CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Non-governmental Organization (NGO) have increasingly been promoting

or promoted as alternative health care, poverty alleviation, women education,

social justice, community development and some goals but hampered by

government inefficiencies and resources constraints. However, the reality of Non-

governmental Organization (NGO) are more complex not only is the distinctive

between government and NGO may also suffer from resource constraints and

management inefficiencies, similarly to those that government provides. Some

registered NGO operate as profit provides in practical policy development must

reflect the strength and weakness of the NOGs in a particular setting and should be

build on terms of resources mobilization, efficiency and/or quality.

Policy development will always require a strong government presence in

coordinating, regulating, legislating, supervising, educating, financing and giving

technical assistance and on NGO sector responsible to the policy goals of

government. Hence this research shall focus on investigating “the role of Non-

Governmental Agencies in poverty alleviation and the development of community

with a particular emphasis on Ogugu prime movers association”.

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 NGO, been a non- governmental or profit making organization, they pursue

an issue(s) of interest to its members by lobbing persuasion and/or direct action, in

the area of international economics. NGO play an increasing role defending human

rights and the environment and fighting poverty.

Ogugu prime movers association as a Non-Government Organization registered as

a trustee in October, 1991 with the corporate affairs commission Abuja, Nigeria

has proved a lots of functions towards community development such as:

- Education

- Poverty alleviation

- Water and sanitation

- Economic empowerment

Observations have shown how NGOs helps enormously towards developing the

communities and people are willing to join the organization due to its benefits. As

the research goes on, we shall see the extent the NGOs have given boast to

development of communities.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Non-Governmental Organizations are present today in almost every continent,

country and district. In Kogi, NGOS have contributed both social and economic in

community development. Most of the orphans have been destabilized by many

factors such as corruption, high rates of domestic violence, high illiteracy rates,

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unemployment, weak government policies, poor infrastructure, un-political

environment, environmental hazards, limited resources for implementation of both

government and NGO programmes. However, such problems have hindered

NGOS to fully achieve these development programs. Therefore there is a need to

put up measures to curb those challenges so as to ease community development.

1.3Research Questions

(i) What is the role of NGOs in Community development in Kogi?

(ii) What are the challenges faced by NGOs' operation in offering Community

development in Kogi?

(iii) What are the ways of improving the performance of NGOs in offering

Community development in Kogi?

1.4 Objectives of the study

(i) To find out the role of NGOs in Community development in Kogi.

(ii) To find out the challenges faced by NGOs' operation in offering Community

development in Kogi.

(iii) To establish ways of improving the performance of NGOs in offering

Community development in Kogi.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study would add to the already existing literature on the role of Non-

Governmental agencies in poverty alleviation and the development of community.

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The research would be of relevance to policy makers and NGOs working in

humanitarian situations and perhaps propose better laws that protect humanitarian

agencies like the Action Aid, UNDP, FAO, WHO, UN, USAID, among others

from performing their duties. To the students, this study would help them attain

their degree in Development Studies.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study would be conducted in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi

State. The research would be carried out on the role of non government agencies in

poverty alleviation and the development of community. The research looked at the

contribution in Community development over years from 2001-2011.

The study involved a high and heavy financial expenditure which might exceed the

budgeted expenditure. The time allocated to the study was too limited to allow the

researcher to comprehensively exhaust the study. However, the researcher

endeavored to satisfactorily conduct the study and have the report in time needed.

The researcher also faced it difficult to access some respondents in the study. Some

respondents might refuse to provide all the data requested for and some of the

documents requested for might not be availed to the researcher.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Role: describes a related set of activities that someone may perform to complete a

process.

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Non- Government Agencies: A non-governmental organization, or NGO, is an

organization established by a group of individuals that wishes to pursue goals and

aspirations that relate to the public, social, or political good of a nation or the

world.

Poverty Alleviation: refers to the ability of human beings to lead lives they have

reason to value and to enhance the substantive choices they have, which can only

be realised in the context of well-functioning institutions committed to social

security.

Development: is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the

addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic

components.

Community: A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with

commonality such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity.

Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g.

a country, village, town, or neighbourhood) or in virtual space through

communication platforms.

Community Development: Community development seeks to empower

individuals and groups of people with the skills they need to effect change within

their communities. These skills are often created through the formation of social

groups working for a common agenda.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

The term non-governmental organization (NGO) namely refers to

organizations that are neither a part of a government nor conventional for-profit

businesses (Vakil, 2017). Usually set up by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be

funded by governments, foundations or businesses. Some avoid formal funding

altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse group of

organizations engaged with a wide range of activities, and take different forms in

different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may be

registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may

be fronts for political, religious or other interest groups.

Community development is material or logistical assistance provided for

humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises including

natural disasters and manmade (Dowden and Richard, 2010). The primary

objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain

human dignity. It may therefore be distinguished from development aid, which

seeks to address the underlying socioeconomic factors which may have led to a

crisis or emergency.

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 According to the Overseas Development Institute, a London-based research

establishment, whose findings were released in April 2009 in the paper "Providing

Aid in Insecure Environments: 2009 Update", the most lethal year in the history of

humanitarianism was 2008, in which 122 aid workers were murdered and 260

assaulted. Those countries deemed least safe were Somalia and Afghanistan. In

2012, Humanitarian Outcomes reports that the countries with the highest incidents

were: Afghanistan, Bugiri, Syria, Pakistan and Somalia.

Peace-building is understood as an overarching term to describe a long-term

process covering all activities with the overall objective of preventing violent

outbreaks of conflict, or to sustainably transform aimed conflict into constructive

peaceful ways of managing conflict (Paffenholz and Spurk, 2015). In the peace-

building discourse, Galtung, distinguishes two forms of peace, namely negative

peace (end of violence) and positive peace (peaceful society at all levels) (Galtung,

2019). Within the peace-building concept, self-sufficiency and sustainable

development are seen as possible contributions to the peace process. In the context

of OLS, the relief-to-development continuum was implemented as a means to

create a positive, lasting peace in Sudan. Thus, the peace-building process refers to

the implementation of the relief-to-development continuum. Furthermore, within

the context of OLS, peace-building processes were implemented during an ongoing

CPE.

