Page Number: 119

Questions
1. What is the difference between a reflex action and walking?
Solution:

Reflex actions are the involuntary actions that occur in response to stimuli. They occur without involvement of
conscious areas of brain. All he reflex actions are unconscious actions. Reflex action involves the brain and spinal cord
of central nervous systems.
On the other hand, voluntary actions are those which occur under the control of cerebellum of the brain. Walking is
learnt as we grow. Walking is controlled by the brain and is consciously used whenever required.

2. What happens at the synapse between two neurons?

Solution:

At the synapse between two neurons, electric signals are converted into chemicals that can easily crOss over the gap and
pass on the chemical messenger to the next neuron where it is converted back to electrical signal.

3. Which part of the brain maintains the posture and equilibrium of the body?
Solution:

Cerebellum, which is a part of the brain, is responsible for controlling the motor functioning. Hence, it is the part
engaged in the maintenance of posture and equilibrium of the body.

4. How do we detect the smell of an agarbatti (incense stick)?

Solution:

The smell of an agarbatti is detected by the nose. The olfactory receptors present in the nose sends electrical signal to
the fore brain. The fore brain interprets this signal as the smell of the incense stick.

5. What is the role of the brain in reflex action?

Solution:
Reflex actions are formed instantaneously in response to a stimulus that has no time to think. For
instance, the sensory
nerves that detect heat are connected to the nerves that move the muscles of the hand. Such a
connection of detecting
the signal from the nerves (input) and responding to it quickly (output) is known as reflex arc.
Reflex action are generated in spinal cord and the information also reaches brain. This helps the brain to record this
event and remember it for future use. Brain helps the person to get awareness of the stimulus
and prevent the danger
posed by the situation in the future.

6. What are plant hormones?

Solution:
Plant hormones are the organic substances produced at certain sites of a plant and are translocated to other parts based
on the requirement. Plant hormones help to coordinate growth, development and responses to the environment. Ex:
Auxin's Gibberlin's, cytokines, abscisic acid and ethylene.
7. How is the movement of leaves of a sensitive plant different from the movement ofa shoot towards light?
Solution:

SI Movement of leaves of a sensitive plant Movement of a shoot towards light

It does not depend on the direction of stimulus Depends on the direction of stimulus
applied. applied.

2 Nastic movement Tropic movement

3 Touch is the stimulus Light is the stimulus

Caused by the sudden loss of water from the Caused by the unequal growth on the two
swellings at the base of leaves sides of the shoot.

Not a growth movement Growth movement

6 Occurs very fast Occurs slowly

8. Give an example of a plant hormone that promotes growth.

Solution:

Auxins and Gibberlins are the hormone responsible for the growth of plant.
Auxins are responsible for the cell elongation in shoot and also regulate growth.
Gibberlin is responsible for stem elongation and germination.

9. How do auxins promote the growth of a tendril around a support?

Solution:

Auxins are the plant hormones produced at the tips of shoots and roots. Auxins are present at the tip of tendrils. When
tendrils are attached around any support, their growth is slowed down as auxins are sensitive to touch. This makes them
 the side of tendril in contact
move to the other side of the tip to get support; this makes the other side grow faster than
with the support and the tendril bends towards the support.

10. Design an experiment to demonstrate hydrotropism.

Solution:

To demonstrate hydrotropism in plants.

Procedure:

i. Plant a seedling in a vessel containing soil.

ii. Adjacent to the seedling put a porous pot containing water.
iii. Leave the set up for few days.
Observation:
iv. On examining the roots, it is observed that the roots bend towards the source of water and do not grow straight.
Result:

It confirms that plants show hydrotropism as the roots bend towards the porous pot of water. As hydrotropism is a
plant-growth response in which the direction of growh is determined by astimulus of gradient in water concentration.

Water

Porous -Pea seedling

pot

Hydrotropic
Sand curvature
Questions Page Number: 125
1. How does chemical coordination take place in animals?
Solution:

Chemical coordination takes place in animals with the help of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are the
chemicals that are secreted by pecific endocrine glands. Hormones regulate the growth, development and homeostasis
of the animals.

2. Why is the use of iodized salt advisable?

Solution:

Usage of iodized salt is advisable to avoid the deficiency of iodine. If the intake of iodine is low, the release of
thyroxine from the thyroid gland will be decreased. This affects fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Thus, a
person may have goitre if the intake of iodine is lowered.

3. How does our body respond when adrenaline is secreted into the blood?
Solution:

Adrenaline is a hormone secreted when a person is frightened or mentally disturbed. When Adrenaline reaches the
heart, heartbeat will increase to increase blood supply to our muscles. Adrenaline also increases the breathing rate
because of contraction of diaphragm and the rib muscles. Adrenaline rush also increases blood pressure and allows
entry of more glucose into blood. All these occur when our body responds to the secretion of adrenaline into our blood.

