1.

Overview of Telecommunications Design

2. Telephone
3. Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)
4.Cables, Cabling, and Trucking
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

➢ A telecommunications system is a network of

interconnected devices and links facilitating
communication over long distances.
➢ A telecommunication network has many devices
(nodes) such as computer, printer or any other
devices capable of sending and/receiving data
generated by other nodes in the network
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

➢ A telecommunications system is a combination of

hardware (routers, switches, modems, cables,
antennas, and servers) and software (operating
system and network protocols).
➢ Functions of telecoms networks include:
▪ data transfer between devices
▪ voice calls and video conferencing.
▪ access to the internet and other network
services.
▪ sharing resources like printers and files across the
network
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

Transmission Media
➢ Wired: telephone, cable TV, and ethernet
networks
➢ Wireless: radio waves, microwaves, and infrared
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

➢ Telecommunications network design is the process

of planning, architecting, and optimising
telecommunications networks.
➢ It involves designing the physical and logical
structure of the network, selecting appropriate
hardware and software components, and ensuring
that the network meets the organisation’s specific
needs.
➢ Design should ensure effective and reliable
communication between devices and users.
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

Key factors
➢ Bandwidth requirements
➢ Network topology
➢ Security
➢ Scalability
➢ Cost-effectiveness.
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

Network attributes
➢ Type of connection: point-to-point, and
multipoint
➢ Physical topology: mesh, star, bus, and ring
▪ Mesh: every device has a dedicated point-to-
point link to every other device.
▪ Star: has central hub connects to multiple devices.
▪ Bus: all devices are connected to a single cable.
▪ Ring : devices are connected circularly.
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

Network attributes
➢ Type of networks: LAN and WAN depending on
the size.
➢ A local area network (LAN) is usually privately
owned and links the devices in a single office,
building, or campus.
➢ LANs are designed to allow resources to be
shared between personal computers or
workstations. The resources to be shared can
include hardware (e.g., a printer), software (e.g.,
an application program), or data
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design

Network attributes
➢ A wide area network (WAN) provides long-
distance transmission of data, image, audio, and
video information over large geographic areas
that may comprise a country, a continent, or even
the whole world.
➢ Uses various technologies like dedicated lines,
VPNs, or public internet connections.
➢ The internet is the largest WAN, connecting
billions of devices worldwide.
1. Overview of Telecommunications Design
2. Telephone

➢ Telephone networks were originally created to

provide voice communication.
➢ Telephone networks are made of three major
components: local loops, trunks, and
switching offices.
➢ The local loop, a twisted-pair cable connects
the subscriber telephone to the nearest end
office or local central office.
➢ The switching office is the central hub that
routes calls to their intended destinations.
2. Telephone
2. Telephone

➢ Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN):

This is the traditional landline network that
uses copper wires to connect homes and
businesses.
➢ Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX):
A private telephone network within an
organization that allows for internal and
external calls, as well as features like call
forwarding, voicemail, and conference
calling.
3. Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

➢ Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) is

a system that allows internal callers within an
organisation to connect directly through dialing
extensions, without the need for a central
switchboard operator.
➢ It also enables external callers to reach internal
numbers without going through the company's
operator.
➢ It may provide additional communications
feature-functionality based on configuration
settings and equipment capabilities
3. Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)
3. Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

➢ When the PABX system receives an incoming call,

it identifies the call source and manages it
according to a set of rules or settings.
➢ The system transfers (routes) incoming calls to
the appropriate destination based on the
configured rules.
➢ After completing the call routing, the PABX
system then proceeds to establish a connection
between the caller and the recipient.
3. Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)

➢ Analog PABX links phones by sending signals through

copper wires and a series of physical switches.
➢ They offer excellent speech quality and low installation
costs.
➢ Digital systems use digital signals and offer advanced
features, but have higher maintenance costs and
complexity.
➢ IP PABX (VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)) systems
use computer networks for voice transfer, offering
features like call waiting and parking.
➢ Hybrid systems combine analog and digital features for
adaptability and reliability.
3. PABX Design

➢ Telephone Outlet
➢ Cables
➢ Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF): is a
central point where cables are terminated
and connected to other network components
➢ Power Supply: To power the PABX and other
components.
➢ External Lines to PSTN for external calls
3. PABX Design

➢ Determine the number of internal lines and

external lines (if required) required.
➢ Estimate the average call duration and the
number of simultaneous calls. This is known as
traffic intensity.
➢ Identify required features like call forwarding,
voicemail, conference calling, and call recording.
➢ The PABX should have sufficient ports to
accommodate the required external lines.
➢ Ensure a reliable power supply for the PABX
system.
3. PABX Design
 3. PABX Design

Design of PABX for an organization with 20 offices

➢ Number of extensions
➢ Assume a blocking probability of 1%
➢ C - average call duration
➢ H - number of simultaneous calls
➢ T - interval between calls
𝐶𝑋𝐻
➢ Traffic intensity (A) =
𝑇
3. Intercom vs PABX

➢ Intercom and PABX systems are used for internal

communication within a building or organisation,
they differ in scope, features, and complexity.
➢ Intercom is primarily designed for internal
communication within a specific building or area.
➢ PABX offers many features, including internal
and external calling, call forwarding, call transfer,
voicemail, and conference calling.
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking

➢ In telecommunications, transmission media can be

divided into two broad categories: guided and
unguided.
➢ Guided media include twisted-pair cable, coaxial
cable, and fiber-optic cable. Unguided medium is free
space.
➢ Twisted-pair and coaxial cables use metallic (copper)
conductors that accept and transport signals in the
form of electric current.
➢ Optical fiber is a cable that accepts and transports
signals in the form of light.
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking

➢ A twisted pair consists of two conductors, each

with its plastic insulation, twisted together.
➢ One of the wires is used to carry signals to the
receiver, and the other is used only as a
ground reference.
➢ Twisted-pair cable types include unshielded
twisted-pair (UTP), and shielded twisted-pair
(STP).
➢ Twisted-pair cables are used in telephone lines
to provide voice and data channels.
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking

➢ Coax has a central core conductor of solid or

stranded wire (usually copper) enclosed in an
insulating sheath, which is, in turn, encased in an
outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination
of the two.
➢ An outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield
against noise and as the second conductor, which
completes the circuit.
➢ Coaxial cable was widely used in analog telephone
networks where a single coaxial network could carry
10,000 voice signals.
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking

➢ Cabling ensures reliable and efficient communication

between the PABX unit, the telephone extensions, and
other devices.
➢ Select the appropriate cable type (CAT5 or CAT6) based
on the distance, data rate
➢ Map out the shortest and most efficient routes for the
cables, avoiding obstacles and potential interference.
➢ Properly terminate the cables using appropriate
connectors (e.g., RJ45) at both ends.
➢ Connect the cables from the telephone extensions to the
appropriate channels on the PABX unit.
3. Cables, Cabling, and Trucking

➢ Trunking in a PABX system refers to the design

and configuration of the connections between the
PABX and the external telephone network (PSTN)
or other PABX systems.
➢ Trunking can improve efficiency and reduce
costs.
➢ A trunk normally handles hundreds or thousands
of connections through multiplexing.
➢ Transmission is usually through optical fibers or
satellite links.
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