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2.2 Theoretical Review

The theoretical underpinnings of this research draw from a multidisciplinary

base, including humanitarianism, development, and peace-building. Traditionally

these have been treated as separate areas of study, each with their own practice and

discourse. However, in recent years there has been a convergence of these

paradigms, which has become manifest in the form of a relief-to-development

continuum. The increasing realization of the need to respond to CPEs in a more

coherent and coordinated manner with a view to longer-term sustainability and

capacity building, created ideas that humanitarian aid can be both developmental

and also build long-term capacities for peace (Goodhand and Lewer, 2019). Within

this framework, sustainable development is seen as a possible contribution to peace

processes (Pugh, 2017). The long-lasting nature of contemporary CPEs has led to a

desire on the part of the international community to move beyond relief and engage

in rehabilitation and development even during ongoing conflicts (Harvey, 2018;

Rigby, 2011). Thus, humanitarianism obtains a developmental characteristic,

which should theoretically contribute to the peace-building process. Peace-building

attempts to address the root causes of violence by ameliorating the structural

violence present in CPEs. Peace-building is placed within the relief-to-

development continuum. Thus, peace-building activities refer to rehabilitation,

reconstruction, and local capacity building. In addition, it is believed that INGOs

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have a comparative advantage in strengthening a society's capacity for peace.

Through their work, humanitarian INGOs gather local knowledge, develop links

with local actors, get direct access to war affected populations, and are often

respected by all parties as an imperial and neutral actor (Scholms, 2013;

Woodhouse, 2010). INGOs are able to implement the relief-to-development

approach within states as the international community's responsibility to protect

takes precedence over the sovereignty of states. At the global level, the service

delivery function of the state has been privatized as Northern governments prefer

to respond to CPEs through subcontracting to INGOs. At the national level, the

service delivery capacities of states experiencing CPEs are weakened or non-

existent. Thus, the watering down of considerations about state sovereignty at the

global and national level has enabled INGOs to intervene in CPEs.

The relief-to-development continuum has resulted in a division among

humanitarian experts regarding the role of humanitarianism. Many INGOs, such as

Oxfam, argue that the new relief agenda should be integrated with conflict

resolution, respect for human rights, robust military intervention and with

contributions to longer-term development. On the other hand, others believe that

humanitarian activities should be restricted to immediate relief for survival, and

they draw a line between emergencies that require intervention and sustainable

development programs (Pugh, 2017). The linkage between humanitarian relief and

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peace-building can be achieved in two, mutually complementary ways. Peace-

building can be seen as the final phase of a 'hand-over-process' that begins with

relief aid, leads to rehabilitation and development efforts, and ends with the

construction of sustainable peace. In addition, peace-building can be viewed as an

integrated approach that requires any actor, including INGOs, to integrate peace-

building efforts into every state of engagement (Schloms, 2012). After 2014, the

operational mandate of OLS shifted from emergency relief towards rehabilitation

and reconstruction at the request of the GOS and the SPLM/A. By evaluating the

activities of INGOs within the relief-to development framework, it is possible to

determine whether these agencies have indeed contributed positively to the peace-

building process by adopting a development approach to delivering humanitarian

relief.

2.3 Non-Governmental Organizations Today

The NGO sector in West Africa is a growing one. It's most exponential

growth was witnessed after early 1990’s when evidently a relatively more

conducive environment for NGO formation and operation was put in place. From a

paltry estimate of less than 200 NGOs in 1996 to 3,500 in 2000; 4,700 in 2003;

5,500 by end of 2005 and the number presently is estimated to be in the region of

8,000. This numerical presentation of the NGO sector growth has to be read with

caution though, as it is drawn largely from the official NGO Registry of NGOs at

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the NGO Board. A study by the Office of the Minister of Humanitarian Affairs

(2013) in suggested the sector could in fact be a lot smaller as only between 15-

30% of NGOs that register go operational. Secondly there are chances that some

NGOs operate without registering with the NGO Board. It has to be noted that the

perceived growth in the NGO sector is not an isolated development as evidently

there has been growth in several other sectors in the last two decades NGO Forum,

(2015).

A politico-economy analysis of NGO formation would reveal that NGOs get

formed for various reasons, some of which are indeed selfish. There have been

many labels on NGOs, from them being briefcase or even 'kavera' entities to being

flash disk NGOs. In a society, where life is increasingly becoming very difficult, in

part because of the failure of the state or even the much touted private sector to

provide adequate opportunity for citizens, such phenomena are not surprising.

Borrowing liberally from the World Bank's necessarily-vague Operational

Directive 14.70, we define NGOs as private organizations "characterized primarily

by humanitarian or cooperative, rather than commercial, objectives that pursue

activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the

environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development"

in developing countries. Eric Werker and Faisal Z. Ahmed, (2017), NGOs, then,

are the subset of the broader nonprofit sector that engages specifically in inter-

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Community development; our definition excludes many of the nonprofit actors in

developed countries such as hospitals and universities. For example, a related

category some data collectors lump together "community-based organization" with

non-governmental organizations. However, we keep these categories separate,

because unlike non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations

exist to benefit their members directly. NGOs are one group of players who are

active in the efforts of inter-Community development and increasing the welfare of

poor people in poor countries. NGOs work both independently and alongside

bilateral aid agencies from developed countries, private-sector infrastructure

operators, self-help associations, and local governments.

2.4 Growth of Non-Governmental Organizations

The remarkable growth in non-governmental organizations over the last

several decades is the result of interactions between secular trends, ideas, and

technology. Governments have been outsourcing more of their development aid

delivery to NGOs, following a trend amongst all organizations to outsource

noncore functions for example, Mullin, (2016), and also specifically due to a

"perceived failure of governmental development assistance" Barr and Fafchamps,

(2016). At the same time, a reduction in communication costs has made it easier

and cheaper for entrepreneurs in the NGOs to organize.

