As you are aware by now, I have no control over the examination nor to I make mark schemes.

Whilst
we have covered all the required parts of the lesson content, we have rushed through much of it due to
the shortened lessons in Ramadan. You will have to use this resource as well as going through the slides
on the VLE, completing the relevant worksheets mentioned in the VLE and any other resources such as
Seneca, Youtube, and any iGCSE exam question papers I can find for you.

Also please be aware that sometimes ‘chemical equation’ is called ‘symbol equation’ but they mean the
same thing

Chemistry 2 – Reactivity Topic

Lesson 1 Physical and Chemical Changes
1. State 4 changes of state
Evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting

2. Challenge: State the two less common changes of state

Sublimation and deposition

3. State three potential signs of a chemical reaction

Any three from:
temperature change
light given off
new substance formed / precipitation
change in colour
effervescence (bubbles)

4. State 3 signs of a physical reaction

Any three from:
Change in size or shape
No new substances formed
Expected colour change
effervescence (bubbles)
Reversible

5. Compare a physical change and chemical change by referring to the substances formed
A physical change is one where no new substances are formed, and there is only a change in the
appearance of the chemical

6. Give an example of a physical and a chemical change

A physical change would be melting ice
A chemical change would be combustion

7. Define an explosion
Something that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, heat and light
 when subjected to sudden shock, pressure or high temperature

8. Are explosions only physical or chemical reactions?

No

9. Explain why a volcanic eruption is a physical reaction

It is the build up of pressure and temperature leading to an explosion. There is not a change in
chemicals

10. Explain why the reaction between coke and mentos is a physical reaction instead of a chemical
reaction. Use the word catalyst in your answer.
Coke has dissolved carbon dioxide that is exiting the solution as a gas
The mentos act as a catalyst for the change speeding up the reaction without being used up
This leads to the rapid production of bubbles

11. Describe the particle theory and its usefulness

All matter can be described as made of tiny particles
The particles are in constant motion
There is empty space between particles
There are forces between particles

It is useful to investigate and understand the behaviour of matter

12. Compare an element, compound, mixture and molecule

An element is a substance made of only one type of atom
A compound is a substance made of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded
together
A mixture is a substance made of two or more different types of atoms or compounds not
chemically bonded together
A molecule is a substance made of two or more of atoms chemically bonded together

13. A molecule is a compound. Criticise this statement.

A molecule is a substance made of two or more of atoms chemically bonded together
Whereas a compound is a substance made of two or more different types of atoms chemically
bonded together
The statement is wrong because compounds are molecules, molecules are not compound

14. Give an example of a molecule that is not a compound

Student can provide any diatomic element such as:
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, iodine, fluorine, chlorine…

15. Complete the following table describing different properties of solids, liquids and gases (6
marks)
16. Suggest one way in which the particle theory is limited in its usefulness
Does not consider, any from:
size, shape or mass or space between particles, forces, charges, energy

17. Relate the particle theory to gas pressure

gas pressure is caused by the force of particles hitting (colliding) with the walls of the container

18. State the three factors that can affect gas pressure
Temperature
Number of particles
Volume

19. For each of your factors describe how increasing an increase in this factor will affect the gas
pressure
An increase in temperature increases pressure
 An increase in particle number increases pressure
An increase in volume decreases pressure

20. For one of your factors suggest one assumption you have made
Answer should be along the lines of’ when you increase the any of the factors, the other
factors are assumed not to change’
For example, ‘as the volume is increase, the pressure decreases, assuming that particle number
and temperature remain constant’

21. Write a word equation for the combustion of hydrogen

Hydrogen + oxygen  water

22. Write a chemical equation for the combustion of hydrogen

H2 + O2  H2O

23. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hydrogen

2H2 + O2  2H2O

24. Describe what is a fuel, use an example.

a substance that has a large store of chemical energy (or nuclear) and releases this energy when
burned. For example: any named fossil fuel, hydrogen, wood, uranium

25. State the environmental benefit of using hydrogen as a fuel instead of fossil fuels
It is clean energy producing only water
It easy source hydrogen (by electrolysis of water)

26. Explain what is meant by a reversible reaction

A chemical reaction which produces products which in turn will react to form the reactants
again

