Zygote undergoes repeated division to form a ball of cells called

embryo.
 Embryo descends into the uterus and finally gets implanted into the
uterine wall.
 The embryo develops to form foetus.
 The foetus is connected to the mother through a disc shaped
structure called placenta.
 Placenta-
It is a disc shaped structure which connects mother to the foetus
through umbilical cord.
 It has finger-like outgrowths or villi which are in contact with blood
sinuses present in the uterine wall.
 Function of placenta:
a. Attachment- Placenta attaches the foetus to uterine wall.
b. Villi.-Placenta has finger-like outgrowths or villi which develop
a large surface area for fixation and absorption.
c. Nutrients- Placenta picks up nutrients from mother's blood
and passes it to the blood of the foetus.
d. Waste Products- Waste products produced by the foetus pass
out through the placenta into mother's blood.
e. Gases- Foetus obtains oxygen supply from mother's blood
and eliminates carbon dioxide through placenta.
 The foetus when matures is delivered through birth canal. This is called
Parturition .
Note:-
A. Mention the changes that take place in the
uterus prior to ovulation.
The changes that take place in uterus prior to
ovulation are-
a. The uterine wall becomes thick and spongy.
b. It is surrounded by numerous blood vessels.
B. What happens when the ovum is fertilized?
When the ovum is fertilized one called structure called
zygote is formed. The zygote undergoes repeated
division to form embryo which later develops to form
foetus.
C. What happens when the ovum is not fertilized?
When the ovum is not fertilized, menstruation occurs.
Or
When the ovum is not fertilized,ovum becomes dead
and degenerates,The thick and spongy wall of the
uterus r alongwith the blood vessels ruptures and
come out from the female body in the form of vaginal
bleeding.
D.
E. Differences between male and female gamete
F.
Reproductive health:-
It is the state of physical,mental and social fitness to lead a responsible safe

and satisfying reproductive life.
Advantages:-
a. It prevents occurence of sexually transmitted diseases.

b. It provides awareness about various fertility regulating methods.
c. It helps in family planning.
Need for family planning
A. Due to rapid increase in population, various resources cannot

be made available to all the citizens by the government.
B. Standard of living will not be able to be raised.
C. In a family with more no. Of children, parents cannot look
after each child properly and are unable to meet their
requirements.
Contraception:
Prevention of pregnancy is called contraception.
Contraceptive devices:
 The techniques which prevents occurrence of pregnancy are called

contraceptive devices.
 The various contraceptive methods are:
A. Mechanical methods
B. IUCD
C. Chemical method
D. Surgical method
A. Mechanical methods / Barrier method
 They prevent Conception by preventing sperms from entering
uterus
 Physical devices such as condoms(by males) and diaphragm
(by females) are used.
 It is the only contraception method which provides
protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
B. IUCD
 It stands for Intra uterine contraceptive devices.
 These devices are generally made-up of plastic metal or its
combination.
 these devices are inserted by trained professionals into the
uterus and they help in destroying the sperms and prevent
their passage into fallopian tubes.
C. Chemical method:
 They are cream, jellies and vagina pills which are placed in
vagina for killing the sperm .
 They donot provide protection against sexually transmitted
diseases.
D. Surgical method:
 It is technique that prevents passage of his sperm in males
and over in females.
 It is of two types
a. Vasectomy
 It is done in males.
 It prevents passage of sperm from testes into semen.
 In this technique,a portion of vas deferens is cut and
tied together.
b. Tubectomy:
 It is done in females.
 It prevents passage of ovaries from ovary to uterus.
 In this technique,a portion of fallopian tube is cut and
tied together.
Female foeticide:
 It is killing of unborn female child from the uterus prior to completion of

gestation period.
 Due to increased cases of female foeticide in India, pre natal sex
determination is banned in our country.
 It is causing decrease in the sex ratio.
Sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs)
 These are the infections or diseases which are transmitted from an

infected person to a healthy person through sexual contact.
 Examples
A. Bacterial diseases
 Syphilis
 Gonorrhoea
B. Viral disease
 AIDS( Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome)- caused
by HIV virus
( Human Immuno deficiency virus)
 Genital warts
Prevention of STDs:-
 Avoid multiple sex partners.

 Avoid using blades,razors,etc of persons suffering from AIDS.
 Use of physical devices while having intercourse
 Avoid drug abuse.

Human Reproduction

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Sexual Reproduction

Some technical terms:-

 In humans,internal fertilisation occurs.

 Zygote undergoes repeated division to form a ball of cells called

E. Differences between male and female gamete

It is the state of physical,mental and social fitness to lead a responsible safe

a. It prevents occurence of sexually transmitted diseases.

Need for family planning

A. Due to rapid increase in population, various resources cannot

Prevention of pregnancy is called contraception.

 The techniques which prevents occurrence of pregnancy are called

 It is killing of unborn female child from the uterus prior to completion of

Sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs)

 These are the infections or diseases which are transmitted from an

 Avoid multiple sex partners.

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