SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL AND GAS

Vol. 41, Number 3, December 2018: 5 of 5

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR OIL & GAS TECHNOLOGY
LEMIGAS
Journal Homepage:http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id
ISSN: 2089-3361, e-ISSN: 2541-0520

PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR

CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER AS STEAM
PRODUCER USING SOLAR IRRADIATION
OF CEPU, BLORA, CENTRAL JAVA
PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR CONCENTRATING
SOLAR POWER SEBAGAI STEAM PRODUCER DENGAN
RADIASI MATAHARI CEPU, BLORA, JAWA TENGAH
Andrian Aziz Burhan A.S1), Dzul Fadhli Aziz2), and Muhammad Nur Hidayat3)
PEM Akamigas, Gajah Mada street No.38, cepu District, Blora, Central Java
1,2,3)

Phone Number : +6282331296721 ; +6281278975424 ; +6281278975424

email: andrianabass@gmail.com; dzulfadhliains@gmail.com ; mnurhidayat99@gmail.com
First Registered on December 11st 2018; Received after Correction on December 26th 2018
Publication Approval on: December 31st 2018

ABSTRAK
Energi alternatif telah mengalami perkembangan pesat, khususnya energi surya yang dimanfaatkan
dengan Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) untuk menghasilkan steam yang akan diubah ke bentuk energy
tertentu. Steam yang dihasilkan juga dimanfaatkan untuk industri perminyakan untuk mengurangi
pemakaian bahan bakar pada boiler. Radiasi matahari harian sebesar 5,18001 – 5,21909 kWh/m2 yang
diterima Cepu, Blora, Jawa Tengah dapat digunakan pada CSP dengan parabolic trough collector (PTC)
sebagai penghasil steam. Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan desain CSP PTC, kenaikan suhu yang dicapai
PTC, dan suhu puncak yang dicapai 1 PTC. Kenaikan suhu yang dicapai PTC dengan radiasi matahari
Cepu pada cuaca berawan, cerah, dan berawan-cerah-berawan sebesar 172oC, 401,1oC, dan 285,9oC
serta karakteristik kenaikan suhu linear dengan metode statistik regresi linier.
Kata Kunci: energi, matahari, parabola, uap, Cepu
ABSTRACT
Alternative energy sources has grown lately, especially for solar energy harnessed with Concentrating
Solar Power (CSP) to produce steam that will be converted into a certain form of energy. The steam
produced can also be used for petroleum industry to reduce the fuel usage in boilers. Daily solar irradiation
of 5.18001 – 5.21909 kWh/m2 received by Cepu, Blora, Central Java, is deemed sufficient for CSP with
parabolic trough collector (PTC) as steam producer. This paper describes the designing of the parabolic
trough collector CSP, temperature increase gained from PTC, and peak temperature gained from 1 PTC.
The initial experiment of PTC in cloudy, sunny, and cloudy-sunny-cloudy weather resulting in water
temperature increase gained to be 172oC, 401.1oC, 285.9oC using Cepu District solar irradiation. Further
experiments will be done to find out the relationship between temperature over time.
Keyword: energy, solar, parabollic, steam, Cepu

How to cite this article:

Burhan, A.A.A.S., Aziz, and Hidayat, M.N., 3, 2018, PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR
CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER AS STEAM PRODUCER USING SOLAR IRRADIATION
OF CEPU, BLORA, CETRAL JAVA, Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas, 41 (3) pp, 155-168. DOI:
10.29017/SCOG. 41.3.155-168.

155
 Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power sebagai Steam Prod
Radiasi Matahari Cepu, Blora, Jawa Tengah
Andrian Aziz Burhan A.S1; Dzul Fadhli Aziz2; Muhammad Nur Hidaya
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 41. No. 3, December
1,2,3) 2018: 155 - 168
PEM Akamigas, Gajah Mada street No.38, cepu District, Blora, Central Ja
Email : andrianabass@gmail.com; Dzulfadhliains@gmail.com ; mnurhidayat99@g
I. INTRODUCTION Phone Number : +6282331296721 ; +6281278975424 ; +6281278975424
Table 1
The increasing use of fossil fuel
Abstract as an energy Solar irradiation of some regions in Indonesia
source for the past few decades has also directly (Nurliyanti, et al. 2012).
increasing the negative effect of fossil fuel towards
environment. This has started many projects No. Region Daily Solar Irradiation
recently to find new alternative sources of energy 1 DKI Jakarta 4.97451 – 4.93333 kWh/m
2

and implement the existing ones. Those alternative

Palembang, South
sources exist in many forms such as geothermal, 2
Sumatera
4.75201 – 4.78750 kWh/m
2

tidal, and also solar power. Its growth has also been
Cepu, Blora, Central
increasing in recent years. This promises a good hope 3
Java
5.18001 – 5.21909 kWh/m
2