27. Which, physical or chemical, is usually a reversible reaction?

Physical

28. Hydrochloric acid is neutralised with potassium hydroxide to form water and potassium chloride
(and some heat). Write this as a word equation.
Hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide  water + potassium chloride

29. State whether it is a physical or chemical reaction

chemical
 30. State what type of reaction it is
neutralisation

31. State whether it is endothermic or exothermic. Explain your choice.

exothermic as in neutralisation, heat is released to the surroundings

32. How could you tell is the potassium chloride and water solution left over was neutral? Explain
what would be shown.
Use a universal indicator, if it stays green (pH 7) then the solution is neutral

33. Challenge: Write the chemical equation. Does it need balancing, why/why not?
HCl + KOH  H2O + KCl
Does not need balancing as same number of atoms in products and reactants

34. The following table describes the imploding can experiment (slightly different to the one
demoed in class) Place a number next to each statement from 1 to 7. The first has been done for
you.

Statement Order
The volume of liquid water is much less than the volume of water vapour – creating a 5
vacuum
Before heating, the can was filled with air and water. The gas pressure inside and 1
outside the can were equal
The pressure of the air pushing from outside the can is great enough to crush it 7
During heating, the water boiled and changed to water vapour 2
The gas pressure inside the can is much lower than the air pressure outside the can 6
When the can was placed in the cold water, the water vapour condensed back into 4
liquid water
The water vapour pushed the air out of the can 3

35. There are different ways to separate mixture, give two examples:
Any from:
Distillation, filtration, crystallisation (evaporation), chromatography

Lesson 2 Reactivity
36. You have been tasked to recall 11 metals in a reactivity series. Write down the mnemonic you
have used to remember the order of the elements you were provided in this lesson.
Please Stop Calling My African Zebra Into Lab Class Silly Guys
Accept whatever mnemonic the student has written as long as its in correct order

37. State the 11 elements in the reactivity series corresponding (linked) to the mnemonic above
Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Copper, Silver, Gold
38. The reactivity index relates to different elements reactivity with certain substances. State three
of these substances.
Water, Acids, Oxygen

39. When a substance is lower on the reactivity index, how will it behave in these substances.
It will not react readily with these substance.
accept no reaction

40. Rubidium is an extremely reactive element in group 1 (the alkali metals) when placed in water it
reacts violently and the hydrogen released catches fire spontaneously. State where in your
reactivity index strontium would go and why.
Above potassium as it is more reactive

41. Gold is a substance that is used as jewellery. State the reason

It is low on the reactivity index and so is very unreactive
therefore it will stay shiny and attractive for a long time.

42. Challenge: A substance is found between zinc and aluminium on the reactivity index. Describe
how you might expect it to react with water, acid and oxygen
water – reacts quickly
Acid – reacts quickly
Oxygen – reacts very quickly / accept quickly

43. Complete the following simplified word equations for metal reactions with substances:
a. Metal + water  metal hydroxide + hydrogen
b. Metal + acid  metal salt + hydrogen
c. Metal + oxygen  metal oxide

44. Complete the following word equations for specific metal reactions with substances:
Hint: you may want to use the reactivity table in textbook page 88 to help as some of these
reactions wont work 😉
a. Lithium + water  lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
b. Calcium + water  calcium hydroxide + hydrogen
c. Mercury + water  no reaction (mercury unreactive with water)
d. Iron + water + oxygen  iron oxide (rust)
e. Zinc + oxygen  Zinc oxide
f. Copper + oxygen  copper oxide
g. Platinum + oxygen  no reaction (platinum unreactive)
h. Potassium + sulphuric acid  Potassium Sulphate + Hydrogen
i. Gold + Sulphuric acid  no reaction (gold unreactive)
j. Iron + hydrochloric acid  Iron chloride + hydrogen
k. Aluminium + Nitric acid  Aluminium nitrate + hydrogen
 45. Describe the difference between rusting and corrosion
Corrosion is the oxidation of metal whereas rusting is a type of corrosion specific to iron which
requires the additional presence of water

46. State another material besides pure iron that would rust
Steel
accept any alloy of iron (a material that contains iron)

47. State two ways of preventing rusting

Sacrificial protection
Physical barriers

48. Explain one of the above

A physical barrier can be paint or oil and blocks the iron from reacting with oxygen or water
or
Sacrificial protection is the use of a more reactive metal attached to the iron or steel which will
react with the environment instead the iron.

