Notes

Magnetism
 Steel: permanent magnet

 Iron: temporary magnet (used in electromagnets)
 Bringing a magnetic object into the magnetic field of another
magnet causes the object to rearrange its internal poles, so it itself
becomes magnetized.
 Ways to demagnetize:
o Taking out an object from the magnetic field will cause it to
demagnetize.
o Burning a magnet to high temperature
o Hammering the magnet repeatedly.
 Magnetic field: a region around a magnet or electric current in which
a magnetic pole experiences a force.
o Magnetic field goes from north to south.
o If lines are closer to each other in the magnetic field, it
indicates a strong field, so can attract large objects.
 Solenoid: a coil, connected to an electrical current, which passes
electric current through the coil to create a magnetic field. An iron
core is inserted into the loop of the coil. (electromagnet)
 Ways to increase the strength of the electromagnet:
o Increase the current flowing in it
o Increase the number of turns on the coil
o Use a soft iron core
 Adv of electromagnet is that it can be turned on and off.
 Right hand grip rule helps to determine the direct of magnetic field
around a current-carrying wire.
 Application of electromagnet is a relay.
 Motor effect: When current flows in a wire in a magnetic field which
is not parallel to the current, a force is
exerted on the wire.
o Application: loudspeaker
 Flemmings left hand rule:
 Ways to improve turning effect in an electric

motor:
o Increase the current
o Increase the strength of magnetic field
o Increase the number of turns of wire in the coil
 Electrical generator: coverts mechanical energy to electric energy
 Electromagnetic induction: Process of generating electricity from
motion.
 How is current induced between the poles: The magnetic field lines
are cut perpendicularly by a conductor and then electrons in the
conductor are forced to move, and the movement of electrons
causes a current flow.

 Flemmings right hand rule: Helps identify the direction of current
generated
 To find out direction of force, we use left hand rule. To find out
direction of induced current, we use right hand rule
 Ways to increase the voltage generated by an electric generator:
o Turn the coil more rapidly
o Use the coil with more turns of wire
o Use a coil with a bigger area
o Use stronger magnets
 Lenz law: An induced current in a conductor will always flow in such
a direction as to oppose the change in the magnetic field that
produced it. (used for solenoid when you insert a magnetic between
the coils)
 Step up transformer: Increases the voltage. More turns in the
secondary coil than the primary coil.
 Step down transformer: Decreases the voltage. More turns in the
primary coil
than the secondary coil.
 How does a transformer work:

o AC current is supplied to the primary coil
o It is an electromagnet with alternating magnetic field
o The core transports this alternating field around to the
secondary coil
o Now the secondary coil is a conductor in a changing magnetic
field
o A current is induced in a coil
 DC current isn’t used because there won’t be an output voltage.
This is because the magnetic field produced by the primary coil does
not change. With an unchanged field passing through secondary
coil, no voltage is induced in it.
 If a transformer is 100% efficient, the power of primary coil and
secondary coil will be the same. So if it is 100% efficient, V pIp= VsIs.
Nuclear Physics
 Rutherford’s experiment:
o They fired alpha particles (2 protons, 2 neutrons) at a very
thin piece of gold foil
o Based on the plum pudding model, they suggested that the
particles would pass straight through the gold but most of
them passed and some deflected
o Rutherford’s saying was that the positive charges repelled. It

suggested that there is a place in the gold foil where positive
charges are concentrated (nucleus), so the positive charges of
the alpha particle hit them and got deflected and rebounded.
 Nuclear fission: When a uranium-235 nucleus gets hit with a

neutron, it becomes unstable due to which it splits up which
releasing a lot of energy. This splitting up also produces a neutron
which can again unstable another nucleus leading to a chain
reaction.
 Nuclear fusion: When 2 hydrogen elements combine together to
form helium and a neutron, and it produces even more energy that
nuclear fission. This can only take place at high temperatures.
o Energy released (E) = mass lost (m) x speed of light squared
(c2)
o E = mc2
 Sources of background radiation:
o Radon gas (in the air)
o Rocks and building
o Food and drinks
o Cosmic rays
 Geiger counter is used to measure the rate at which the radiation is
detected (count rate).
 Radioactive decay: Process through which an unstable nucleus gives
out radiation to become more stable.
 Penetration:
 Alpha particles are the most ionizing (charge: +2)

 Beta particles are a little less ionizing (charge: -1)
 Gamma particles are the least ionizing (charge: 0)
 Alpha decay: When an element decays to form another element +
alpha particle + energy
 Beta decay: When an element decays to form another element +
beta particle + energy. This decay is used in radiocarbon dating.
 Beta rays are attracted to positive charge
 Alpha rays are attracted to negative charge
 Isotopes of an element may be radioactive due to the unstable
nucleus.
 Half-life: The time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope in any
sample to decay.
 Applications of radioisotopes:
o Smoke alarms
o Irradicating food
o Sterilization of equipment
o Measuring and controlling thickness of materials
o Diagnosis and treatment of cancer with gamma rays
 3 ways radiation can damage living cells:
o Killing a cell
o Causes cancer
o Genetic mutations
 Safety precaution for radiations:
o Reduce exposure time
o Increase distance between source and living tissue
o Use shielding to absorb radiation

Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Magnetism

 Steel: permanent magnet

 Ways to improve turning effect in an electric

causes a current flow.

 How does a transformer work:

o Rutherford’s saying was that the positive charges repelled. It

 Nuclear fission: When a uranium-235 nucleus gets hit with a

 Alpha particles are the most ionizing (charge: +2)

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.