4. Why are some patients of diabetes treated by giving injections of insulin?

Solution:

Diabetes is a condition where the pancreatic cells of a person stops producing or reduces the production of insulin
hormone. Insulin regulates blood glucose by converting extra glucose to glycogen. When insulin is not produced
adequately, a person's blood glucose level is affected and this leads to adverse effects. order to maintain the insulin
and blood glucose levels, diabetes patients are treated with injections of insulin.
Exercise Questions Page Number: 126
1. Which of the following is a plant hormone?
(a) Insulin
(b) Thyroxin
(c) Oestrogen
(d) Cytokinin
Solution:

Answer is d) cytokinin.
Cytokinin is a plant hormone whereas Insulin, Thyroxin, Oestrogen are the hornones produced by animals.

2. The gap between two neurons is called a

(a) Dendrite.
(b) Synapse.
(c) Axon.
(d) Impulse.
Solution:
Answer is (b) Synapse
Dendrite is a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are
transmitted to the cell body.
An axon or nerve fiber is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell or neuron in vertebrates that typically conducts
electrical impulses known as action potentials away fromn the nerve cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit
information to different neurons, muscles, and glands.
Impulse is an electrical signal that travels along axon.

3. The brain is responsible for

(a) Thinking.
(b) Regulating the heartbeat.
(c) Balancing the body.
(d) all of the above.
Solution:

Answer is (d) all the above

Brain is responsible for thinking, brain regulates the heartbeat, and it balance the body.
4. What is the function of receptors in our body? Think of situations where receptors do not work properly.
What problems are likely to arise?
Solution:

Receptors are present throughout our body - mainly in sense organs. Receptors collect the information about changes
that happen around us and send the signal/information to the brain which responds to the change detected. When
receptors do not work properly, the environmental stimuli are not able to create nerve impul ses and body does not
respond.

5. Draw the structure of a neuron and explain its function.

Solution:

Neurons are nerve cells which are functional units of the nervous system. Three main parts of neurons are Dendrites,
Axons and cell body.

Structure of a Typical Neuron

Dendrite Axon terminal

Çel body
Node of Ranvjey

Axon Schwann cell

Nucleus Myelin sheath

Dendrite: Detects information and sends it to cell body
Cell Body: Maintains growth of the cell
Axon: Conducts messages away from cell body and signal to next neuron.

6. How does phototropism occur in plants?

Solution:

Directional movement and growth of plant in response to light is called as phototropism. Phototropism occurs due to
increased auxin on the dark side and decreased auxin on the illuminated side. Because of presence of more auxin, a leaf
in the darker side grows faster causing it to bend towards the source of light.
7. Which signals will get disrupted in case of a spinal cord injury?
Solution:

In case of a spinal cord injury, signals coming from the nerves, as well as the signals coming to the receptors, will be
disrupted. Both these signals meet in a bundle in the spinal cord. Hence, both these signals get disrupted.

8. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?

Solution:

Plant growth, development and responses to the environment is controlled and coordinated by a special class of
chemical substances known as hormones. Hormones are produced in one part of the plant and are transported to all the
needy parts of the plant. The five major types of phytohormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and
ethylene. These phytohormones are either growth promoters (such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and ethylene) or
growth inhibitors such as abscisic acid.

9. What is the need for a system of control and coordination in an organism?

Solution:

There are various organs in an organism. These organs must be carefully controlled and coordinated for the survival of
an organism. In the body of an organism, various fluids are secreted from the glands of the endocrine system. These
hormones are responsible for the overall growth and development of an organism. All other daily decisions that include
voluntary and involuntary actions are controlled by the central nervous system (CNS).
Coordination is needed for all human activities we perform. Our nervous system receives information from
surroundings which is processed and a response is elicited. The endocrine system (hormonal system) helps in
integrating various metabolic activities like reproduction, development, and all reflex actions (cope up with various
give up situations).
The hormonal system in plants helps in process of photosynthesis; they need cartbon dioxide, water and sunlight. The
stomatal opening in leaves opens up to allow in carbon dioxide gas, the roots bend towards water, the stem grows
towards sunlight, and the tendrils in climbing plants are supported by the hormonal system of the plant body.
Thus, we need a control and coordination system in an organism.

10. How are involuntary actions and reflex actions different from each other?
Solution:

Reflex actions Involuntary actions

1. Rapid automatic responses to a stimulus without the conscious 1. Occurs without the consciousness of
involvement of the brain an organism
12. What is the difference between the manner in which movement takes place in a sensitive plant and the
movement in our legs?
Solution:

S. Movement in sensitive plants Movement in our legs

no

The movement in a sensitive plant is a response to 1

Movement in our legs is a voluntary
stimulus (touch) which is an involuntary action. action.

2 No special tissue is there for the transfer of 2 A complete system CNS and PNS is
infomation there for the infonation exchange.

3 Animal cells have specialized protein

3 Plant cells do not have specialized protein for which help muscles to contract.
movements.