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DSAE_PHY109_lecture_4

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hasibhossain22441
Copyright
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LECTURE: 04

COURSE CODE: PHY 109


COURSE TITLE: ENGINEERING PHYSICS-1

Course Instructor:

Dr. Sonia Akter Ema


Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematical & Physical Sciences
East West University
Email: sonia.ema@ewubd.edu
1
Mechanics

❖Work
❖Energy
.

2
Work
• Work is done on an object when a force causes a displacement of the object.

• Work is the product of the force applied to an object and the displacement of the object.
Work Energy Theorem

The work-energy theorem states that the work done by the net force acting on
a body is equal to the change produced in the kinetic energy.

It can simply be written as, W = 𝑲𝒇 - 𝑲𝒊 ------- (1)


The above equation is called the work-energy theorem.

If the kinetic energy of a body decreases the net work done becomes negative.
In other words, we can say that when an object slows down, negative work has
been done on that object.
Work Energy Theorem
The Spring Force:
The force 𝐹Ԧ𝑠 from a spring is
proportional to the displacement 𝑑Ԧ of
the free end from its position when
the spring is in its relaxed state
(neither compressed nor extended).
The spring force 𝐹Ԧ𝑠 is given by
𝑭𝒔 = −𝒌𝒅
which is known as Hooke’s law after Robert Hooke, an English scientist of the late
1600s. The minus sign indicates that the direction of the spring force is always opposite
the direction of the displacement of the spring’s free end. The constant k is called the
spring constant (or force constant) and is a measure of the stiffness of the spring.
❑ The larger k is, the stiffer the spring;
that is, the larger k is, the stronger the
spring’s pull or push for a given
displacement.
❑ The SI unit for k is the newton per meter
If an x axis lies along the spring, with the origin at the location of the spring’s
free end when the spring is in its relaxed state, we can write
𝐹𝑥 = −𝑘𝑥
The Work Done by a Spring Force:
The net work 𝑊𝑠 done by the spring (from 𝑥𝑖 to 𝑥𝑓 ) is
𝑥𝑓 𝑥𝑓
𝑊𝑠 = න −𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න −𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [Where 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 ]
𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥𝑓
𝑊𝑠 = −𝑘 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖
2 𝑥=𝑥𝑓
𝑥 1
𝑊𝑠 = −𝑘 = − 𝑘 𝑥𝑓2 − 𝑥𝑖2
2 𝑥=𝑥𝑖
2

1 2 1 2
𝑊𝑠 = − 𝑘𝑥𝑓 + 𝑘𝑥𝑖
2 2
If 𝑥𝑖 = 0 and if we assume that 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥, the above equation becomes

𝟏 𝟐
𝑾𝒔 = − 𝒌𝒙
𝟐
9
10
11
12
13
Conservation of energy of a body thrown at a maximum height

There appears kinetic energy in a body due to motion and potential energy due to
position. In a moving body both kinetic energy and potential energy can exist. For
example, a flying aeroplane or a stone thrown above have both kinetic energy and
potential energy. So, total energy,

𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝑘 + 𝐸𝑝

The kinetic energy of a body can be transformed into potential energy or potential energy
can be transformed into kinetic energy.

Now we will apply the principle of conservation of energy of maximum height on a body
thrown above.
15
H
Mathematical problems
1.

2.

3.

17
Mathematical problems
4. A person of mass 150 Kg came down along a stair of 4 m long with a load of 50 Kg. If the inclination of the stair is
600 with the wall, and 600 with the horizontal, find the work done by the person in both cases.

5. A body in the horizontal plane is attached to a spring. The spring is contracted 3 cm from equilibrium by a force of 2.4 N.
What will be the work done by the spring?

6. After ascending a building of height 50 m carrying a bag of mass 18 Kg by Shima, the bag was dropped which fell on the
roof of an adjacent building of height h with velocity 24.25 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
a) What is the value of h of the stem?
b) Will the potential energy be equal to kinetic energy at height h? Explain mathematically.

7. An object of mass 2 Kg is 15 m above the ground. When it is thrown it hits the ground at a velocity of 10 𝑚𝑠 −1 . What
frictional force will act on the object while falling?

8. A light body and a heavy body have equal kinetic energies. Which one has higher momentum?

9. A body of mass 2 Kg is thrown vertically upward from a place 5 m above the ground with velocity 3 𝑚𝑠 −1 . What is the
kinetic energy at the body just before touching the ground?

10. A body was dropped from a fixed height. If the kinetic energy was twice the potential energy at a height of 10 m, then
from what height the body was dropped? 18

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