Treponema Pallidum Gahisan Travelbee

Treponema
Pallidum
Rich Angel Gahisan
BSN1- Travelbee
Overview of the Disease:
Treponema pallidum, formerly
known as Spirochaeta pallida, is a
spirochaete bacterium with
various subspecies that cause the
diseases syphilis (STD), bejel (also
known as endemic syphilis), and
yaws. It is transmitted only among
humans.
Causative Agent:
The causative agent of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum.
Characteristics of the Causative Agent:
Treponema pallidum is a Gram-negative micro-aerophilic bacterium, 6–20 μm

long, 0.1–0.2 μm wide and tightly coiled. The treponemes are motile by three
flagella (axial filaments) that wrap around the surface of the organism and are
covered by the outer membrane which contains lipopolysaccharide.
The human pathogenic treponemes include
three subspecies of Treponema pallidum:
SUBSP. PALLIDUM (SYPHILIS)
Subsp pallidum causes venereal syphilis, it is transmitted by sexual contact
SUBSP. ENDEMICUM (BEJEL)

Also known as endemic syphilis, bejel is characterized by lesions of the skin and
bones that begin in the mouth and progress in gradual stages.
SUBSP.PERTENUE (YAWS)
Yaws is a chronic skin infection characterized by papillomas (noncancerous
lumps) and ulcers.
SUBSP. CARATEUM (PINTA)
It is transmitted by direct contact and is often seen in children of affected
parents and affects only the skin.
Source of Infection:
Syphilis is transmissible by sexual contact with infectious lesions, from
mother to fetus in utero, via blood product transfusion, and occasionally
through breaks in the skin that come into contact with infectious lesions.
If untreated, it progresses through 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent,
and tertiary.
Who is at highest risk?
Women.
Men who have sex with men.
Young adults ages 15 to 25.
People who exchange sex for drugs or money.
American Indians and African Americans.
STAGES OF SYPHILIS:
Primary Stage
During the first (primary) stage of syphilis, you may notice a single sore or multiple
sores. The sore is the location where syphilis entered your body. These sores usually
occur in, on, or around the
penis;
vagina;
anus;
rectum; and
lips or in the mouth.
STAGES OF SYPHILIS:
Secondary Stage
During the secondary stage, you may have skin rashes and/or sores in your mouth, vagina,
or anus. This stage usually starts with a rash on one or more areas of your body. The rash
can show up when your primary sore is healing or several weeks after the sore has healed.
The rash can be on the palms of your hands and/or the bottoms of your feet and look
rough;
red; or Other symptoms may include:
reddish-brown. fever;
swollen lymph glands;
sore throat;
headaches;
weight loss;
muscle aches; and
fatigue (feeling very tired).
STAGES OF SYPHILIS:
Latent Stage
The latent stage of syphilis is a period when there are no visible signs or symptoms.
Without treatment, you can continue to have syphilis in your body for years.
Tertiary Stage
Most people with untreated syphilis do not develop tertiary syphilis.
However, when it does happen, it can affect many different organ
systems. These include the heart and blood vessels, and the brain and
nervous system. Tertiary syphilis is very serious and would occur 10–30
years after your infection began. In tertiary syphilis, the disease
damages your internal organs and can result in death.
STAGES OF SYPHILIS:
Neurosyphilis, Ocular Syphilis, and Otosyphilis
Without treatment, syphilis can spread to the brain and nervous system
(neurosyphilis), the eye (ocular syphilis), or the ear (otosyphilis). This can
happen during any of the stages described above.
Mode of Transmission & Portal of Entry:
Syphilis spreads from person-to-person by direct contact with a
syphilitic sore, known as a chancre. Chancres can occur in, on, or around
the penis, vagina, anus, rectum, and lips or mouth. Syphilis can spread
during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
1. through unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sex

with a person who is infected (sexual
transmission)
2. transmitted from mother to baby (congenital
syphilis)
3. transfusion of infected blood
4. Contaminated needles
PATHOGENESIS:
While the lesions of primary syphilis are localized to
sites of initial inoculation, the pathogen is thought to
invade intercellular junctions of the endothelium,
resulting in hematogenous dissemination of the
organism during the primary stage, seeding the
central nervous system and remainder of the body.
DIAGNOSIS:
Treponemal tests, also called confirmatory tests (FTA-ABS,
TP-PA, CIA), detect antibodies specific to syphilis.
FTA= Fluorescent Treponemal Absorption Test

TP-PA= T. Pallidum Agglutination Test
CIA= Chemilumenescence immunoassay
CONTROL AND PREVENTION:
Practice safe sex (use condom)
Do not make sexual intercourse with the person who has an
STD
If you are sexually active, get a full sexual health check
(including tests for syphilis, HIV, gonorrhoea and chlamydia)
at least once a year
Seek early medical advice for oral, genital or anal sores, or
rashes that are related to recent sexual contact.
If you are pregnant or planning a family, you and your
partner should have an STI test to prevent any infections
being passed onto your baby.
TREATMENT:
A single injection of long-acting Benzathine penicillin G can cure the early
stages of syphilis. This includes primary, secondary, or early latent
syphilis. CDC recommends three doses of long-acting Benzathine
penicillin G at weekly intervals for late latent syphilis or latent syphilis of
unknown duration.

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Treponema

The causative agent of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum.

Characteristics of the Causative Agent:

Treponema pallidum is a Gram-negative micro-aerophilic bacterium, 6–20 μm

SUBSP. ENDEMICUM (BEJEL)

1. through unprotected oral, vaginal or anal sex

FTA= Fluorescent Treponemal Absorption Test

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