49. Sacrificial protection is used on boat hulls because salt speeds up the process of rusting. State a
metal that could be used on the hull
Accept any answer above iron but below magnesium

50. Give a reason for your answer above

[chosen metal] is more reactive than iron, but not so reactive that it will react too vigorously
with the sea or air.

51. State one disadvantage of using sacrificial protection

The blocks need to be replaced regularly and so it is expensive

52. Rocks of the same age found on the Moon and Mars that contain similar amounts of iron have
very different colours. Those on the Moon are grey-black whilst those on Mars are orange red.
Explain this observation
The Moon does not have an atmosphere (that contains oxygen or water) whereas Mars does.
Therefore, the iron on the Moon has not rusted, but the iron on Mars has.

53. Challenge (geology booyah!): Similar observations have been made on the Earth when deep
rock cores have been taken of iron rich rocks within the Earth compared to those at the surface.
Suggest what this means about the ancient atmosphere on Earth
It did not contain any/much oxygen or water compared to now

Lesson 3 Oxidation
54. Describe the test used to test for oxygen with a positive result
Capture the gas in a test tube
Place a glowing (smouldering) splint in the test tube
 If it relights then oxygen is present

55. Describe the test used to test for carbon dioxide with a positive result
Use a delivery tube and a test tube filled with limewater (calcium hydroxide)
Direct the gas through the limewater
If carbon dioxide is present it will react with the limewater (to produce calcium carbonate –
chalk)
The limewater will go cloudy in a positive result

56. Describe the test used to test for chlorine gas with a positive result
Use (red or blue) litmus and place in the collected liquid
The litmus will remain the same colour if the liquid is neutral
Water is neutral and so will a positive result will be no change

57. Describe the test used to test for hydrogen with a positive result
Capture the gas in a test tube
Use a lit splint and place into the test tube
The hydrogen will ignite causing a squeaky pop

58. Challenge: Litmus paper can be used to test if a substance is acidic or alkaline. When blue litmus
is placed in an acidic solution it will turn red. When red litmus is placed in an alkaline solution it
will turn blue. Using this knowledge. Describe a test used to test for water with a positive result
Use (red or blue) litmus and place in the collected liquid
The litmus will remain the same colour if the liquid is neutral
Water is neutral and so will a positive result will be no change

59. Describe oxidation

When a substance gains oxygen

60. Challenge: State the type of oxidation that causes apples to turn brown in the presence of
oxygen
Enzyme oxidation

61. State the type of oxidation that occurs when a match is lit
combustion

62. When magnesium substance oxidises, it appears to gain mass. Explain why
the mass of magnesium before is less than the mass of the magnesium oxide afterwards
this is because oxygen from the air has bonded with the magnesium
Forming a solid compound, increasing the mass of the product

63. When charcoal is oxidised, it appears to lose mass. Explain why

the mass of charcoal before is less than the mass of the charcoal afterwards
this is because oxygen from the air has bonded with the carbon
 Forming a gas compound, decreasing the mass of the product

64. The mass of magnesium before combustion is 1.00g and the mass of the magnesium afterwards
is 1.40g. Calculate the mass of oxygen gained.
1.40-1.00 = 0.40g

65. Calculate the mass of magnesium in this sample. Give your answer to 2 significant figures

mass of magnesium 1.00

= x 100 = 71% (2.s.f)
total mass 1.40

66. Calculate the percentage mass gained in this sample.

change∈mass 0.4
x100 = x 100 = 40% (2.s.f)
starting mass 1.00

67. 124 g of zinc carbonate was heated and lost 35% of its mass. Calculate the mass of solid left

percentage loss 35
Mass lost = startingmass x = 124 x = 43.4g
100 100
Mass of solid left = 124 – 43.4 = 80.6g

Lesson 4 Exothermic and Endothermic

68. Describe the difference between exothermic and endothermic
Exothermic reactions are ones that transfers stored energy to the surroundings
Endothermic reactions are ones that takes energy from the surroundings

