 1: INTRODUCTION

 DEFINITION
 HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION
DEFINITION

The assisted transmission of signals over a

distance for the purpose of communication
In earlier times
This may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums,
semaphore, flags, or heliograph.

Early inventors in the field of telecommunication:

 Antonio Meucci,
 Alexander Graham Bell,
 Guglielmo Marconi
 John Logie Baird.

In modern times
Telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic
transmitters such as the telephone, television, radio or computer.
History of telecommunication

The history of telecommunication began with the

use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, the
Americas and parts of Asia.
In the 1790s the first fixed semaphore systems emerged
in Europe however it was not until the 1830s that
electrical telecommunication systems started to
appear
A replica of one of Chappe's
semaphore towers.
EARLY COMMUNICATION HISTORY
1792,
a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy
(or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. This was
followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris.
1794
a Swedish engineer, Abraham Edelcrantz built a quite different
system from Stockholm to Drottningholm. As opposed to
Chappe's system which involved pulleys rotating beams of
wood, Edelcrantz's system relied only upon shutters and was
therefore faster. However semaphore as a communication
system suffered from the need for skilled operators and
expensive towers often at intervals of only ten to thirty
kilometres (six to nineteen miles).
1880.
the last commercial line was abandoned due to above problems
 2: BASIC ELEMENTS AND COMPONENTS

 CONCEPT
 COMPONENTS IN TELECOMMUNICATION
 PABX
 ROUTER, etc.
Society and telecommunication

Telecommunication is an important part of modern

society. In 2006, estimates placed the
telecommunication industry's revenue at $1.2 trillion
or just under 3% of the gross world product (official
exchange rate).
BASIC ELEMENTS

A telecommunication system consists of three basic

elements:
a transmitter that takes information and converts it
to a signal;
a transmission medium that carries the signal; and,
a receiver that receives the signal and converts it back
into usable information.
TRANSMITTER – TO DELIVER SIGNAL

Telecommunication
Tower
(E.G: Maxis Tower)
For example, in a radio broadcast the broadcast tower is
the transmitter, free space is the transmission
medium and the radio is the receiver. Often
telecommunication systems are two-way with a single
device acting as both a transmitter and receiver or
transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a
transceiver.[3]
Telecommunication over a phone line is called
point-to-point communication because it is between
one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication
through radio broadcasts is called broadcast
communication because it is between one powerful
transmitter and numerous receivers.[3]
COMPONENTS IN
TELECOMMUNICATION
PABX
A private branch exchange (PBX) is a telephone exchange
that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to
one that a common carrier or telephone company
operates for many businesses or for the general public.
PBXs are also referred to as:

 PABX - private automatic branch exchange

 EPABX - electronic private automatic branch exchange
PABX LINKAGES
OVERVIEW The primary advantage of PBXs was cost
savings on internal phone calls: handling
the circuit switching locally reduced
PBXs make connections among the charges for local phone service.
internal telephones of a private
organization — usually a business — As PBXs gained popularity, they started
and also connect them to the public offering services that were not available in
the operator network, such as hunt groups,
switched telephone network (PSTN)
call forwarding, and extension dialing.
via trunk lines.

Because they incorporate In a hosted setup, the PBX is located at

telephones, fax machines, modems, and managed by the telephone service
and more, the general term provider, and features and calls are
"extension" is used to refer to any delivered via the Internet. The customer
end point on the branch. just signs up for a service, rather than
buying and maintaining expensive
hardware. This essentially removes the
PABXs select the outgoing line
branch from the private premises,
automatically. Hybrid systems
combine features of both. moving it to a CENTRAL LOCATION.
LINK OF PABX TO PHONE LINES
 TYPES OF FLOOR DUCTS
PABX CABINET IN THE
OFFICES
ISDN
 Integrated Services Digital Network is a telephone system
network.
 Prior to the ISDN, the phone system was viewed as a way to
transport voice, with some special services available for data.
 The key feature of the ISDN is that it integrates speech and data
on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the
classic telephone system.
 There are several kinds of access interfaces to the ISDN defined:
Basic Rate Interface (BRI), Primary Rate Interface (PRI) and
Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN).
ISDN LINKAGES INTO BUILDINGS

