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DSAE_PHY109_Lecture_07

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LECTURE: 07

COURSE CODE: PHY 109


COURSE TITLE: ENGINEERING PHYSICS-1

Chapter 4: Thermal Physics

Course Instructor:

Dr. Sonia Akter Ema


Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematical & Physical Sciences
East West University
Email: sonia.ema@ewubd.edu
Conditions:
❑dQ will be positive if heat is supplied to the system or heat is absorbed by the
system. But if the system rejects heat then dQ will be negative.

❑du will be positive when the internal energy of the system increases, and du will
be negative when the internal energy decreases.

❑dW will be positive when the system does work on the surroundings and dW will
be negative when the surroundings do work on the system.
Difference between 𝑪𝒑 and 𝑪𝒗 for an ideal gas
In order to find the difference between 𝐶𝑝 and 𝐶𝑣 , let us take a cylinder 𝐶 with a frictionless movable piston
𝐷. Both the cylinder and the piston are bad conductors of heat. Consider that an amount of 𝑛 moles of an
ideal gas is kept in the cylinder at volume 𝑉 and pressure 𝑃. Keeping the volume fixed, the temperature of
the gas is raised by 𝑑𝑇, by supplying heat. So, heat required,

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇 … … … (i)

where 𝐶𝑣 is the molar specific heat at constant volume.


According to the first law of thermodynamics
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑊 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖)
= 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 [ ∴ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉]
Since volume is constant, so 𝑑𝑉 = 0
∴𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑢
or, n𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑢 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Now keeping the pressure constant, the temperature of the gas is raised by the same amount 𝑑𝑇 by supplying heat. The gas will
expand in volume doing some external work. If 𝑑𝑉 be the increase in volume due to expansion against the pressure 𝑃, the work
done, 𝑑𝑊 = p𝑑𝑉.
The amount of heat supplied to the gas,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
Inserting the values of 𝑑𝑊 and 𝑑𝑄 in equation (𝑖𝑖) we get,
𝑛𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝑢 + P𝑑𝑉 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑣)
Here also the change in internal energy is 𝑑𝑢 because temperature change is 𝑑𝑇 in both cases.
From equations (𝑖𝑖𝑖) and (𝑖𝑣)we get,
𝑛𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇+ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (𝑣)
But for 𝑛 mole of ideal gas,
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑣𝑖)
Differentiating equation (𝑣𝑖) we get,
∴ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇 [𝑃, 𝑛 and 𝑅 are constant ]
∴ 𝑛𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = n𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇+ 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇
or, n𝐶𝑝 = n𝐶𝑣 + 𝑛𝑅
or, n(𝐶𝑝 - 𝐶𝑣 ) = 𝑛𝑅
or, 𝐶𝑝 - 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (15)
i.e. the difference between the two specific heats of a gas is equal to the molar gas constant, 𝑅.
Mathematical expressions:
𝐂 𝑭 −𝟑𝟐 𝑲 −𝟐𝟕𝟑
• = = * PV = RT
𝟓 𝟗 𝟓

𝑾
• dQ = du + dW *η=
𝑸

• dW = PdV or ∆𝑾 = 𝑷(𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 )
𝜸 𝜸
• 𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝜸−𝟏 𝜸−𝟏
• 𝑻𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 𝑽𝟐

𝑻𝟐
• η=1-
𝑻𝟏

𝑸𝟐
• η=1-
𝑸𝟏

𝑸𝟐 𝑻𝟐
• =
𝑸𝟏 𝑻𝟏
Mathematical Problems
1. Dry air at 𝟐𝟓𝟎 C and at one atmospheric pressure is adiabatically compressed to half of its volume.
Calculate the (a) final temperature and (b) final pressure of air. [𝜸=1.4]

2. A heat engine after doing work in each cycle rejects 70% of heat absorbed from the source. Calculate
the efficiency of the engine.

3. A Carnot’s engine has 50% efficiency when the sink temperature is 𝟐𝟕𝟎 C. What should be the
increase in temperature of the heat source to make its efficiency 60%?

4. A system rejects 500 J of heat at constant volume. Calculate the change in internal energy of the
system. Explain the result.

5. Which temperature has 𝟒𝟎𝟎 difference in Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?


6. A balloon is filled to a volume of 2.2 L at a temperature of 𝟐𝟐𝟎 . The balloon is then heated to a
temperature of 𝟕𝟏𝟎 . Find the new volume of the balloon.
7. Dry air at 𝟐𝟓𝟎 C and at one atmospheric pressure is compressed to half of its volume. Calculate the (a)
final temperature and (b) final pressure of air. [𝜸=1.4]

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