69. Give three examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions

Exothermic: any three from:
combustion, neutralisation, glowsticks, respiration, most oxidation reactions
Endothermic: any three from:
photosynthesis, evaporation, thermal decomposition, sports injury packs

70. Combustion requires a energy to start them off. State the name given to this starting energy.
Activation energy

71. Define a fuel

a substance that has a large store of chemical energy (or nuclear) and releases this energy when
burned
72. As a fuel such as methane burns it produces carbon dioxide and water. Write this as a word
equation
Methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide and water

73. A chemical formula is written as 2Fe2O3 state what each number means
The first 2 means there are two molecules of Fe2O3
The second 2 means there are two iron atoms in each molecule
The 3 means there are there oxygen atoms in each molecule

74. Challenge: write the chemical equation. Methane’s formula is CH 4

CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O

75. Challenge: write the balanced chemical equation

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

76. There are two types of combustion. Complete and incomplete. Explain the difference
Complete combustion occurs when there is excess oxygen available
Only water and carbon dioxide are produced
Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen present
Water, carbon monoxide and unburnt fuel (e.g. soot) are produced.

77. Complete the table below, calculating the temperature change and stating the type of change.
 78. You react two substances together and the reaction feels cold to the touch. Explain what type of
reaction this is.
Endothermic because energy is being taken in from the surroundings

79. Challenge: Thermal decomposition is when a substance breaks up into simpler substances when
it is heated. For example calcium carbonate decomposes when it is heated to give calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide. Write this as a chemical equation.
CaCO3  CaO + CO2

Lesson 5 Displacement Reactions

80. When the clear and colourless solutions of lead nitrate and sodium iodide are reacted together
they produce a vibrant yellow suspension. State what has occurred.
A displacement reaction has occurred where the metals have swapped positions in their
compounds

81. When copper and silver nitrate are placed together in a beaker, the copper displaces the silver
in the compound. Write this as a word equation
Copper + Silver Nitrate  Copper Nitrate + Silver

82. Explain why this occurred

The copper is more reactive than the silver and takes its place in the compound

83. Complete the following word equations for displacement reactions. Hint: some may not work.
a. Potassium sulphate + Iron  No change
b. Tin chloride + calcium  Calcium chloride + tin
c. Copper sulphate + lead  Lead phosphate + copper
d. Zinc + sodium nitrate  No change
e. Platinum + calcium bromide  No change
f. Aluminium + gold oxide  Aluminium oxide + gold
g. Magnesium + Magnesium oxide  no change
 84. Thermite reaction is a special type of displacement reaction that involves the vigorous reaction
between aluminium and iron oxide. Write the displacement reaction word equation.
Aluminium + Iron oxide  aluminium oxide + iron

85. The thermite reaction requires a fuse. This provides a starting energy called…
Activation energy

86. Define a neutralisation reaction

when an acid reacts with a base to form a neutral solution

87. State the type of substance that speeds up reactions without being used up. Then give an
example of where they are found in human industry and in nature
catalysts
Used in catalytic converters
Found in nature as digestive enzymes

88. Explain the difference between a base and an alkali

A base is any substance that will react with an acid to form a salt and water only
An alkali is type of base that is soluble

89. What is an indicator and provide an example?

An indicator is a substance that changes colour depending on how acidic or alkaline something is
e.g. litmus paper, universal indicator

90. What is pH?

A measure of how acidic/basic (alkaline) a substance
It stands for potential hydrogen and measure the amount of free hydrogen ions

Lesson 6 Balancing Equations

91. Sulphuric acid has the formula H2SO4. Identify the individual elements, the number of atoms of
each element and the total number of atoms.
Hydrogen = 2, Sulphur = 1 and Oxygen = 4
Total atoms = 7

92. What is the law of the conservation of mass?

Mass is conserved in chemical reactions. Atoms (mass) are not created or destroyed.

