Is the art of combining

pieces of lumber to support

weight or to resist pressure.

The wood of trees

cut and prepared for use
as building material.
Classification of Trees
1. Exogenous Tree or Outer growing
(a) Conifer or Evergreen Tree (Soft Wood)
(b) Deciduous ( Hard Wood)
2. Endogenous Tree or Inwards Growing

Exogenous trees grow in width by forming a new

layer of wood under the bark.
Endogenous trees grow by forming new fibers
within the trunk interspersed with the old fibers.
Characteristics of Soft Wood and Hard Wood
Soft Wood Hard Wood
 1. It is resinous wood 1. It is non-resinous
having a fragrant smell wood containing a
and regular texture. fairly good
 2. Straight fiber and good amount of acid.
texture. 2. Fibers are quite
 3. Light in colour and close and compact.
weight. 3. Dark in colour and
heavy in weight.
 4. annual rings are 4. Annual rings are not
distinct distinct
 5. Good tensile strength 5. Good tensile as well
and week shear strength as shear strength.
 Soft Wood Hard Wood

6.Get split quickly  6. Does not split

quickly
 7. stronger and more
7.Weaker and less
durable durable
 8. It has an added
8.Catch fire soon
cannot withstand high advantage in its
temperature. refractoriness.
 9. It is difficult to be
9.It is easy to be
worked. worked.
Structure of Timber Tree
 Qualities of Good Timber
1. It Should have Straight Fiber
2. Wood Obtained from near the pith is always better than the rest of the tree.
3. It should be free from knots.
4. It should not posses natural defects.
5. On sawing it should give a sweet smell.
6. It should have regular annual rings.
7. It should not clot the saw teeth during sawing.
8. It should be Strong and heavy.
9. It should not split when nails are driven in to it.
10. It should bear high resistance shock and stresses.
11. It should have dark colour, give clear sound, easily workable, high
resistance to fire and free from decay.
12. On planning it should give silky texture and bright appearance.
13. It should not wrap or twist after seasoning.
14. It should respond well to polishing and painting.
Selection of Timber
 1. Durability
 2.workability
 3. Weight
 4. Hardness
 5.Cohesivness
 6. Elasticity
 7. Type of texture
 8. Type of grains
 9. Resistance to fire
 10.Resistance to various stresses
 11. Ability to retain shape
 12. Easy Polishing
CHEMICAL
STAIN

KNOTS

SHAKES

TWISTED
FIBRES

RIND
GALLS

UPSET
S

BURLS
TWIST CUP BOW SPRIN SPLIT HONEY
G COMBING
Seasoning of Timber
 Seasoning of timber is the process of drying or
removing the moisture or Sap presents in a
freshly felled timber, under more or less controlled
conditions.

 Freshly felled timber contains a large humidity of

moisture roughly from 100 to 200%, based
upon dry weight of wood. If the timber is used
without seasoning it is liable to shrink , wrap
and crack.
Advantages of Seasoning
 Wood becomes hard, more durable, resistance
to shock and stresses produced.
 Its workability is improved.
 Its density is reduced, does not wrap after
seasoning.
 Shrinkage does not occur after
seasoning.
 Defects like twisting, bowing and splitting do
not occur.
 Improved ability to polishing and painting.
Wood Working Processes
1. Marking and Laying out
2. Sawing
3. Planning
4. Mortising and Tenoning
5. Boring
6. Grooving and Tonguening
7. Moulding
8. Rebating
9. Recessing
Measuring Tool:

(a) Folding
Rule

(b) Measuring Steel Tap

Try Square: -used for measuring and setting out dimensions,
testing the finish of a planed surfaces, draw parallel lines at right
angles (900 ) to plane surfaces, draw mutually perpendicular lines
over a plane surface and test the squareness to two adjacent
surfaces. It consists of a steel Blade fitting into a wooden or
metallic stock at rightangle to it.
Mitre Square: measure and mark angle
at 450

Bevel Square: measure 0 to 180 degree angle

Marking tool:-
Marking Knife or Scriber: It has sharp conical edges
used to mark on even hard surfaces. The front edge is
hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is made up of
carbon steel. It is used for measuring and marking the
points and lines on wooden stock before processing.
Marking Gauge: It is used to draw parallel lines.
The movable portion of the gauge is adjustable to suitable
position and is tightened on the stem. The piece which slides
is called stock and scribing pin is fixed on the stem.
Mortise Gauge: It is used to draw lines. Its
working is similar to marking gauge except it has
two sharp edges. One fixed and second adjustable
or fixed two parallel
Holding and Supporting Tools

1. Carpenter’s bench and bench

Hook
2. Carpenter’s Vice
3. Bar or T- Clamp and C-Clamp
4. Hand Screw
Carpenter’s bench and bench Hook: It is table of rigid
construction made of hard wood about 180cm x 120cm x 90cm(H)
size. Four carpenter vice are fitted on opposite sides of bench to hold
the jobs during operation.
Carpenter’s Vice: it is mostly used for holding and
supporting wooden piece. Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table
while the other is kept movable means of screw and handle.
Clamps and screws:
These are used by carpenters for holding and
supporting wood pieces in position for carrying
out different operations.
 Cutting Tools

 Cutting tools may classified as follows:-

1. Saws
2. Chisels
3. Axe
Saws: Sawing means cutting woods along the grains. The main parts of
a saw are blade and handle. The size of a saw is the length of the blade in
mm. the tooth is specified by its pitch and the angle. The teeth are bent
slightly by its pitch and the angle.