In a videoconference, ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text

transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and
group (room) videoconferencing systems
ISDN OVERVIEW
 ISDN is a circuit-switched telephone network system.
 Provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow
digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper
wires, resulting in better voice quality than an analog phone.
 It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and
packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kbit/s.
 Another major market application is Internet access, where ISDN
typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and
downstream directions (which can be considered to be broadband
speed, since it exceeds the narrowband speeds of standard analog 56k
telephone lines).
PSTN
 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
 a basic model for the telephone network and will build on it in subsequent discussions.
The telephone is located in a building called a Customer Premise (CP), and the
telephone switch is located in a building called a Central Office (CO). One could refer to
the telephone as Customer Premise Equipment (CPE).
 The telephone is connected to the telephone switch with two copper wires, often called
a local loop or a subscriber loop, or simply a loop. This a dedicated access circuit from
the customer premise into the network.
 Telephone switches are connected with trunks. While subscriber loops are dedicated
access circuits, trunks are shared connections between COs. To establish a connection
between one customer premise and another, the desired network address (telephone
number) is signaled to the network (to the CO switch or remote) over the loop, then the
switch seizes an unused trunk circuit going in the correct direction and the connects the
loop to that trunk - for the duration of the call.
 Voice and data equipment which connects to the PSTN over regular telephone lines
must work within the characteristics of the local loop, so an understanding of the
characteristics and limitations of the local loop is essential.
PSTN
NETWORKS
PSTN
ROUTER
 A router (pronounced /'rautər/ in the USA,
Canada and Australia, pronounced /'ru:tə/ in the
UK and Ireland), is a networking device whose software and hardware are
usually tailored to the tasks of routing and forwarding information. For
example, on the Internet, information is directed to various paths by routers.

 Routers connect two or more logical subnets, which do not necessarily map
one-to-one to the physical interfaces of the router.[1] The term "layer 3 switch"
often is used interchangeably with router, but switch is a general term without
a rigorous technical definition. In marketing usage, it is generally optimized
for Ethernet LAN interfaces and may not have other physical interface types.
In comparison, a network hub does not do any routing, instead every packet it
receives on one network line gets forwarded to all the other network lines.
RELAY
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under
the control of another electrical circuit. In the original
form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open
or close one or many sets of contacts. Because a relay is
able to control an output circuit of higher power than the
input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a broad sense, a
form of an electrical amplifier
When an electric current is passed through the coil, the
resulting magnetic field attracts the armature, and the
consequent movement of the movable contact or contacts
either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact.
KEY CONCEPT IN
TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORKS SIGNAL

KEY
CONCEPT

MODULATION CHANNEL
SIGNAL
Signals can be either analogue or digital.
Analogue signal
the signal is varied continuously with respect to the
information. During transmission the information
contained in analogue signals will be degraded by noise
Digital signal
the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (for
example ones and zeros)..Conversely, unless the noise
exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in
digital signals will remain intact. This noise resistance
represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue
signal
NETWORKS

A collection of transmitters, receivers or transceivers that

communicate with each other is known as a network.
Digital networks may consist of one or more routers that
route information to the correct user. An analogue
network may consist of one or more switches that
establish a connection between two or more users.
For both types of network, repeaters may be necessary to
amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted
over long distances. This is to combat attenuation that can
render the signal indistinguishable from noise.[5
CHANNEL

A channel is a division in a transmission medium so

that it can be used to send multiple streams of
information. For example, a radio station may
broadcast at 96.1 MHz while another radio station
may broadcast at 94.5 MHz. In this case, the medium
has been divided by frequency and each channel has
received a separate frequency to broadcast on.
Alternatively, one could allocate each channel a
recurring segment of time over which to broadcast—
this is known as time-division multiplexing and is
sometimes used in digital communication.[5]
MODULATION
 the shaping of a signal to convey information is known as modulation.
Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue
waveform. This is known as keying and several keying techniques
exist (these include phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying and
amplitude-shift keying). Bluetooth, for example, uses phase-shift
keying to exchange information between devices.
 Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of analogue
signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency
analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space.
Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be
superimposed on a higher-frequency signal (known as a carrier wave)
before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes
available to achieve this (two of the most basic being amplitude
modulation and frequency modulation). An example of this process is
a DJ's voice being superimposed on a 96 MHz carrier wave using
frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as
the channel “96 FM”).
BENEFIT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
BENEFIT OF TELECOMMUNICATION