93. Why must chemical equations be balanced?

 So that the law of the conservation of mass is followed

94. The word and chemical equation for a reaction is given below. Balance it.
potassium + water → potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
K + H2O → KOH + H2
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2

95. For the following reactions, write the balanced chemical equations. Use the formula below to
help.
ZnO, Li2O, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, ZnSO4, AlCl3
a. zinc + oxygen → zinc oxide
2Zn + O2 → 2ZnO

b. lithium + oxygen → lithium oxide

4Li + O2 → 2Li2O

c. sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

d. calcium + water → calcium hydroxide + hydrogen

Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

e. zinc + sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + hydrogen

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

f. aluminium + hydrochloric → aluminium + hydrogen

2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2

96. Challenge: the following chemical equation needs to be balanced and written then as a word
equation
chemical equation: MgCL2 + ____ AgNO3 (aq)  ____AgCl (s) + ____ Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
Balanced equation: 2MgCL2 + 4 AgNO3 (aq)  4 AgCl (s) + 2Mg(NO3)2 (aq)

Word Equation: Magnesium chloride + Silver Nitrate  Silver Chloride + Magnesium Nitrate

97. Describe what is meant by (aq) and (s) in the equation above.
(aq) means aqueous solution
 (s) means solid

98. Draw a molecule of methane (CH4)

Lesson 7 Extracting Metals

99. Less reactive metals do not readily make compounds and are found in their native state. Many
other metals are reactive and so found in compounds in the earth. These include oxides,
carbonates and chlorides. When a rock contains a valuable/economic amount of metal in a
compound, it is called an ore. Reactive metals need to be separated from their compounds to be
used, this is done using chemical extraction such as displacement. When a metal is very reactive
and there is not an appropriate element to replace them in their compound, electrolysis will be
used instead.

100. Iron occurs as iron oxide in the rock ore haematite. Explain how carbon can be used to
extract the iron.
Carbon and iron oxide are placed together and heated
As carbon is more reactive than iron it will displace iron in the compound to produce carbon
dioxide

101. State a metal that occurs as a native element in the earths crust
Platinum, gold, silver

102. Using the words oxidised and reduced explain the reaction
The carbon has gained oxygen and so is oxidised
The iron loses oxygen and so is reduced

103. Referencing electron movement, explain oxidation and reduction

OIL RIG
 Oxidation is Loss of electrons
Reduction is Gain of electrons

104. Explain how a blast furnace works

Used for producing iron from iron ore, carbon and limestone
the reactants are placed in the furnace and heated
Produces iron and carbon dioxide
limestone is used to remove impurities and extracted as slag

105. Zinc can be extracted from zinc oxide using a blast furnace. Suggest a suitable reducing
agent for the reaction
e.g. carbon as more reactive than zinc

106. State the name of aluminium ore

bauxite

107. State the reason why carbon cannot be used to extract aluminium from its ore
carbon is not reactive enough/ carbon is less reactive than aluminium

108. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) is reduced using carbon to produce iron and carbon dioxide. Write
this as a balanced chemical equation
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2

Lesson 8 Electrolysis
109. Electrolysis is used instead of carbon reduction. Describe this process
The compound is heated until molten which frees the ions from their solid structure
Electricity is passed through the molten compound
The ions are split up based on their charges
Positive ions move to the negative electrode
Negative ions move to the positive electrode

110. What are the products formed from the electrolysis of aluminium oxide
aluminium and oxygen

111. Suggest why electrolysis is not used to separate iron

It is too expensive to heat the iron and keep it molten
electrolysis is only used on very reactive metals that cannot be separated using carbon
reduction

112. Name two metals, other than aluminium, that could be extracted from their ores using
electrolysis
Any from:
 potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium

113. To separate a metal from a compound you can either heat the compound until it is
molten or dissolve the substance

114. Explain why a current will flow in electrodes even though they are not connected
The molten ions carry a charge and will move due to the charges on the electrodes
This moving charge is a current

Lesson 9 Active and Passive

There are no extra questions from this lesson as you will not be explicitly tested on this content. This
lesson is only relevant to long answer questions such as writing methodology or recalling how to
measure something.

