Introduction 2.

CARPENTRY
Carpentry may be defined as the process of
marketable form of wood and ends with making wooden components. It starts a
furniture, cabinet making. Etc. joinery, i.e.,finished products. It deals with the buildingfrom
operations in all woodworks. It deals with thepreparation of joints is one of the work,
types of joints to form a
finished product. specific work of carpenter like making important
different
Timber:
Timber is thename given to the
into various sizes to suit wood obtained from well grown trees. The
building purposes. trees are cut, sawn
The word, 'grain', as
surfaces. The grain ofapplied to wood,
the wood is a refers to the appearance or pattern of the
cut, that the grains run fibrous wood on
parallel to the length. structure and to make it strong, the timber mustthebecutso
Timber Sizes
Timber sold in the market is in
and sizes. various sizes and shapes. The
a. Log - The following are the common shapes
b. Balk - Thetrunk of the tree which is free
log, sawn to have from branches.
c. Post - A roughly square
timber piece, round or square in crosscrosS section.
175 to 300mm.
Plank - A sawn timber piece,
section, having its diameter or side from
thickness and 2.5 to 6.5 meterswith more than 275 mm in width, 50 to
in length. 150 mm in
e. Board - A sawn
timber piece, below 175 mm in
f. Reapers- Sawn width and 30 to 50 mm in
timber thickness.
above shapes and sizes.pieces assorted and non- standard sizes, which do not
of
confirmn to the
Seasoning of Wood

A newly felled tree contains considerable moisture content. If this is not removed, the timber is
likely to wrap, shrink, crack or decay. Seasoning is the art of extracting the moisture content
under controlled conditions, at a uniform rate, from all the parts of the timber. Only seasoned
wood should be used for all carpentry works. Seasoning makes the wood resilient and lighter.
Further, it ensures that the wood will not distort after it is made into an object.

Marking and Measuring Tools:

Accurate marking and measurement is very essential in carpentry work, to produce parts to exact
size. To transfer dimensions onto the work; the following are the marking and measuring tools
that are required in a carpentry shop.
Steel Rule and Steel Tape

Steel rule is a simple measuring instrument consisting of a long, thin metal strip with a marked
scale of unit divisions. It is an important tool for linear measurement. Steel tape is used for large
measurements, such as marking on boards and checking the overall dimensions of the work.

Ocms1 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 O

Steel rule

Graduoted steel tape 7 -Housing for

steel tape

Fig: Steel Rule and Steel Tape

Marking Gauge
It is a tool used to mark lines parallel to the
edge of a
wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it. Onwooden piece. It consists of a square
the stem is fitted a marking pin, made
of steel. The stock is set at any desired distance
from the marking point and fixed in position by a
screw. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the
stem, about 3 mm and the
end are sharp enough to makea very fine line.
A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this, it is
possible to adjust the distance between the
pins, to draw two parallel lines on the stock.

Marking gauge Mortise gauge

Fig: Marking Gauges
Try - Square

It is used for marking and testing the squareness and straightness of

planed surfaces. It consists
of a steel blade, fitted in a cast iron stock. It is also used for checking the planed
surfaces for
flatness. Its size varies from 150 to 300 mm, according to the length of the blade. It is less
accurate when compared to the try-square used in the fitting shop.

Fig: Try Square

Compass and Divider
Compass and divider, are used for marking arcs and circles on the planed surfaces of the wood
(refer fig in next page).

Seriber or Marking Knife

It is used for marking on timber. It is made of steel having one end pointed and the other end
formed into a sharp cutting edge (refer Fig. in next page).
Bevel Square
II is used for laying-out and checking angles. The blade of the bevel is adjustable and may be
held in place by a thumb screw. Afer it is set to the desired angle, it can be used in much the
same way as try-square. A good way to set it to the required angle is mark the angle on a
surface and then adjust the blade to fit the angle

Fig: Compass and Divider Fig: Scriber and Bevel Square

Holding Tools:
Carpenter's Vice
It is used as a work holding device in a carpenter shop. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table
while the other movable by means of a screw and a handle. The Carpenter's vice jaws are lined
with hard wooden' faces

Handle
Scrn Pud

Trigger for quick opaning

Bouy

Fig: Carpenters Vice Fig: C-Clamp

C-Clamnp
It is used for holding small works (see figure above)