Common type of Saws :-

1. Rip saw
2. Cross-cut saw
3. Panel saw
4. Tenon saw (or back saw)
5. Dovetail saw
6. Compass or turning saw
7. Keyhole saw
Rip saw

Cross-cut saw

Tenon saw
Chisels:
In the wood work a large number of chisels are used for
cutting the wood in different manners to produce desired
shapes and verities.

(i) Firmer chisel

(ii) Bevelled edge firmer chisel
(iii) Parting chisel
(iv) Mortise Chisel
(v) Socket chisel
(vi) Gauge chisel
(i) Firmer
chisel

(ii) Bevelled edge firmer

chisel

(iii) Parting
chisel
(i) Mortise
Chisel

(ii) Socket
chisel

(iii) Gauge
chisel
Axes: is a cutting tool made of carbon steel. The cutting
edge is formed by beveling both sides of the axe. It is
employed for splitting wood along the grains for rough
work.
 Axe
 Side axe
 Adze
Axe

Adze
Side Axe
Planning Tools: The planning tools are used for shaving
or smoothing plane surfaces. A plane may be described as a
chisel fastened to a metallic or wooden block called body.
The Chisel fastened to the body at an angle of 25 to 35
degree respectively. Another Blade called Cap Iron is used
for stiffening the cutting blade, prevents chattering and helps
in cutting and curling of shavings. The Cap iron should be
1.5mm above the cutting edge.
1. Wooden Jack Plane
2. Iron Jack Plane
3. Smoothing Plane
Boring and Drilling Tools:-
for producing holes in
wood.
 Auger
 Gimlet
 Bradwal
 Brace and Bits
 Hand Drill
 Gimlet
Auger

Bradwal

Brace and Bits

Hand Drill
 Striking Tools
1. Mallet
2. Claw Hammer
3. Peen Hammer

Mallet

Claw
Hammer Peen Hammer
Miscellaneous Tools
1. Screw
Driver

2.
Pincer

3. Rasp
file
Carpentry Joints
1. Halving
(a) Corner Lap joint
(b) T- lap Joint
(c) Dove-Tail Joint
(d) Cross-Lap Joint
2. Mitre Joint
3. Mortise and Tenon Joint
4. Briddle Joint
5. Grooving and Tongueing
6. Dove- Tail Joint
7. Dovel Joint
 Half laps (T-lap Joint)
 Left to right: Half lap, mitred half lap, cross lap and
dovetail lap
 Half lap joints are used extensively in traditional timber
framing, construction and cabinetry for framing. They are
quick and easy to make and provide reasonable strength
through good long grain to long grain gluing surface. The
shoulders provide some resistance to racking (diagonal
distortion). They may be reinforced with dowels or
mechanical fasteners to resist twisting.
 Applications
 Frame assembly in cabinet making
 Temporary framing
 Some applications in timber frame construction table
Half laps (T-lap
Joint) End Lap Joint

Cross Lap Joint

End lap
 Also known simply as a 'pull lap', it is the basic form of
the lap joint and is used when joining members end to end
either parallel or at right angles. When the joint forms a
corner, as in a rectangular frame, the joint is often called a
corner lap. This is the most common form of end lap and is
used most in framing.
 For a half lap in which the members are parallel, the joint
may be known as a half lap splice. This is a splice joint and
is an alternative to scarfing when joining shorter members
end to end.
 Both members in an end lap have one shoulder and one
cheek each.
Use for:
 Internal cabinet frames
 Visible frames when the frame members are to be shaped.
Cross lap

 The main difference between this and the basic half lap is
that the joint occurs in the middle of one or both members,
rather than at the end. The two members are at right angles
to each other and one member may terminate at the joint,
or it may carry on beyond it. When one of the members
terminates at the shin , it is often referred to as a Tee lap or
middle lap. In a cross lap where both members continue
beyond the joint, each member has two shoulders and one
cheek. For a Tee lap, one of the members has only one
shoulder.
Use for:
 Internal cabinet frames
 Simple framing and bracing
Dovetail

 This is a lap in which the housing has been cut at an

angle which resists withdrawal of the stem from the
cross-piece.
Use for:
 Framing applications where tension forces could pull
the joint apart
Dove Tail Joint
MORTISE AND TENON JOINT
 The mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands
of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces
of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an
angle of 90°. In its basic form it is both simple and strong.
Although there are many joint variations, the basic mortise
and tenon comprises two components: the mortise hole and
the tenon.
The tenon, formed on the end of a member generally
referred to as a rail, is inserted into a square or rectangular
hole cut into the corresponding member. The tenon is cut
to fit the mortise hole exactly and usually has shoulders
that seat when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. The
joint may be glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place.
Briddle Joint
Dovel
Joint

Grooving and Tongueing