Stuff that might come up (page 99-112)

115. On the periodic table where do you find metals and non metals
Metals on left and non-metals on the right

116. State the variables in an experiment and define them

Independent – the one you change
Dependent – the one you measure
control – the ones you keep the same
Do not accept change and measure variables

117. A student completes an investigation to see how the concentration of an acid affects the
rate of a reaction with a metal. State the variables
Independent – concentration of acid
Dependent – rate of reaction
Controls – type of metal, type of acid, temperature, volume of solution, time measured, mass of
metal, surface of metal etc…

118. Name a ceramic material that is useful for lab equipment. Give the property that is the
reason it is used here.
Glass, because it is unreactive

119. In the table below, a number of readings have been collected for the reaction of 1g of
some metals in an acid. Calculate the mean times.

Material Time (s) to dissolve 1g Rate of

1 2 3 Mean Reaction
(g/s)
Magnesium 5.10 4.50 6.12 5.24 0.19
Aluminium 7.30 7.90 8.00 7.70 0.13
120. Calculate the rate of reaction for both metals, for the reaction of 1g of the metal.
shown in table: example working
Mass/time = 1g/5.24s = 0.19g/s

121. Based on the results, what conclusion could you draw

the aluminium is less reactive than the magnesium

122. State one way you could further this experiment

Investigate more metals
Investigate a variety of masses
Investigate variety of acids
Accept any sensible suggestion

123. When drawing graphs you must follow a number of rules. Identify the mistake in each of
these sentences. Write the correction below each one.
a. Use a pen and a protractor
Use a pencil and a ruler
b. Draw a sensible scale in multiples of 1, 2, or 3 with different sized spaces
Draw a sensible scale in multiple of 1, 2, or 5 with even sized spaces
c. Title must be as short as possible
Title must be descriptive
d. Graph must not fill up more than half the grid
Graph must fill up more than half the grid
e. Plots may be within one square of the correct value
Plots must be accurate and within half a square
f. A line of best fit is done by connecting the dots
Line of best fit is done by drawing a line that evenly divides the dots
g. The axes must be oriented correctly with the independent on the y-axis and dependent
on the x-axis
The axes must be oriented correctly with the independent along the x-axis and the
dependent along the y-axis
h. Don’t forget to include numbers in your axes labels!
Don’t forget to include units in your axes labels!

124. A valid test is one where the correct thing has been measured. When the results are
close to the real value it is accurate. When results are close together they are precise. When the
experiment is repeated and the results are the same then it is repeatable. When another
scientist does the experiment with the same equipment and they get the same result it is
reproducible. The more accurate, reproducible and repeatable an experiment is, then the more
reliable it is. Taking repeats will improve the precision and check the reliability of an
experiment.
 125. The following tables provide information on some of the more common chemicals that
you may need to know about.

Substance Formula Charge

Methane CH4 0
Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 0
Nitric Acid HNO3 0
Hydrochloric Acid HCl 0
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 0
Counter Ions
- Sulphate SO4 2-
- Nitrate NO3 1-
- Hydroxide OH 1-
- Carbonate CO3 2-
- Phosphate PO4 3-
- Ammonium NH4 1+
- Fe(II) Fe 2+
- Fe(III) Fe 3+
- Oxide Ox 2-

a. For the following metals, use their location in the periodic table to work out the charge
of their ions

Element Group Charge of Ion

Lithium 1 +1
Barium 2 +2
Boron 3 +3
Carbon 4 +/- 4
Nitrogen 5 -3
Oxygen 6 -2
Fluorine 7 -1
Helium 8/0 0

b. GCSE Challenging: For the following table, use the charges in the first table and you
knowledge of charges in the periodic table to construct the molecular formula for the
following compounds

Element Charge of metal Charge of non- Molecular

metal Formula
 Lithium Nitrate 1+ 1- LiNO3
Calcium Carbonate 2+ 2- CaCO3
Aluminium Phosphate 3+ 3- AlPO4
Potassium Hydroxide 1+ 1- KOH
Cobalt (II) Oxide 2+ 2- CoO
Iron (III) Oxide 3+ 2- Fe2O3
Iron (II) Oxide 2+ 2- FeO
Magnesium Nitrate 2+ 1- Mg(NO3)2
Silver (III) Carbonate 3+ 2- Ag2(CO3)3
Lead (IV) Oxide 4+ 2- PbO2
Note metals will bond with non-metals to form ionic bonds (charge-based bonds) where electrons are
shared. A non-metal will not bond with another non-metal in this way.