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2.5 The Role of NGOs in Community Development

 Community Sensitization: The NGO has the ability and capacity to reach out

to the under-served and difficult to reach areas. Hence, the NGO was assigned the

responsibility of penetrating the rural communities to mobilize and sensitize the

rural dwellers. After a series of visits to a particular community to create

awareness, the NGO arrange for a meeting with the community members. The

expectation is that a cross section of the community members will be present at the

meeting. At the meeting, one project which is the most pressing need of the

community is selected for development through pair wise ranking method. At this

meeting too, the members of the Project Management Committee (PMC) are

selected. From then onward and the throughout the entire life of the project cycle,

the subsequent meeting of the NGO with the community is through the members of

the Project Management Committee (PMC) Eric Werker, (2017).

 Provision of Education: NGOs can contribute by giving the concepts real

content through concrete action alongside government. Conversely, NGOs can take

part in and shape the content of capacity development efforts and education policy,

as they consider capacity development a "mixture of politics and management"

(Degnbol-Martinussen and Engberg-Pedersen, 2019). NGOs are, to a certain

extent, actors with political influence. Beyond the management approach advised

through capacity development, NGOs can thus participate in negotiating and

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defining the broader understanding and policy implications of the concept.

Capacity development can provide such a framework, and contribute to improving

and diversifying NGO action aimed at the public education sector. When it comes

to NGOs' impact on education governance, an increasing number of NGOs are

coming to the conclusion that gap filling is not the way to go, because it "frees

states from responsibilities that rightly should be theirs" (Degnbol-Martinussen and

Engberg-Pedersen, 2019). NGOs niche has been the provision of a wide range of

services where the state and the market have been overwhelmed failed or simply

ignored the problem partly because often they are party to the problem: relief and

rehabilitation in humanitarian emergencies; anti-corruption work; conflict

resolution and employment creation. In Nigeria, NGOs have traditionally been

heavily involved in education, health and agriculture. The Civil Society Index puts

their impact at as high as 2.3 out of 3. Powerful local NGOs have become a well-

recognized element of local development, where they speak with authority on

issues affecting the poor and marginalized and are able to influence the highest

level of national and international policy making Eric Werker and Faisal Z.

Ahmed, (2017).

 Provision of Health Services: There is no doubt that NGOs have been at the

fore-front (although in collaboration with government) in fighting the endemic

problem of HIV/AIDS and other tropical diseases. Through various work-shops,

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semmars, symposiums, media campaign etc, NGOs like Community Partners For

Development and Action in Development Centre etc have been able to create

awareness of HIV/AIDS and its implications on poverty and development. They

have also been involved in other topical issues such as child abuse, early marriage,

human trafficking and prostitution, child labor etc. with a view to creating

awareness of policy makers to the plight and consequences of these social

maladies. For example in Nigeria, it is estimated that NGOs and Faith Based

Organizations have been contributing around 40% of services to a sector like

health. More recently their contribution is significant in environment, microfinance

and HIV/AIDS.

 Identification/Verification of Claims: The project team leader will visit the

community to verify/ascertain the claims the NGO and the PMC members have put

down on the concept note. When this is done, the NGO can then produce the

project proposal and Bill of Quantities (BOQ). The bill of Quantities shows the

activities that will be carried out and the amount of money needed for the

execution of each of the activities until completion.

 Development of Quality Assurance Mechanisms: In 2016, the National NGO

Forum, DENIVA and other NGOs came together and started a process to develop a

Quality Assurance Mechanism. This process, which will be widely consultative,

including in the media culminated in the adoption in 2017 of an NGO Quality

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Assurance Certification Mechanism, popularly known as the QUAM. The QUAM

is an NGO developed and managed voluntary code of conduct whose aim is to help

NGOs grow in good internal governance. The QUAM has 59 indicators of good

and ethical behavior and practice for NGOs and the idea is to promote the QUAM

so that NGOs adopt it voluntarily, knowing that their adoption of the principles

contained in the QUAM will help them improve on their work and make them

truly publicly accountable organizations (Eric Werker, 2017).

 Community Contribution: The cost of each project was shared between the

European Union and the Community. The European Union contribution was

seventy five percent, while that of the community was twenty five percent. The

community has to submit to the European Union Team leader the items they would

contribute to make up the twenty five percent.

 Continuous Stakeholders Meeting

The NGO was required to call for continuous stakeholders meeting at the

community level. The aim of the meeting was to resolve conflict, assess the level

of work done, community contribution and the level of community participation.

The above steps were adopted by the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) in

European Union Project development. The methods were adopted with a view to

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ensuring sustainable rural development. These were the features of participatory

Rural Appraisal/participatory learning and action approach. Since this approach is

based on the needs of the rural communities, it is democratic in philosophy and

procedure and places the welfare of the rural people above every other

consideration. According to Oversees Development Administration, this approach

is:

a. more efficient because by involving all interested parties, a wide pool of

knowledge that supports better design and implementation is available, also

financial and other costs can be shared.

b. More effective because stakeholders varied interests can be identified and

addressed in the design while shared ownership of the project implies that there is

a greater chance of achieving the intended outcome;

c. more sustainable because people are encouraged to use their knowledge and take

initiatives. Also, they gain skills and confidence to maintain the benefits of the

project.

 Community Mobilization/Empowerment: The NGOs through their effective

community mobilization and empowerment, the communities are being made to

take their own destiny in their own hands by making them to know that they have

the capacity to organize or manipulate their environment for their own end.

Through the process of mobilization and empowerment, communities have been

17
able to take control of their circumstances and achieve their own goals, thereby

being able to work towards helping themselves and others to maximize the quality

of their lives.

