chem

Lesson 2
Changes in Matter
Focus Question
How does a substance change when it burns?

New Vocabulary
physical change
phase change
chemical change
law of conservation of mass
Review Vocabulary
observation: orderly, direct information

gathered about a phenomenon
Physical Changes
• A change that alters a substance without

changing its composition is known as a
physical change.
• As temperature and pressure change, most
substances undergo a phase change, a
transition of matter from one state to
another.
• Boiling, freezing, melting, vaporizing, and
condensing all describe phase changes.
Chemical Changes
• A process that involves one or more

substances changing into new substances is
called a chemical change.
• Decomposing, rusting, exploding, burning,
and oxidizing all describe chemical changes.
• A chemical change is commonly referred to as
a chemical reaction.
Chemical Changes
• A chemical reaction always produces a change

in properties.
• The observation that the product has
different properties (for example, smell, color,
magnetism) than the reactants is evidence
that a chemical reaction has taken place.
Conservation of Mass
• The law of conservation of mass states that

mass is neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction; it is conserved.
• The mass of the reactants equals the mass of
the products.
massreactants = massproducts
CONSERVATION OF MASS KNOWN UNKNOWN
mmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 g moxygen = ? g
Use with Example Problem 1. mmercury = 9.26 g
Problem
In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury(II)
SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN
oxide powder is placed in an open flask and
heated until it is converted to liquid mercury • State the law of conservation of mass.
and oxygen gas. The liquid mercury has a mass Massreactants = Massproducts
of 9.26 g. What is the mass of oxygen formed in mmercury(II) oxide = mmercury + moxygen
the reaction?
• Solve for m oxygen.
Response
moxygen = mmercury(II) oxide − mmercury
ANALYZE THE PROBLEM
You are given the mass of a reactant and the • Substitute mmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 g and
mass of one of the products in a chemical mmercury = 9.26 g.
reaction. According to the law of conservation of moxygen = 10.00 g − 9.26 g
mass, the total mass of the products must equal moxygen = 0.74 g
the total mass of the reactants.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
EVALUATE THE ANSWER

The sum of the masses of the two products
equals the mass of the reactant, verifying
that mass has been conserved. The answer is
correctly expressed to the hundredths place,
making the number of significant digits
correct.
Quiz
1. Which term refers to a physical change?
A decompose
B explode
C melt CORRECT
D tarnish
Quiz
2. Which term refers to a chemical change?
A boil C rust CORRECT
B freeze D vaporize
Quiz
3. Which observation is not evidence that a chemical

reaction might have occurred?
A There is an odor change.
B A solid is no longer magnetic.
C A solid melts. CORRECT
D A solid changes color.

Quiz
4. Before a chemical reaction, you measure the mass

of the reactants. A chemical reaction occurs. You
measure the mass of the products. Which is the
correct relationship between the two masses?
A massreactants > massproducts C massreactants ≠ massproducts
B massreactants < massproducts D massreactants = massproducts

CORRECT
Lesson 3
Elements and Compounds

Focus Question
What are elements and compounds?

New Vocabulary
element
periodic table
compound
law of definite proportions
percent by mass
law of multiple proportions
Review Vocabulary
proportion: the relation of one part to another

or to the whole with respect to quantity
Elements
• An element is a pure substance that cannot

be separated into simpler substances by
physical or chemical means.
• On Earth, more than 90 elements occur
naturally. There are also several elements that
have been developed by scientists.
• Each element has a unique chemical name
and symbol.
Elements
• The periodic table organizes the elements

into a grid of horizontal rows called periods
and vertical columns called groups or families.
• Elements in the same group have similar
chemical and physical properties.
• The table is called periodic because the
pattern of similar properties repeats from
period to period.
Compounds
• A compound is made up of two or more

different elements that are combined
chemically in a fixed ratio.
• Most matter in the universe exists as
compounds.
• Table salt (NaCl) and water (H2O) are
compounds.
Compounds
• Unlike elements, compounds can be broken