for saving the environment. But the setback is that 2

4 Padang, West Sumatra 4.75720 – 4.78750 kWh/m
alternative energy usually has rather small efficiency
compared to conventional energy sources, like fossil
2
5 Buru, Maluku 5.44112 – 5.49250 kWh/m
fuels for example.
As one of the alternativeTable 1–Solar
energy solar of Some Regions in Indonesia (Nurliyanti, et.al., 2012)
Irradiation
source,
power actually has a potential to be an alternative Exploration Production (EP) Asset IV Field Cepu,
2
and Pusat Pendidikan dan y = axPengembangan Sumber
source for its quite unlimited source and renewability. 1(PPSDM Migas)
Solar power is obtained from solar radiation to be Daya Manusia Minyak dan
����������� � �
Gas
used as a heating medium or electrical power source. Oil Refinery. Cepu is not only known �� as a petroleum
It could be very applicative inThisregions industry region, but also for its hot weather.
designwith
use climate
focal point ofCepu
15 cm receives
, which means
daily solar irradiation as much as
characteristics such as low rainfall rateequation
parabolic and highused
sun for this design is:
radiation intensity. Solar power is currently used in 5.18001 – 5.21909kWh/m . This made it relatively
2
Focal Point = 15 cm
power plants or as an alternative power source for potential for Cepu to be implemented 1 the use of
electronic devices. It can be harnessed using the CSP compared to other regions
����1����� � � in Indonesia (Table
��
already common solar panel with photovoltaic (PV) 1). By correlating Cepu as a petroleum industrial
cells, or the relatively unheard Concentrating Solar region that demands steam and its solar irradiation
a = 0.01667
Power (CSP). potential, an implementation of CSP in this region
2
seems beneficial as aymeans to
= 0.01667x reduce dependency
Unlike PV cells, CSP works by harnessing on fossil fuel energy. But a test should be performed
solar irradiation as a heating Themedium
width offor
the amaterial
heat thatto will be used
ensure thecan be determined
capacity of producingwith the equation
steam (Gaitan,
as well as 2012):
transfer fluid or water to produce steam and generate the power generated by harnessing solar irradiation
electricity. The steam produced alone can also be �� ���
of Cepu using PTC � � � �CSP.� � ��� ��
used for industrial demand. The growth of CSP has � �
also been increasing globallyin 2014 compared to the II. METHODOLOGY � � � �� � � ��
other renewable energy, with the growth rate second � � ���� � �����������������������
A. Type of Research
only (27%) to PV cells (30%) (REN21, 2015). The
drawback of solar power in terms of electricityis its Type of research for this paper is experiment. In
capacity factor (ratio of the actual electricity or heat this method, an existing condition (control variable)
output to the theoretical output). The use of PV cells is manipulated/changed by giving a certain treatment
has reportedly yielded a small capacity factor. But (independent variable) and a result (dependent
the previously mentioned CSP has been a solution to variable) is obtained after the treatment (Priyono
overcome the efficiency problem of solar power. CSP 2016). The variables for this research are:
has 35-80% capacity factor which almost matched 1. Control variable is amount of PTCs (obtained in
that of the geothermal power compared to 10-25% PTC design stage) to gain temperature beyond
yielded from PV cells (REN21 2015). water saturation temperature at 101.3 kPa.
Cepu District is located at Blora, Central Java. 2. Independent variable is solar irradiation,
Cepu is located in a region where numerous considering the fact that weather pattern is
petroleum industry activities are present in its always varying over time, solar irradiation will
neighbouring district (ExxonMobil Cepu Limited also change over time, and it is predicted that
& PT Tri Wahana Universal (Kalitidu, Bojonegoro), PTC exposure to sun and temperature increase
Central Processing Plant Gundih (Randublatung)), as gained to be fluctuative, thus giving different
well as within the district itself such as PT Pertamina result for each weather pattern.

156
 5. Parabolic Trought Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer Using Solar Irradiation
of Cepu, Blora, Central Java (Andrian Aziz Burhan et al.)