 Gender Awareness and Participation: Although the right to be treated as

equals is entrenched in the constitution of most states, there are however several

loopholes which have made certain discriminating policies against women. For

example, relocating women at the place of their husbands' employment. Regardless

of the constitutional right for equality, the state still perpetuates traditional sex role

stereotypes through its policies and development programmes. The role of women

in the society and the images people have of them are deeply rooted in religion and

culture. But the activities of NGOs like the Human Liberty Development Centre

and Centre for Community Health and Human Services have gradually changed

the situation for the better in the following ways:

a. They have paved the way for women to exercise their political rights in local

governance.

b. Ensure women participation to certain extent; challenges social stigmas relating

to their ability to exercise power and alter the texture of daily politics by injecting

different values and perspective.

c. Women through participation display more integrity, improved political

administration because women are more accessible to the community than the

18
men. They are more transparent and more effective in fighting grassroots

corruption and problems.

d. Women have become more enlightened to draw attention to education, water,

sanitation, drug and alcohol abuse issues, which are generally not focused by men.

 Health Programmes: Access to qualitative health care has gone beyond the

reach of most Nigerians particularly those in the rural areas. But thank God for the

activities of NGOs like the Community Partner for Development and Hope

Foundation etc who have come in as the saving grace with efforts aimed at

encouraging community mobilization for health development activities. They have

developed so many community's health care programmes and trained volunteers on

various community problems to undertake baseline information and follow up on

those who need medical care and attention.

 Micro-Credit Scheme and Poverty Alleviation: The last three decades have

been extremely turbulent, poverty becoming endemic as millions of Nigerians

without work deteriorate fastly below absolute poverty line. More and more the

future seems gloomy as the link between democracy and the poor is increasing

with a new stratum, of society ("New Poor") gets impoverished. This new poor

include the well educated, without or with jobs earning salaries that cannot finance

even minimum living condition for themselves and families. Transforming the

Nigerian society then becomes a major challenge to sustainable development in our

19
new democracy, and more and more policy makers are concurring with the

inevitable conclusion that poverty alleviation schemes must be adjusted to reduce

or eradicate poverty. The government has confronted poverty through different

approaches which have failed or not yielded the desired result either due to

politicization of poverty alleviation programmes, lack of continuity and

inconsistency in policy implementation, which inhibit progress and create climate

uncertainties and lack of the political will of the leadership to ensure that resources

for social development programmes, get to the targeted beneficiaries. Thus, NGOs

have had to intervene with different programmes anticipated to raise the level of

wealth creation in the economy, employment, consumption and also wealth

distribution both at the rural and national levels through micro-credit schemes with

low interest rate and sometimes interest free and also skill acquisition centers

which have had greater impact on the lives of the people particularly those in the

rural areas.

 Human Rights: NGOs have played a role akin to that of an eye specialist in

human right issues. It takes some one (NGO) from the outside to tell the

government (democratic or dictatorial) that you are not representing the interest of

the citizenry but a few elite. When the vision of government and politicians are

blurred as regards respect for human rights, the NGOs who are acting as eye

specialist can fit them a pair of appropriate glasses to see properly. The issues of

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development and democracy is being linked to human right issues because there

can be no true economic and political advancement without respect for human

beings. A legal environment must be created in the form of law whereby each

individual can flourish and his freedom thrives in a concept of responsibility with

rights and duties. There has been pressure exerted on government to ensure respect

for those fundamental right and human rights. NGOs cannot wait for the situation

to get out of hand and talk about intervention, which causes a lot of dislocation and

human suffering. NGOs move in quickly whenever a problem crops up and take up

such issues through dialogue for the interest of all stakeholders. As the world

philosophy is shaping, towards democratization, the world is no longer one of

confrontation but the rights of human beings to live in peace and to express

themselves fully within the society. NGOs have played a major role in the

democratic process through dialogue, lobbying and advocacy (Prendergast, 2015).

2.6 Challenges Faced by NGOs in Offering Community Development

UNHCR, 2015 states that in the last several years, humanitarian NGOs have

increasingly found themselves trapped in an acute dilemma. This dilemma is best

exemplified in the work that will be done with refugees in eastern Zaria, in the

aftermath of the genocide and the victory of the Patriotic Front in 2014. Agencies

charged with tuning refugee camps, using the most tested and progressive methods

of camp management, nevertheless found themselves by the autumn employing

21
mass murders and war criminals as local staff. The perpetrators of the genocide

had re-imposed authority over hundreds of thousands of refugees under the

supervision of the United Nations and humanitarian NGOs, and were organizing to

use the camps as a springboard to attack the government. Humanitarian assets were

being used to fuel rather than resolve conflict. A more perverse outcome from the

perspective of humanitarian NGOs is difficult to imagine.

UN and NGO resources in Zaria were subject to political control and taxation by

the forces that perpetrated the genocide of 2014. Less by theft and diversion than

by controlling distribution of relief supplies and the flow of information,

genocidaires turned UN-managed and NGO operated refugee camps into political

and resource bases for continued and renewed genocidal warfare (Duffield, 2014).

When the post-2010 regime sought to break the genocidaires' control of the camps,

civilian refugees became moving shields between two armies. Relief supplies and

the NGO presence were used to lure starving refugees out of hiding in the forests

of Zaria, and these refugees were then slaughtered by the tens of thousands. At the

extreme, NGOs were transformed from sources of protection into resources for

destruction.

Humanitarian relief has also been compromised by the unsustainable and

conditional consent it has accepted to access populations at risk. NGOs have

experienced enormous difficulty in gaining access to vulnerable populations. These

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difficulties are deliberately created by warring parties who, in the context of a

complex humanitarian emergency, exploit the vulnerability of civilian populations

for political or military purposes. NGOs find themselves constantly renegotiating

access and facing new designations of previously consented space as off limits.

The waiting parties in turn frequently use negotiated access agreements to build

international credibility. At the extreme, this leads to the perverse outcome that the

more killing is done, the more NGOs respond with additional resources. With no

good choices, NGOs consent tacitly to unilateral changes in access and so

empower belligerents who impose conditions that clearly violate international

humanitarian law (Duffield 2018).

Other Challenges Includes;

Lack of Funds: NGOs are expressing difficulty in finding sufficient, appropriate

and continuous funding for their work. They find accessing donors as challenging

as dealing with their funding conditions. They perceive there to be certain cartels

of individuals and NGOs that control access to donor funds. They have limited

resource mobilization skills and are often not looking for funds that are available

locally, preferring to wait for international donors to approach them. There is a

high dependency of donors and a tendency to shift interventions to match donor

priorities. There is a lack of financial, project and organizational sustainability.

