9702_m21_qp_42

Cambridge International AS & A Level
* 6 2 5 0 0 5 0 8 5 0 *
PHYSICS 9702/42
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions February/March 2021
2 hours
You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 100.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (LK/SW) 197654/3
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
2
Data
speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
permeability of free space μ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1
permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F−1)
4πε0
elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10−19 C
the Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg
rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1
the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s−2
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3
Formulae
1
uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 2 at 2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
work done on/by a gas W = p ΔV
Gm
gravitational potential φ =−
r
hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh
1 Nm 2
pressure of an ideal gas p = 3 〈c 〉
V
simple harmonic motion a = − ω 2x
velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

v = ± ω (x 02 - x 2)
fsv
Doppler effect fo =
v ± vs
Q
electric potential V =
4πε0r
capacitors in series 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + . . .
capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + . . .
1
energy of charged capacitor W = 2 QV
electric current I = Anvq
resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + . . .
resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + . . .
BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq
alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ω t
radioactive decay x = x0 exp(−λt )
0.693
decay constant λ =
t 1
2
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4
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.
...................................................................................................................................................
force between two points masses is proportional to the product of the masses and
...................................................................................................................................................
inversely proportional to the square of separation
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Planets have been observed orbiting a star in another solar system. Measurements are made
of the orbital radius r and the time period T of each of these planets.
The variation with R3 of T2 is shown in Fig. 1.1.
2.6
2.4
2.2
T2 / year2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
R3 / 1034 m3
Fig. 1.1
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5
The relationship between T and R is given by

2 3
T2 = 4π R
GM
where G is the gravitational constant and M is the mass of the star.
Determine the mass M.
M = .................................................... kg [3]
(c) A rock of mass m is also in orbit around the star in (b). The radius of the orbit is r.
(i) Explain why the gravitational potential energy of the rock is negative.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
GPE is zero at infinity. gravitational forces are attractive, work must be done on the rock to move it
to infinity
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Show that the kinetic energy Ek of the rock is given by
Ek = GMm .
2r
[2]
(iii) Use the expression in (c)(ii) to derive an expression for the total energy of the rock.
[2]
[Total: 12]

6
2 A fixed mass of an ideal gas is at a temperature of 21 °C. The pressure of the gas is 2.3 × 105 Pa
and its volume is 3.5 × 10–3 m3.
(a) (i) Calculate the number N of molecules in the gas.
N = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) The mass of one molecule of the gas is 40 u.
Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the gas molecules.
r.m.s. speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]
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7
(b) The temperature of the gas is increased by 84 °C.
Calculate the value of the ratio
new r.m.s. speed of molecules .

original r.m.s. speed of molecules
ratio = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]

8
3 (a) Using a simple kinetic model of matter, describe the structure of a solid.
particles are tightly packed, they vibrate about a fixed point in a repeating pattern
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation is much greater than the specific latent heat of fusion
for the same substance.
Explain this, in terms of the spacing of molecules.
...................................................................................................................................................
much greater increase in spacing of molecules for vaporisation compared to fusion
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) A heater supplies energy at a constant rate to 0.045 kg of a substance. The variation with time
of the temperature of the substance is shown in Fig. 3.1. The substance is perfectly insulated
from its surroundings.
80 Q
60
temperature
/ °C 40
20
0
P
–20
–40
–60
–80
–100
–120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / min
Fig. 3.1
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(i) Determine the temperature at which the substance melts.
temperature = .................................................... °C [1]
(ii) The power of the heater is 150 W.

Use data from Fig. 3.1 to calculate, in kJ kg–1, the specific latent heat of vaporisation L of
the substance.
L = .............................................. kJ kg–1 [3]
(iii) Suggest what can be deduced from the fact that section Q on the graph is less steep
than section P.
The liquid has smaller heat capacity then the gas
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

10
4 (a) The defining equation of simple harmonic motion is
a = – ω 2x.
State the significance of the minus (–) sign in the equation.
...................................................................................................................................................
Acceleration and displacement are in opposite directions
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A trolley rests on a bench. Two identical stretched springs are attached to the trolley as shown
in Fig. 4.1. The other end of each spring is attached to a fixed support.
support support
18.0 cm
bench
trolley
spring spring
Fig. 4.1
The unstretched length of each spring is 12.0 cm. The spring constant of each spring is
8.0 N m–1. When the trolley is in equilibrium the length of each spring is 18.0 cm.
The trolley is displaced 4.8 cm to one side and then released. Assume that resistive forces on
the trolley are negligible.
(i) Show that the resultant force on the trolley at the moment of release is 0.77 N.
[2]
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(ii) The mass of the trolley is 250 g.
Calculate the maximum acceleration a of the trolley.
a = ................................................ m s–2 [1]
(iii) Use your answer in (ii) to determine the period T of the subsequent oscillation.
T = ...................................................... s [3]
(iv) The experiment is repeated with an initial displacement of the trolley of 2.4 cm.
State and explain the effect, if any, this change has on the period of the oscillation of the
trolley.
same time period force was halved and distance was halved
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

