3

1
A student investigates the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

Fig. 1.1 shows the apparatusthe student uses.

chlorine

o apparatus X

o,
concentrated
O
aqueous
sodium chloride

graphite
electrodes

Fig. 1.1

(a) Name apparatusX.

(b) Give a reason why iron electrodes arenot used during this electrolysis.

[1]

(c) Chlorine gas is produced at the anode during this electrolysis.

Describe and explain one safety precaution the student takes during this electrolysis.

safety precaution

explanation
(2]

(d) A different gas is produced at the cathode during this electrolysis.

Name the gas produced.

Describe a test and its result to confirm the identity of the gas.

name of gas

description of test and result

[2]

(Total: 6]
 4
2 Sulfuric acid, H,SO,, is neutralised when it is added to aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

H,SO, + 2NaOH Na,SO, + 2H,0

The reaction is exothermic.

P is 1.25 mol/dm²aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Q is dilute sulfuric acid.

A student determinesthe concentration of sulfuric acid in Q.

The studentdoes six experiments.

The student:

Step 1. uses a volumetric pipette to add 25.0 cm of P to a plastic cup

Step 2. uses a measuring cylinder to add 20cm of distilled water to the plastic cup
Step 3. stirs the mixture in the cup with a thermometer and records its temperatureto the nearest
0.5°C
Step 4. uses a burette to add 5.0 cm of Q to the plastic cup and stirs
Step 5. records the highest temperaturereached
Step 6. empties the plastic cup and rinses it with water
Step 7. repeats steps 1-6 using five different volumes distilled water and Q so that the total
volume in the cup is always 50 cm.

The student's results are in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1

highest
volumevolume ofvolume of initial temperature
experiment temperature
of P water temperature rise
number reached
/cm3 /cm3 lcm3 1°C
/°C

1 25.0 20 5.0 23.0 25.5

2 25.0 15 10.0 24.5 29.5 5.0

3 25.0 10 25.0 32.5 7.5

4 25.0 7 18.0 25.0 33.0 8.0

5 25.0 5 20.0 25.5 33.5 8.0

6 25.0 25.0 24.5 32.5 8.0

(a) Complete Table 2.1 by filling in the three missing values.

13)
 5

(b) Parts of the thermometerused in Experiment 3 areshown in Fig. 2.1.

The liquid levels inside the thermometerare missing.

Complete Fig. 2.1 by drawing in the liquid level to show:

the initial temperature in Experiment3

the highest temperature reached in Experiment3.
[1]

-27 -35

-26 34
-25 33
-24 -32

-23| -31|

initial temperature highest temperature

in Experiment 3 reached in Experiment3

Fig. 2.1

(c) Draw a graph of temperature rise against volume of Q on the grid in Fig. 2.2.

You should:

plot the point (0,0) as there is no temperature rise when no Q is added

plot the temperature rises and volumes of Q from Table 2.1
draw a straight line of best fit for the first four points
draw a straight line of best fit for the last three points
extend the lines so that they intersect.

10TT

9+

temperature
rise 5
1°C

3+

10 15 20 25
volume of Q/cm3

Fig. 2.2
[31
(d) The point where the two lines intersect indicates the volume of Q that exactly neutralises
25.0 cm³ of P.

Determine the volume of Q where the two lines on thegraph interssect.

volume of Q cm [1]

(e) P is 1.25 mol/dm aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Use your answer to (d)to calculate the concentrationof sulfuric acid in Q.

2NaOH + H,SO, Na,SO, + 2H,0

concentrationof sulfuric acid in Q mol/dm3 (2]

() Describe and explain what happens to the gradientof the straight line forthe first four points
on the graph if a metal cup is used instead of a plastic cup.

2]

(g) A burette may be used instead of a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of water in

these experiments.

Suggest how this improves the experiments.

[1]

(h) State thedependent variable in this setof experiments.

[Total: 14]