(Koch, D. J., 2017).

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Poor Governance: was recognized within the sector as a whole, within the NGO

Council and within individual NGOs. Knowledge of good governance varied

widely, with some regions indicating very little understanding of why NGOs are

required to have Boards or what their roles and functions should be. Many other

participants explained that it is difficult to achieve good governance with founders

who wished to own their NGOs for their own purposes. Participants with better

understanding of good governance appreciated that this is fundamental to NGO

accountability and transparency. Many NGOs mismanage their resources, quite

often with the involvement and encouragement of their Boards that eat their NGOs

resources. Finding Board members can be difficult if you are not willing to pay

them or provide allowances.

Absence of Strategic Planning: Few NGOs have strategic plans which would

enable them to have ownership over their mission, values and activities. This

leaves them vulnerable to the whims of donors and makes it difficult to measure

their impact over time.

Poor Networking: was identified as a major challenge. It is the cause of

duplication of efforts, conflicting strategies at community level, a lack of learning

from experience and an inability of NGOs to address local structural causes of

poverty, deprivation and under-development. Negative competition for resources

also undermines the reputation of the sector and the effectiveness of NGO

24
activities at community level. As a result there is a great deal of suspicion among

NGOs, secrecy and lack of transparency. Many NGOs, large and small, intervene

at community level without any community mapping and implement projects

without due regard to ongoing community initiatives. NGO politics: one fighting

another, one with resources but no community presence, another with community

presence but no resources.

Poor Communications: NGOs also recognize that there is very poor

communication within the sector. The majority o f NGOs have little or no access to

reliable email and internet connections; they receive almost no literature on

development issues and are generally out of touch with issues of global, regional

and national importance. There lack of understanding of the difference between the

Board and Council is just one example of the knowledge gaps that exist (Leigh

Linden (2013).

Limited Capacity: NGOs recognize that many of them have limited technical and

organizational capacity. Few NGOs are able or willing to pay for such capacity

building. Weak capacity was identified in fundraising, governance, technical areas

of development, and leadership and management. Some NGOs felt that the

existence of quality standards would assist them to develop the required capacities.

The speed of technology changes is also a challenge particularly in areas of IT

capacity. Aall, P. (2011).

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Development Approaches: Many NGOs are still focusing upon what some refer

to the 'hardware' approach to development, i.e. the building of infrastructure and

the provision of services; rather than what some refer to as the 'software' approach

of empowering people and local institutions to manage their own affairs. Other

NGOs seem unaware of changes in the role of government, the changing Aid

paradigm, and the effectiveness of a "rights based" rather than "welfare" approach.

While it is becoming harder to fund and sustain service delivery interventions,

most local NGOs persist with them. Community poverty and illiteracy rates remain

significant. NGOs are acutely aware of the increasing and enormous needs of poor

people and feel at a loss as to how they can respond to all these needs. There is a

lack of sustainability and ownership of development interventions by communities.

Some communities have been spoilt by dependency creating interventions and are

not inclined to do things for themselves. It is difficult to keep our programmes

relevant to changing situations and the culture of handouts is hard to counter.

There is no accepted code of ethics and conflicting approaches.

Relationships with INGOs: There is considerable concern among local NGOs

that the giants, mainly INGOs, occupy so much space that it is very difficult to find

room for themselves. INGOs often intervene without any concern for the building

of sustainable local CSOs. They pay government and community members to

participate in their projects while local NGOs have no facility for doing so. INGOs

26
are also perceived to be driven by short-term project approaches that are not locally

sustainable. They pay high salaries and attract local NGO personnel. They are also

responsible for creating the high cost image that undermines the credibility of the

sector. It is difficult and inappropriate for local NGOs to compete with the

international and national giants. Many external organizations are not working with

local CSOs, they simply provide unfair competition and hold back the

development of our sector and cost effective development interventions.

International NGOs should not be allowed to work on the ground, they pay

allowances and manipulate the people; cannot run this nation on the whims of

international NGOs; they suppress local NGOs. (Lewis, D., 2015).

Political Interference: In some regions, in particular South and North, NGO

leaders identified the interference of local politicians and civic leaders as a major

hindrance to their work. Where NGOs are involved in sensitive issues, such as land

disputes, local leaders can threaten NGOs with deregistration. NGOs are not aware

that the Board - and potentially the Councils are there to protect them from such

intimidation.

NGO Board and NGO Council: Many participants were poorly informed of the

difference between these two institutions, NGO Coordination Board and the

National Council of NGOs; and unaware of their roles and responsibilities in

relation to them. Most participants expressed the opinion that the NGO Code of

27
Conduct is outdated and needed updating soon. This group of participants also

complained that the NGO Council is poorly governed and doesn't provide any

services to the NGOs. They were aware that the NGO Board does not respect the

Council and that there is mistrust between the Government and NGOs. Participants

are well aware that the NGO sector has a ve1y poor public profile which they see

as mainly due to the leadership wrangles, politics and infighting at the Council and

among NGOs. While most participants appreciated the positive role of the NGO

Board in creating an enabling environment for NGOs, a few participants felt there

was a lack of political good will towards NGOs in some parts of government.

Some branches of government are thought to deliberately frustrate NGOs. A few

participants felt that government bureaucracy holds back the NGO sector and its

members (Barnes, C. 2015).

28
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of Data Collection

In carrying out a research work, one has to be bias free; therefore multistage

stratified and random sampling methods will be used. This method is favored

because it is bias free when applied to the research. Questionnaires will be

distributed to Ogugu prime movers association. A target population of 85 was

considered, out of which 60 made up a purposeful sample which was of great

importance to the researcher. The techniques of data collection will include

questionnaire method and the oral interview for those who are illiterates. These

methods will be used because the respondents will be able to give appropriate

response as regarding their personal characteristics such as age, marital status etc,

and major variables in the study.