12
5 (a) (i) State what is meant by the amplitude modulation (AM) of a radio wave.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State two advantages of AM transmissions when compared with frequency modulation
(FM) transmissions.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The variation with frequency f of the amplitude A of a transmitted radio wave after amplitude
modulation by an audio signal is shown in Fig. 5.1.
0
1490 1500 1510
f / kHz
Fig. 5.1
For this transmission, determine:
(i) the wavelength of the carrier wave
wavelength = ..................................................... m [1]
(ii) the maximum frequency of the transmitted audio signal.
frequency = .................................................. kHz [1]
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(c) Another audio signal with the same maximum frequency is transmitted using a different
carrier wave frequency. The lowest frequency of this modulated wave is equal to the highest
frequency of the modulated wave in (b).
Determine the frequency of this carrier wave.
frequency = .................................................. kHz [1]
[Total: 7]

14
6 (a) State a similarity between the gravitational field lines around a point mass and the electric
field lines around a point charge.
...................................................................................................................................................
both have Radial field lines
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The variation with radius r of the electric field strength E due to an isolated charged sphere in
a vacuum is shown in Fig. 6.1.
1.3
1.2
1.1
E / 105 V m–1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
r / cm
Fig. 6.1
Use data from Fig. 6.1 to:
(i) state the radius of the sphere
radius = ................................................... cm [1]
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15
(ii) calculate the charge on the sphere.
charge = ..................................................... C [2]
(c) Using the formula for the electric potential due to an isolated point charge, determine the
capacitance of the sphere in (b).
capacitance = ...................................................... F [3]
[Total: 7]

16
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the circuit diagram containing an operational amplifier (op-amp).
3.6 kΩ
+ 3.0 V
– 3.0 V
VOUT
VIN 0.72 kΩ
Fig. 7.1
(i) State the name of this type of amplifier.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Show that the gain of the amplifier is 6.0.
[1]
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(iii) At time t = 0 the input potential VIN is zero. VIN then gradually increases with time t as
shown in Fig. 7.2.
5
potential
/V 4
0
T
t
Fig. 7.2
On Fig. 7.2 sketch a line to show the variation with time t of the output potential
VOUT from time t = 0 to time t = T. [2]
(iv) State how the circuit of Fig. 7.1 may be changed so that the gain of the amplifier is
dependent on light intensity.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An op-amp is to be used to switch on a high-voltage heater.
(i) State the name of the component used as the output device of the op-amp.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete Fig. 7.3 using the device named in (i) and a diode so that the heater may be
switched on when the output of the op-amp is positive.
– connections to
high-voltage heater
Fig. 7.3
[3]
[Total: 9]
18
8 (a) Two long straight wires P and Q are parallel to each other, as shown in Fig. 8.1. There is a
current in each wire in the direction shown.
The pattern of the magnetic field lines in a plane normal to wire P due to the current in the
wire is also shown.
wire P wire Q
plane
direction of
current
magnetic field
pattern
Fig. 8.1
(i) Draw arrows on the magnetic field lines in Fig. 8.1 around wire P to show the direction of
the field. [1]
(ii) Determine the direction of the force on wire Q due to the magnetic field from wire P.
To the left
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The current in wire Q is less than the current in wire P.
State and explain whether the magnitude of the force on wire P is less than, equal to, or
greater than the magnitude of the force on wire Q.
equal
...........................................................................................................................................
force depends on the product of two currents
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
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19
(b) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) is used to obtain diagnostic information about
internal structures in the human body.
Radio waves are produced and directed towards the body. The radio waves affect the protons
within the body.
(i) Explain why radio waves are used.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the radio waves are applied in pulses.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

20
9 (a) Define magnetic flux linkage.

number of turns * magnetic flux * area of co.c
...................................................................................................................................................
the field lines are perpendicular to the are of the coil
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A solenoid of diameter 6.0 cm and 540 turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown in
Fig. 9.1.
solenoid
540 turns
diameter
6.0 cm
magnetic field
Fig. 9.1
The variation with time t of the magnetic flux density is shown in Fig. 9.2.
250
200
flux density
/ mT 150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t/s
Fig. 9.2
Calculate the maximum magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the solenoid.
e.m.f. = ...................................................... V [3]
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21
(c) A thin copper sheet X is supported on a rigid rod so that it hangs between the poles of a
magnet as shown in Fig. 9.3.
rod
copper sheet
X
poles of magnet
Fig. 9.3
Sheet X is displaced to one side and then released so that it oscillates. A motion sensor is
used to record the displacement of X.
A second thin copper sheet Y replaces sheet X. Sheet Y has the same overall dimensions as
X but is cut into the shape shown in Fig. 9.4.
copper sheet
Y
Fig. 9.4
The motion sensor is again used to record the displacement.
The graph in Fig. 9.5 shows the variation with time t of the displacement s of each copper
sheet.
0
t
Fig. 9.5

