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MMS 452

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MMS 452

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MMS-452

Phase Transformation and Phase


Equilibria Laboratory

By
Professor(Dr.) Joydeep Maity
Dept. of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering
Department: Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
Course number: MMS-452
Contact Hours per week Credit Point
L T S 2
0 0 3

Title of course: Phase Transformation and Phase Equilibria Laboratory


Designation: Core subject (required course)-Practical
Prerequisite: Knowledge on physics, chemistry, mathematics and thermodynamics.
Contact hours: practical - 6 h (two batches: 3+3)
Course assessment methods: Laboratory report and viva voce examination.
Syllabus (topics covered):
(i) Investigation of the microstructures of carbon steels containing ~0.2%C, ~0.4%C, ~0.6%C,
~0.8%C, ~1.0%C, in correlation with phase equilibria in Fe-C system
(Iron–Carbon phase diagram)

Experiment 1 (Part I): Microstructure of 0.2 wt.% C steel (4 hours)


Experiment 2 (Part II): Microstructure of 0.4 wt.% C steel (4 hours)
Experiment 3 (Part III): Microstructure of 0.6 wt.% C steel (4 hours)
Experiment 4 (Part IV): Microstructure of 0.8 wt.% C steel (4 hours)
Experiment 5 (Part V): Microstructure of 1.0 wt.% C steel (4 hours)

(ii) With regard to Fe-C-Si phase equilibria, investigation of the microstructure of different types
of cast irons, viz. White cast iron, Grey Cast iron, Spheroidal (Nodular) graphite cast iron
and Malleable cast iron

Experiment 6 (Part I): Microstructure of White cast iron and Grey Cast iron (4 hours)
Experiment 7 (Part II): Microstructure of Spheroidal (Nodular) graphite cast iron (4 hours)
Experiment 8 (Part III): Microstructure of Malleable cast iron (4 hours)
(iii) Experiment 9:
Study of the precipitation hardening process in Duralumin (Al-4.5% Cu alloy) (3 hours)

(iv) Experiment 10:


Application of Lever Rule. (3 hours)

(v) Experiment 11:


Application of Phase Rule to different types of binary phase diagrams. (3 hours)

Text books/reference materials:


1. Phase transformations in metals and alloys- D.A. Potter and K.E. Easterling, CRC Press,
1992. 2. Introduction to Physical Metallurgy – S. N. Avner, Tata McGraw Hill, 1997.
3. Physical Metallurgy Principles, R. E. Reed-Hill and R. Abbaschian, 3rd ed, PWS-Kent
Publishing, 1992.
4. Modern Physical Metallurgy, R. E. Smallman, Butterworths, 1963.
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram (Fe-C diagram)
Mechanism of Pearlitic transformation
 Opinions have been expressed that the active nucleus (phase nucleating first) for pearlitic transformation can be either cementite or
ferrite.
 The most widely accepted of pearlite formation is that proposed by Mehl and his co-workers. According to them, the active nucleus
for austenite to pearlite transformation is cementite. Some of the reasons in favor of this proposal are :
 Orientation relation between pearlitic ferrite and parent austenite is different from that of pro-eutectoid ferrite and parent austenite.
Therefore, ferrite cannot be the active nucleus [this is in contrast to bainitic transformation where ferrite has an orientation relation
with parent austenite]
 Formation of pearlite is affected by the presence of undissolved cementite particles, whereas the presence of ferrite does not exhibit
such effect,
 Proeutectoid cementite as well as pearlitic cementite platelets are, in general, parallel to a high index (or low atomic density) plane of
austenite

 According to this model of pearlitic transformation proposed by F. C. Hull and R. F. Mehl (Hull – Mehl model), the cementite
platelet is nucleated first at the austenitic grain boundaries.
 The diffusion of carbon atoms from the austenite surrounding the cementite platelet takes place, and thus the cementite platelet
grows.
 The carbon diffusion results in lowering of carbon in austenite and, consequently, austenite transforms to ferrite. The transformation
from austenite to ferrite takes place only when the carbon content of austenite reaches some minimum critical value.
 Thus, ferrite nucleates at the interface of cementite and adjacent austenite and grows along the surface of the cementite platelet.
Since, ferrite contains very low amount of carbon, the growth of ferrite is accompanied by the rejection of carbon.
 In this process of ferrite growth, the austenite adjacent to ferrite is enriched with carbon.

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