3.2 Population and Sample Size

Hence the total population of Ogugu prime movers association is about 100 men

and women of the entire population in Olamaboro will form the population of the

study. The sample size of this study is eighty five (85) possible respondents. The

research considered this sample size large enough for this study, taking into

consideration statistical analyses. The sample size is considered appropriate for

effective management due to time and financial factors.

29
3.3 Population and Sampling Techniques

The population in respect to this research comprise Ogugu prime movers

association in Olamaboro Area Council, Kogi State. The researcher therefore used

the simple random technique in order to be able to select the number of men and

women needed to provide the necessary information for the study. The simple

random sampling technique was chosen by the researcher in order to ensure that

the men and women of Ogugu prime movers association in Olamaboro Area

Council, Kogi State were properly represented in this study.

3.4 Method of Data Analysis

This section utilizes the questionnaires administered on the selected respondent for

this study. A total number of eighty five (85) questionnaires were administered and

sixty (60) returned, which formed the basis of data analysis.

However, the researcher presented the data collected on tables and they are

analyzed in percentages.

30
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation

This chapter deals with data presentation, analysis and discussion of the findings.

Data was collected, analyzed and processed to malce it useful and understandable.

Data was collected, tabulated and then analyzed.

4.1.1 Age of the Respondents

Respondents were asked questions related to their age and the results are shown in

the table below:

Table 1: Showing Age Distribution of Respondent

Age group Frequency Percentage

Below 25 10 10
26 – 30 20 20
31 — 40 18 18
41 — 49 30 30
50 — above 22 22
TOTAL 100 100
Source: Primary data, 2 0 2 3 .

Table 1, shows that 10 out of 100 representing (10%) were below 25 years, 20 out

of 100, representing 20% of the respondents were between 25-29 years of age, 18

out of 100, representing 18% of the respondents were between 30-39 years of age.

The table further shows that 30 out of 100 representing 30% of the respondents

31
were between 40-49 years and 22 out of 100, representing 22% were above 50

years of age. This means that majority of the respondents are between 40-49 years

of age followed by those above the age of 50.

4.1.2 Marital Status of the Respondents

The second part of the questionnaire predetermined the Marital Status of the

respondents and it was stipulated as follows.

Table 2: Showing Marital Status of the Respondents

Marital Status Frequency Percentage

Married 40 40
Single 27 27
Widow 22 22
Widower 11 11
Total 100 100
Source: Primary data, 2023.

Table 2, show that 40 out of 100, representing 40% of the respondents were

married; 27 out of 100, representing 27% of the respondents were single. It was

further revealed that 22 out of 100, representing 22% of the respondents were

widows and 11 out of 100, representing 11 % were widowers. This means that

majority of the respondents were married indicating that majority of the

beneficiaries of the NGOs per-say are married people and other groups as follows.

32
4.1.3 Gender of the Respondents

The third variable in determining the Demographic characteristics of respondents

was the respondents Gender and this was stipulated as follow.

Table 3: Showing Gender of the Respondents

Sex Frequency Percentage

Female 40 40
Male 60 60
Total 100 100
Source: Primary data, 2023.

Table 3, shows the gender of the respondents and it was found that 40 out of 100,

representing 40% of the respondents were females and 60 out of 100, representing

60% of the respondents were males. This therefore means that the majority of the

respondents are male and the male dominate the respondents with over 60%. On

average research has proved that men are more responsive to providing assistance

to researchers than women.

4.1.4 Educational Status of the Respondents

Respondents were asked questions related to their educational status and their

responses are as follows.

Table 4: Showing Educational Level of the Respondents

Education levels Frequency Percentage

Uneducated 20 20
Secondary 15 15
University 25 25
33
 Tertiary 30 30
Total 100 100
Source: Primary data, 2023.

Table 4, shows the educational levels of the respondents and it were revealed that

20 out of 100, representing 20% of the respondents had no education; 15 out of

100, representing 15% of the respondents had secondary education. The other 25

out of 100, representing 25% received university education; and 30 out of 100,

representing 30% of the respondents had tertiary education. This means that the

majority of the respondents had tertiary level of education as compared to

university and secondary education. Well as the study revealed a big number of

educated respondents, there is still need to reduce the twenty percent uneducated

respondents. Charles and Mweleme (2019) stated that a community that has a big

number of uneducated people can never realize the benefits of development

unless at least a bigger percentage of the community can understand the direction

of governmental policies.

4.2 Role of NGO’s in poverty alleviation in the development of community

Table 5: Showing the role of NGO’s in poverty alleviation in the development

of community

Responses Frequency Percentage

Infrastructure development 22 22
Provision of medical services 24 24
Relief aid in emergencies 28 28

34
 Provision of education 26 26
Total 100 100
Source: Primary data, 2023.

The findings of the first objective of the study had four values (answers) of which

were analyzed and were found out a follows:-

In accordance to the Role of NGOs in Community development, majority of the

respondents accounting to 28 respondents (28%) indicated that NGOs are very

important in relief provision. It should be noted that Kogi as a whole has been a

very dilapidated area with many wrangles that are either tribal or political centered.

For the past twenty or more so years the Government has been under European and

American Aid from Humanitarian Agencies which have been providing relief and

assistance to the people of Kogi State. Respondents stated there have been a

number of NGOs providing relief aid to the people of Olamaboro and among them

Prime movers association was stated to have been at the centre of helping the

people with development assistance.

Respondents certainly stated that NGOs have been at the fore front of providing

Education to the people in Olamaboro. Of the respondents, 26% stated that most

NGOs have helped the people of Kogi to build capacities of the people through

education and building of schools and institutions that are at the forefront of

reducing the levels of illiteracy in the country. Smith and Lipsky, (2013) state that

an economy can only develop basing on the level of education of its citizens and

35
the growing class of innovation that are castigated by that contribution of science

and technology. Many NGOs in the developing world trying to bridge the gap

between the developed under developed by creating a big percentage of the

educated in these countries.

