Filters Notes

Lecture – 17 Date: 09.10.
2017
• Parallel Resonance
• Active and Passive Filters
Parallel Resonance
At resonance:
• The voltage |V| as a function of

frequency.
• At resonance, the parallel LC
combination acts like an open circuit,
so that the entire current flows
through R.
Parallel Resonance (contd.)
• For parallel resonance:
• Half-power frequencies in
terms of the quality factor:
• For high-Q circuits:

Example – 1
Find: (a) the resonant
frequency 𝜔0 ; (b) 𝑍𝑖𝑛 (𝜔0 )
Example – 2
Determine the resonant
frequency of this circuit:
Example – 3
In this parallel RLC circuit, let R = 8 kΩ,
L = 0.2 mH, and C = 8 μF. (a) Calculate
𝜔0 , Q, and B. (b) Find 𝜔1 and 𝜔2 . (c)
Determine the power dissipated at 𝜔0 ,
𝜔1 , and 𝜔2 .
Filters
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired
frequencies and reject or attenuate others.
• a frequency-selective device → a filter can be used to limit the frequency

spectrum of a signal to some specified band of frequencies.
• These are used in radio and TV receivers → allows the selection of one
desired signal out of a multitude of broadcast signals in the environment.
A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L, and C.
It is said to be an active filter if it consists of active elements (such as

transistors and op amps) in addition to passive elements R, L, and C.
Passive Filters
Filters can be classified as
• Low Pass Filter
• High Pass Filter
• Band Pass Filter
• Band Stop Filter (Band
Reject/Eliminate Filter)
𝜔𝑐 is the cutoff frequency for lowpass and highpass filters; 𝜔0 is

the center frequency for bandpass and bandstop filters.
Low Pass Filter
• LPF ideally allows lower frequencies
and attenuates higher frequencies.
• A typical low pass filter is formed
when the output of an RC circuit is
taken off the capacitor.
H(0) = 1 and H(∞) = 0
• 𝜔𝑐 is the cut-off frequency: It is a
frequency at which 𝐻(𝜔) drops to
70.07% of 𝐻(𝜔) max or becomes
1
of 𝐻(𝜔) max.
2
• So, here, 𝜔𝑐 can be calculated as:
A low pass filter can also be formed when the output

of an RL circuit is taken off the resistor.
High Pass Filter One of the simplest form of HPF
• A high pass filter is formed when the output

of an RC circuit is taken off the resistor.
H(0) = 0 and H(∞) = 1
A high pass filter can also be formed

when the output of an RL circuit is
taken off the inductor.
Band Pass Filter
The RLC series resonant circuit
provides a band pass filter when the
output is taken off the resistor
H(0) = 0 and H(∞) = 0
• How it is BPF ?
• Resonance Frequency, 𝜔0 !!!!!
• Zeq = R ⇒ Filter allows 𝜔0 → BPF
Bandwidth of BPF = 𝝎𝟐 - 𝝎𝟏
Band Pass Filter
𝟏
Where 𝛚𝟎 = = 𝛚𝟏 𝛚𝟏
𝐋𝐂
A band pass filter can also be formed by cascading the low pass
filter (where 𝝎𝟐 = 𝝎𝒄 ) with the high pass filter (where 𝝎𝟏 = 𝝎𝒄 ).
Band Stop Filter

A filter that prevents a band of frequencies between two designated values
(𝝎𝟏 and 𝝎𝟐 ) from passing is variably known as a band stop, band reject, or
notch filter.
• A typical band stop filter
characteristic is achieved when the
output in the RLC series resonant
circuit is taken off the LC series
combination
Band Stop Filter
H(0) = 1, H(∞) = 1.
• But at resonance frequency: 𝑣0 = 0 ⇒ Filters blocks 𝜔0
Here, 𝝎𝟎 is called the frequency of rejection, while the corresponding

bandwidth (B = 𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏 ) is known as the bandwidth of rejection.
adding the transfer functions of the band pass and the Band stop
gives unity at any frequency for the same values of R, L, and C →
results into all pass filter
Passive Filter – Summary
• the maximum gain of a passive filter is unity. To generate a gain greater
than unity, one should use an active filter.
• There are other ways to get the types of filters.
• The filters discussed here are the simple types. Many other filters have
sharper and complex frequency responses.
Example – 4
Show that a series LR circuit is a lowpass filter if the output is taken
across the resistor. Calculate the corner frequency 𝑓𝑐 if L = 2 mH and R =
10 k Ω .
Example – 5
Find the transfer function
Vo/Vs of the circuit. Show that
the circuit is a lowpass filter.
Example – 6
In a highpass RL filter with a cutoff frequency of 100 kHz, L = 40 mH. Find R.
Example – 7
Design a series RLC type bandpass filter with cutoff frequencies of 10 kHz
and 11 kHz. Assuming C = 80 pF, find R, L, and Q.
Example – 8
Determine the range of frequencies that will be passed by a series RLC
bandpass filter with R = 10 Ω , L = 25mH, and C = 0.4 μF. Find the quality
factor.
Example – 9
Find the bandwidth and center
frequency of the bandstop filter

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Lecture – 17 Date: 09.10.

• The voltage |V| as a function of

• For high-Q circuits:

• a frequency-selective device → a filter can be used to limit the frequency

A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L, and C.

It is said to be an active filter if it consists of active elements (such as

𝜔𝑐 is the cutoff frequency for lowpass and highpass filters; 𝜔0 is

A low pass filter can also be formed when the output

• A high pass filter is formed when the output

H(0) = 0 and H(∞) = 1

A high pass filter can also be formed

H(0) = 0 and H(∞) = 0

Band Stop Filter

• But at resonance frequency: 𝑣0 = 0 ⇒ Filters blocks 𝜔0

Here, 𝝎𝟎 is called the frequency of rejection, while the corresponding

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