Planing Tools:
Planing is the operation used to produce flat surfaces on wood. A plane is a hand tool used for
this purpose. The cutting blade used in a plane is very similar to a chisel. The blade of a plane is
fitted in a wooden or metallic block, at an angle.
Types of Planes:
Jack Plane
cutting iron
purpose plane. It is about 35 cm long. The on
It is the most
commonly used general
curvature. It is used for quick removal of material
edge of slight
(blade) should have a cutting
oblique planning.
rough work and is also used in
Smoothing Plane
It is about
the blade should have a straight cutting edge.
It is used for finishing
work and hence,
even the slight depressions in the stock, better than
short, it can follow
20 to 25 cm long. Being plane.
using the jack
the jack plane. It is used after
Rebate Plane
is
rebate is a recess along the edge of a piece of wood, which
A
It is used for making a rebate. in frames and doors.
generally used for positioning glass
Plough Plane
figure shows the
grooves, which are used to fix panels in a door. The following
It is used to cut
various types of planes mentioned above.

Cutting Tools:
designed to suit
Saws
saw is used to cut wood into pieces. There are different types of saws,
A
different purposes. A saw isspecified by the length of its toothed edge.
Tvpes of Saws:
Cross-Cut Saw or Hand Saw be wider
across the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set that the saw kerf will
It is used to cut without sticking
move freely in the cut,
than the blade thickness. This allows the blade to
Rip Saw

The cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper angle,

It is used for cutting the stock along the grains.
makes an angle of 45° with the surface of the stock.
i.e., about 60° whereas that of crosscut saw
Tenon Saw
It is used for cutting the stock either along or across the grains. However, it is used for small and
thin cuts. The blade of this saw is very thin and so it is stiffened with a thick back steel strip.
Hence, this is sometimes called as back-saw. this, the teeth are shaped like those of cross-cut
saw.

Compass Saw
It has a narrow, longer and stronger tapering blade, which is used for heavy works . It is mostly
used in radius cutting. The blade of this saw is fitted with an open type wooden handle.

Fig: Types of Saws

Chisels:
Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels are made in various
blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are also made in different blade lengths. Most of
the wood chisels are made into tang type, having a steel shank which fits inside the handle.
These are made of forged steel or tool steel blades.

Biode
Cuhing
edge

Wooden hondle

Ferrule

Fig: Chisels
2. CARPENTRY
2.1 T-LAP JOINT
rcapers.
AIM:-To make a T-lap joint from the given two

plane, try -square, marking gauge,

TOOLS REQUIRED:-Carpenter's vice, steel nule, jack
mallet.
cross-cut saw, tenson saw, scriber and

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS: -
size.
1. The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct
two adjacent faces are planed by
2. The reaper is fimly clamped in the carpenter's vice and any
with the try -square.
the jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness
to nmark the thickne ss and width of
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 40 mm,
the model respcctively.
4. The excess material is frst chiseled out with firmer chisel and then plancd to correct size.
5. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and marking gauge.
6. Using the cross-cut saw, the portions to be removcd arc cut in both the picces, followed by
chiscling and also the parts X and Y.
7. The ends of both the parts are chiscled to the exact lengths.
8. Afine fiishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fit ting is obtained.
9. The parts are fitted to ohtain a slightly tight joint.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Care should be taken while marking.
2. Care should be taken while cutting the wooden piece with chisel.

RESULT:-The T-lap joint is thus made by following the abo ve scqucnce of operations.
 40 45 40

70 45

T-LAP JOINT

NOTE:
1. Alldimensions are in mm.
2.2 DOVETAIL LAP JOINT

AIM:- To make a dovctail lap joint from the given two rcapers.

TOOLS REQUIRED: - Carpenter's vice, steel nule. jack plane, try -square, marking gauge.
Cross-cut saw, tension saw and mallet.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:
1. The given reaper is checked to cnsure its correct size.
2. The reaper is fimly clamped in the carpenter's vice and any two adjacent faces are planed by
the jack plane and the two fac es are checked for squareness with the try - square.
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 40 mm, to mark the thickness and width of
the model respectively.
4. The excess material is first chiseled out with firmer chisel and then plane d to correct size.
5. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and marking gauge.
6. Using the cross-cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut, followed by chiseling the parts X
and Y.

7. The ends of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
8. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtaincd.
9. The parts are fitted to obtaina slightly tight joint.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Care should be taken while marking.
2. Care should be tak en while cutting the wooden picce with chisel.

RESULT: - The dovetail lap joint is thus made by following the above sequence of
operations.
 40

45

DOVETAIL LAP JOINT

NOTE:
1. Alldimensions are mm.