down into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• Separating a compound into its elements
often requires external energy, such as heat
or electricity.
Compounds
• Electrolysis is shown
on the left. This
process is used to
chemically change
water into its
component
elements—hydrogen
and oxygen.
Compounds
• The properties of a compound are different

from its component elements.
Example:
When water is broken down, its
components—hydrogen and oxygen—are
dramatically different than the liquid they form
when combined.
Law of Definite Proportions
• The law of definite proportions states that a

compound is always composed of the same
elements in the same proportion by mass, no
matter how large or small the sample.
• The relative amounts of the elements in a
compound can be expressed as percent by
mass.
The percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of

each element to the total mass of the compound
expressed as a percentage.
The table below demonstrates that the

percentages of elements in sucrose remain the
same despite differences in sample amount.
Law of Multiple Proportions
The law of multiple proportions states that

when different compounds are formed by a
combination of the same elements, different
masses of one element combine with
the same fixed mass of the other element in a
ratio of small whole numbers.
Example 1
The two distinct compounds water (H2O) and
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) illustrate the law of
multiple proportions.
• Each compound contains the same elements.

• The mass of hydrogen is the same in both
compounds.
• The mass of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide
compared to water gives a 2:1 ratio.
Example 2
Copper reacts with chlorine to form two different
compounds. The ratio of relative masses of
copper in both compounds is 2:1.
Quiz
1. Which of the following is true of elements?
A All elements are naturally existing.
B An element is a pure substance that cannot be

separated into simpler substances by physical or
chemical means. CORRECT
C Water is an element.
D Different sets of elements share similar physical

properties, but they never share chemical properties.
Quiz
2. How are elements in the periodic table organized?
A They are not organized in any particular pattern.

B They are organized alphabetically by their
chemical symbols.
C They are organized into horizontal rows called
CORRECT
periods and vertical columns called groups.
D They are organized into horizontal rows called
groups and vertical columns called periods.
Quiz
3. Which of the following is not a compound?
A water C potassium iodide
B sodium chloride D hydrogen CORRECT

Quiz
4. Which of the following is true of electrolysis?
A It separates water into one part hydrogen and

one part oxygen.
B It causes the physical change of water into its
component elements.
C It uses heat to break down a compound.
D It causes the chemical change of water into its

component elements. CORRECT
Quiz
5. Copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride are both
formed by the combination of copper and chlorine.
The different masses of copper that combine with a
fixed mass of chlorine in the two different compounds
can be expressed as a small whole-number ratio. This
ratio supports which law?
A the law of conservation C the periodic law

of mass
B the law of multiple D the law of definite

proportions CORRECT proportions

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Lesson 2

How does a substance change when it burns?

observation: orderly, direct information

• A change that alters a substance without

• A process that involves one or more

• A chemical reaction always produces a change

• The law of conservation of mass states that

EVALUATE THE ANSWER

1. Which term refers to a physical change?

2. Which term refers to a chemical change?

A boil C rust CORRECT

3. Which observation is not evidence that a chemical

A There is an odor change.

B A solid is no longer magnetic.

C A solid melts. CORRECT

D A solid changes color.

4. Before a chemical reaction, you measure the mass

A massreactants > massproducts C massreactants ≠ massproducts

B massreactants < massproducts D massreactants = massproducts

Elements and Compounds

What are elements and compounds?

proportion: the relation of one part to another

• An element is a pure substance that cannot

• The periodic table organizes the elements

• A compound is made up of two or more

• Unlike elements, compounds can be broken

• The properties of a compound are different

• The law of definite proportions states that a

The percent by mass is the ratio of the mass of

The table below demonstrates that the

The law of multiple proportions states that

• Each compound contains the same elements.

1. Which of the following is true of elements?

A All elements are naturally existing.

B An element is a pure substance that cannot be

D Different sets of elements share similar physical

2. How are elements in the periodic table organized?

A They are not organized in any particular pattern.

3. Which of the following is not a compound?

A water C potassium iodide

B sodium chloride D hydrogen CORRECT

4. Which of the following is true of electrolysis?

A It separates water into one part hydrogen and

D It causes the chemical change of water into its

A the law of conservation C the periodic law

B the law of multiple D the law of definite

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