22
(i) State the name of the phenomenon illustrated by the gradual reduction in the amplitude
of the dashed line.
light damping
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Deduce which copper sheet is represented by the dashed line. Explain your answer
using the principles of electromagnetic induction.
when the sheet cuts the magnetic flux it induces an emf in the sheet eddy current are also
...........................................................................................................................................
induced due to the emf it is a source of energy dissipation
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 10]
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23
10 The output potential difference (p.d.) of an alternating power supply is represented by
V = 320 sin(100 πt)
where V is the p.d. in volts and t is the time in seconds.
(a) Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) p.d. of the power supply.
r.m.s. p.d. = ...................................................... V [1]
(b) Determine the period T of the output.
T = ...................................................... s [2]
(c) The power supply is connected to resistor R and a diode in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.1.
V R
Fig. 10.1
(i) State the name of the type of rectification produced by the diode in Fig. 10.1.
half wave rectification
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

24
(ii) On Fig. 10.2 sketch the variation with time t of the p.d. VR across R from time t = 0 to
time t = 40 ms.
400
300
V/V
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
t / ms
–100
–200
–300
–400
Fig. 10.2
[3]
(iii) On Fig. 10.1, draw the symbol for a component that may be connected to produce
smoothing of VR.
[1]
[Total: 8]
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25
11 (a) Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 15 kV. The electrons collide with a
metal target and a spectrum of X-rays is produced.
(i) Explain why a continuous spectrum of energies of X-ray photons is produced.

electrons decelerate on hitting target metal so x ray photons are produced
...........................................................................................................................................
electrons have a range of decelerations photon energy depends on magnitude of deceleration
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the highest energy X-ray photon produced.
wavelength = ..................................................... m [3]

26
(b) A beam of X-rays has an initial intensity Io. The beam is directed into some body tissue. After
passing through a thickness x of tissue the intensity is I. The graph in Fig. 11.1 shows the
variation with x of ln (I/Io).
x / cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
In (I/Io)
–0.8
–1.0
–1.2
–1.4
–1.6
–1.8
–2.0
–2.2
–2.4
Fig. 11.1
(i) Determine the linear attenuation (absorption) coefficient μ for this beam of X-rays in the
tissue.
μ = ................................................ cm–1 [2]
(ii) Determine the thickness of tissue that the X-ray beam must pass through so that the
intensity of the beam is reduced to 5.0% of its initial value.
thickness = ................................................... cm [2]
[Total: 10]
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27
12 (a) Radioactive decay is both spontaneous and random.
State what is meant by:

not affected by external factors
1. spontaneous decay ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
cannot predict when a particular nucleus will decay
2. random decay. ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Strontium-90 ( 90
38 Sr) is an unstable nuclide.
The activity of a sample of 1.0 × 10–9 kg of strontium-90 is 5.2 MBq.
(i) Determine the decay constant λ of strontium-90.
λ = ................................................... s–1 [3]
(ii) The activity of the sample after a time of 1.0 half lives is found to be greater than the
expected 2.6 MBq.
Suggest a possible reason for this.

daughter nucleus is unstable
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
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28
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Cambridge International AS & A Level

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1

permeability of free space μ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1

the Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1

the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s−2

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21

work done on/by a gas W = p ΔV

hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh

velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

capacitors in series 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + . . .

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + . . .

alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ω t

radioactive decay x = x0 exp(−λt )

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

The variation with R3 of T2 is shown in Fig. 1.1.

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21

The relationship between T and R is given by

where G is the gravitational constant and M is the mass of the star.

Determine the mass M.

(ii) Show that the kinetic energy Ek of the rock is given by

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

(a) (i) Calculate the number N of molecules in the gas.

(ii) The mass of one molecule of the gas is 40 u.

Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the gas molecules.

r.m.s. speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21

(b) The temperature of the gas is increased by 84 °C.

Calculate the value of the ratio

new r.m.s. speed of molecules .

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21

(i) Determine the temperature at which the substance melts.

temperature = .................................................... °C [1]

(ii) The power of the heater is 150 W.

L = .............................................. kJ kg–1 [3]

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

4 (a) The defining equation of simple harmonic motion is

State the significance of the minus (–) sign in the equation.

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21

(ii) The mass of the trolley is 250 g.

Calculate the maximum acceleration a of the trolley.

a = ................................................ m s–2 [1]

© UCLES 2021 9702/42/F/M/21 [Turn over

For this transmission, determine:

(i) the wavelength of the carrier wave