A section of 24 respondents (20%) indicated that NGOs are responsible for

Provision of medical services in the area under study. Gordenker and Weiss,

(2016) indicated that the growth of a war ravaged economy lies in the hands of

improving the Healthy Sector. Many organizations in the third world have been

responsible for the improvement of the healthy sector in the growth and

development of these countries. Underson and Mizburg (2012) state that

International NGOs and MDCs have been responsible for providing grants and

loans to the development of the health sector.

Well as other respondents thought of health, education and relief, 22 respondents

indicated that NGOs have been important in the establishment of infrastructures

such as Health Centers, contributed to construction of roads, Schools and

construction of water supply areas.

4.3 Challenges faced by NGOs' Operation in offering Community

Development in Olamaboro L.E.G.A Kogi State.

Table 6: Challenges faced by NGOs' operation in offering Community

Development in Olamaboro

36
 Responses Frequency Percentage
Inadequate funding 27 27
Corruption 23 23
Political instability 24 24
Government 26 26
Regulations

Total 100 100

Source: Primary data, 2023.
The second objective of the study was to Challenges faced by NGOs' operation in

offering community development in Olamaboro district. The study findings are

discussed as follows;

Majority of the respondents accounting for 27% stated that inadequate funding of

NGO projects was one of the major challenges affecting NGO performance in

Olamaboro district. Over 26% of the respondents stated that the government over

regulates the operation of NGOs in Olamaboro district. They revealed that the

process of NGO registration is long, and annual renewal of NGO registration is

also another huddle. Respondents also stated that political instability is yet another

challenge that NGOs face in their operations to bring Community development in

Olamaborodistrict. Over 24% of the respondents noted that the situation under

which NGOs operate in are not favorable for their effective functioning. Of the

respondents, 23% stated that corruption is affecting the performance of these

organizations in their quest to provide the aid needed for development. It is on

record that many NGOs operating in Kogi state have been implicated in corruption
37
allegations and have been accused of not providing the pledged services to the

communities in question.

4.4 Ways of improving the performance of NGO's in offering Community

Development

Table 7: Showing the ways of improving the performance of NGO's in

offering Community Development

Responses Frequency Percentage

Increase funding 23 23
Government-NGO relation 20 20
Promote political stability 18 18
Fight corruption 19 19
Register more NGOs 20 20
Total 100 100
Source: Primary data, 2023.
The third objective of the study was to show how NGOs can improve community

development and the finding indicated that, Majority (23%) of the respondents

stated that increased funding is one of the ways of improving the performance of

NGOs in Olamaboro district. The respondents here stated that there is need to

increase funding for the NGOs since their major problems are inadequate funding.

Respondents stated that once the NGOs funding is increased, they will be in

position to improve their performances in the Area. Klimo (2013) states just like

Third World Countries, NGOs in poor countries of operate on Deficit budgets.

NGOs often depend on donations from donor agencies and well wishers for
38
finances to move on with their operations. In cases where finances are very low,

their operations become unsatisfactory and sometimes fail to provide the required

Community development. Twenty percent (20%) of the respondents stated that

there is need to improve government-NGO relation in the whole of Kogi State. The

respondents here stated that the existing poor relationship between NGOs and the

government need to be reviewed so as to allow the NGOs freely operate in the

state. The respondents stated that there are many times the government puts limits

to NGOs' operation even when there is need for the NGOs to intervene.

Furthermore, promotion of political stability was also mentioned by over 18% of

the respondents as another way of improving the performance of NGOs in

increasing their performances in Olamaboro district. The stability of the country is

the basis of every country's development and once there is instability, there is no

development as such. Over 19% of the respondents said that corruption in the

country needs to be fought in all levels and in all sectors because in hinders social

service delivery in the country. The respondents here said that once corruption is

fought, there will be increased social service delivery by NGOs. Over 20% of the

respondents here revealed that it is paramount for more NGOs to be registered, so

as to help the existing NGOs work in different sectors like health, education,

development among others. This will increase the performance of NGOs in the

country.

39
4.3 Discussion of Findings

Respondents indicated that well as NGOs have good plans of development and

improvement of lives in Olamaboro, their efforts have been strained by low

finances. Many projects are either left half way or "die" out without being

completed. It is evident that many healthy centers, clinics and hospitals are still

under construction even when they were started years ago. One respondent in

management stated that NGOs have tight budgets which do not allow them fully

cover their scope of coverage in Olamaboro district as a whole. Government

regulations were also noted as another challenge faced by NGOs in their operation

to bring Community development.

In the Interview guide, the respondent also stated the following challenges

affecting provision of community development to the people are:

i. Unprofessional personnel

ii. Unreceptive communities

iii. Language and culture

iv. Transport failures (many parts are distant with a very poor transportation net

work)

v. Policy and leadership quality

The respondents said that the government needs to improve on the political

situation in country so as to allow NGOs freely operate in the country. It was also

40
noted that fight against corruption is yet another way of improving the

performance of NGOs. The respondents also said that register of more NGOs is yet

another ways of improving the performance of NGOs. Respondents also

highlighted some other ways through which NGOs can improve their performance,

these included;

• Decreasing looting of NGO work gear

• Resting tribal differences and adopting development initiatives

• NGOs training people how to work and not giving them money and food

• Capitalizing on education than invoking war

• Building human capital and castigating on production

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The research on the role of Non- Governmental Agencies in poverty alleviation

and the development of community with a particular emphasis on Ogugu prime

41
movers association in Kogi State. The study was guided by three objectives which

included; to find out the role of NGOs in community development in Olamaboro

L.G.E.A, to find out the changes faced by NGOs' operation in bringing community

development in Olamaboro district and the whole of Kogi State, and establishing

ways of improving the performance of NGOs in poverty alleviation in

development of the community.

While finding out the role of NGOs in community development in Olamaboro

district, the research revealed that; infrastructure development, infrastructure

development, relief aid in emergencies, and provision of education were highly

valued ideas that would change the face of people in Olamaboro L.G.E.A.

While finding out the changes faced by NGOs' operation in offering community

development in Olamaboro district, the researcher revealed that; inadequate

funding, corruption, political instability, and government regulations were seen as

major challenges affecting NGO operations in Olamaboro L.G.E.A. These

particular challenges face the operation of many NGOs in different part of poor

countries in the world.

The third objective of the study was to establish the ways of improving the

performance of NGOs in offering community development in Olamaboro district,

the research findings revealed that; increased funding, improvement of government

42
NGO relation, promotion of political stability, fighting corruption, and registration

of more NGOs would create a change in the way NGOs do their work.

5.2 Conclusions

The researcher concludes that there is a high contribution of NGOs and INGOs in

community development in Olamaboro L.G.E.A and the whole of Kogi State.

Operational NGOs create public awareness on various issues, contribute to policy-

making and monitoring and build capacity in a variety of sectors. They create

employment and pay significant amounts in import duties, pay as you earn and

value added tax, among other taxes, contributing to the growth of the economy.

A number of attempts have been made to document the contribution of NGOs to

development. Civil society in the country in- 2013 alone accounted for about $89m

(about 68 trillion naira) in expenditures, an amount equivalent to 1.4% of GDP at

the time. The sector employed more than 230,000 workers, representing 2.3% of

the country's economically active population and 10.9% of its non-agricultural

employment. The civil society workforce was estimated to be one-and-a-half times

as large as the public sector workforce and more than half as large as the workforce

in all fields of manufacturing combined.

The NGO sector that is smaller on the ground than what is on paper. There is rapid

growth in registration, but less in operations. There has been a shift since the 1970s

in the attitudes of the donors and development policymakers, away from the state-

43
centered development models towards more participatory bottom-up approaches.

As a result, the role of NGOs in the development of third world nations has grown

rapidly. However, despite of the fact that there many NGOs in the country, A

survey done in 2013 in Nigeria by the Nigeria Office of the Prime Minister

established that about only 20% of NGOs that get registered go into operation.

Furthermore, the researcher concludes that NGOs have contributed a great deal to

the wellbeing of the communities they serve despite the various shortcomings

highlighted in this report since they have always come to the rescue of the masses.

Because some NGOs are oriented towards capacity building and improved

community participation at all levels of activity, the future of NGO contribution in

community development will be further enhanced.

5.3 Recommendations

The researcher came up with the following recommendations after data analysis

and interpretation;

 Grant providers and government should establish means of closely monitoring

the performance of local NGOs both in terms of accountability and their results.

 NGOs have an incentive to overestimate the value of their services, to increase

the likelihood of future funding. Consequently, NGOs must be monitored by grant

agencies and government to ensure that what they report is accurate. In principle,

what is being suggested here is that grant providers should establish means of

44
closely monitoring the performance of local NGOs both in terms of accountability

and of results.

 The government needs to enact by-laws that strike a balance between an NGO

being semi-autonomous from the city leadership but at the same time ensuring

transparency of the NGO in terms of funding (amount and source), human resource

and target groups (size, location and special needs).

 Development of education and public accountability concerns could also be

addressed at the same time, while also providing greater opportunities for lateral

learning between NGOs. This will help reduce the sustainability issues when the

intervening NGO and donors leave.

 There should be information flows between organizations and their stakeholders

making the work of NGOs more open to the possibility of radical change, with

increased possibility of regular objective interrogation.

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Duffield, Mark. (2018). NGO Relief in War Zones: Toward an Analysis of the
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APPENDIX

School of General and Administrative Study,

Department of Public Administration,

Federal Polytechnic,

P.M.B 1037,

Idah, Kogi State.

48
 7th September, 2023.

Dear Respondent,

RESQUEST FOR THE FILLING OF QUESTIONNARE

I am a final year student undergoing National Diploma (ND) Programme

in Public Administration, Federal Polytechnic Idah.

I am conducting a research on ``The Role of Non-Government Agencies in Poverty

Alleviation and the Development of Community (A Case Study of Ogugu Prime
Movers Association in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State)".

The questionnaire therefore is prepared to enable me gather information

and response on the subject matter. Be assured that any information given shall be
used purely for academic purpose, and shall be treated as confidential as possible.

Thanks for your anticipation co-operation.

Yours Faithfully,

Agbo Grace Ojonugwa

FPI/ND/PAD/21/110

APPENDICES

APPENDIXA: QUESTIONNAIRES

I, AGBO GRACE OJONUGWA, with registration number:

FPI/ND/PAD/21/110 a student of The Federal Polytechnic Idah, conducting
research on the topic "The Role of Non-Government Agencies in Poverty
Alleviation and the Development of Community (A Case Study of Ogugu Prime
Movers Association in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State)". The
purpose of this study is to fulfill my academic requirements. I therefore request
49
you to answer for me the following questions.
SECTION A
1) Sex

(a) Male [ ] (b) Female [ ]

2. Age

(a) 20-25 [ ] (b) 26-30 [ ] (c) 31-40 [ ]

(d) 41-50 [ ] (e) 51-60 [ ] (e) 61-70 [ ]

3. Marital Status

(a) Married [ ] (b) Single [ ] (c) Widow [ ] (d) Widower [ ]

4. Religion

(a) Christian [ ] (b) Muslim [ ] (c) Other…………………………..

5. Educational Level

(a) None [ ] (b) Primary [ ] (c) Secondary [ ] (d) Tertiary [ ]

SECTION B
1. Do you have Children? (a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ]

2. Have you ever heard of Action Aid? (a) Yes [ ] (b) No [ ]

If Yes, state what you know about Action Aid?.........................................

…………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION C
1. What is the role of NGO’s in poverty alleviation in the development of

50
community?

(a)…………………………………………………………………………...............

(b)………………………………………………………………………………….

(c)…………………………………………………………………………………..

2. What are the challenges faced by NGO’s operation in bringing community

development to Olamaboro?

(a)…………………………………………………………………………...............

(b)………………………………………………………………………………….

(c)…………………………………………………………………………………..

3. What are the ways of improving the performance of NGO’s in community

development in Olamaboro?

(a)…………………………………………………………………………...............

(b)………………………………………………………………………………….

(c)…………………………………………………………………………………..

51