3. Dependent variable is the water outlet temperature 1. Designing the PTC

gained from the varying temperature increase.
The data collection begins with performing
Data obtained from the research will be analyzed some calculations for the design of PTC which were
with quantitative analysis. The aims of this research consisted of calculating focal point, focal length,
are to find out the ability of PTC CSP inproducing area concentration ratio, insulation ability and
steam solar irradiation of Cepuand to calculate heating value generated per m2, and mathematical
temperature and pressure range of steam’s usability. estimation of temperature increasing from 1 PTC.
B. Tools and Materials The result (estimated output temperature) will be
multiplied by the amount of PTCs required to achieve
Tools and materials needed for constructing the a steam producing condition (reaching beyond water
PTC prototype are as follows. saturation temperature at a certain pressure) and
a. Tools later the static flow experiment result will describe
1. FLUKE Thermal Imager Ti300 the characteristic of PTC temperature increase over
time. In calculating the amount PTCs required, the
2. Pliers demand is set at condition of atmospheric pressure
3. Disc grinder (101.3 kPa) with saturation tempareture 100oC as
4. Screw drill and 8 mm drill bit the minimum range of steam’s usability to find out
5. Paint brush whether the temperature gained from the PTC can
reach the minimum range of steam’s usability.
6. White cloth
7. Thermometer 2. Building prototype
8. Scissors The dimension calculation result is used for
9. Solder building 1 PTC which will be tested at STEM
Akamigas campus area.
b. Materials
3. Experiment
1. 1,2 m x 2,4 m x 0,8 polished stainless steel sheet
The PTC prototype is tested by static and
2. 2 cm thick teak wood (formed into3 buttress)
dynamic flow method. Dynamic flow testing is
3. 3 m ½ in-diameter-steel tube carried out placing the PTC on a wide space in
4. 3 m water hose campus area. Before the data collection is started,
5. 2 hose to tube fittings PTC is covered with white cloth for 15 minutes. After
6. Metallic paint raising the PTC temperature by letting it warmed up
under sunlight for 5 minutes, the initial temperature
7. 24 m slotted angle of receiver tube, water, and parabola are measured
8. 4 caster wheels using FLUKE Thermal Imager Ti300. After that 500
9. Wire ml of water will be flowed through the receiver tube
10. Tube insulation (for tube fittings) for 2 minutes. The final temperature of receiver tube,
water, and parabola are also measured as the final
11. Paper tape
condition data. The experiment with static flow will
In constructing the PTC, the availability of also be done. 3 holes at the right edge and 5 holes
material is also considered and this inevitably has at the left edge of the receiver tube will be made
affect the design of prototype. All the measurements as a pressure exit holes. It will be filled with 1 liter
of material are adjusted with its availability in Cepu, of water and the left edge of the tube is chosen as
and a problem was encountered in finding the glass the place to perform the temperature measurement
cover for receiver tube and sun tracking system. (where the thermometer is placed) at a certain time
Thus, the glass cover component is excluded from period. The result is temperature of water over a
prototype design and sun tracking system is replaced certain period of time and this data will be used
with caster wheel component for the mobility of for finding out the process characteristic. Process
PTC. characteristic data in form of static flow experiment
C. Research Method result graph and temperature estimation at a certain
The research method is divided into 4 steps period of time using polynomial regression statistic
which are: method on Microsoft Excel will be obtained. An

157
 Table 1–Solar Irradiation of Some Regions in Indonesia
2 (Nurliyanti, et.al., 2012)
y = ax
1
����������� � � y = ax2
�� 1
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 41. No. 3, December 2018: 155 -�����������
168 ��
This design use focal point of 15 cm , which means ��
parabolic equation used for this design is:
equation to estimateThis design use focal
the temperature pointoutside
increase of 15 cm , which means
Focal Point = 15 cm
the data range will also be obtained. Thesethis
parabolic equation used for design is:
data 1
����1����� Focal
� � Point = 15 cm
will be made as a supporting data and a reference �� 1
to determine the output temperature of PTC system ����1����� � �
a = 0.01667 ��
and modelling the process characteristic.
4. Data analysis a 2= 0.01667
y = 0.01667x
2 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD N
This research will only test 1 PTC. The dynamic
The width of the material that will be used can be determined with y = the0.01667x 2
equation (Gaitan, 2012):
flow experiment result will determine the number The width of the material that will be used can be
The width of the material
of PTC and estimate the output temperature that will be determined
used �� be determined
can with
� � �the equation (Gaitan, (Gaitan,
with the equation 2012): 2012):
� � � � � � ��� ��
that can be achieved. Whereas the static flow � ��� ���
experiment result will describe the characteristic of � �� �
�� �� � �
� �� � � ��� ��
� �
temperature increase using polynomial regression � � ���� � �����������������������
� � � �� � � ��
statistic method. The temperature data obtained � � ���� � �����������������������
Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District, Blora, Central Java
will be multiplied by the value of PTCs required
that has been obtained at PTC designing stage. The
amount will be directly multiplied if the process
characteristic is raising linearly.Then the result is
used for calculating pressure limit until the phase
returns to liquid (vapor fraction = 0) at final water
temperature using material stream calculation in
Aspen Hysys 7.3.
D. Place and Time
The PTC construction and data collection will
ctor Concentrating
be done atSolar
STEMPowerAkamigassebagai Steam
campus, Cepu.Producer
Data dengan
adiasi Matahari Cepu,
collection Blora,
will be done inJawa
a wideTengah
area/field located in
1 2 3
Burhan A.Sthe ; Dzul
campusFadhli
area.Aziz ; Muhammad
Construction Nurbe
of PTC will Hidayat
carried
igas, Gajah Mada street
out from No.38, cepu
December 9th toDistrict,
December Blora,
15th Central Java
2016, dataFig 1–Schematic of The Collector (Eltahir,
2013) Fig 2–Design of the Parabolic Trough Collector
collection will be carried out at December
@gmail.com; Dzulfadhliains@gmail.com ; mnurhidayat99@gmail.com 16th 2016 Figure 1
(dynamic flow)
ber : +6282331296721 and May 25th; –+6281278975424
; +6281278975424 26th 2017 (static Schematic of the collector (Eltahir, 2013).
flow). Data collection is done on midday between
10.00 WIB – 12.00 WIB. 
P states the distance from O to the end point
o. Region
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Daily Solar Irradiation �� � ���� �parabola
of the �
��� �������� (Figure
� ������ � 1). Thus from the formula
��
A. Design 4.97451
and Construction of PTC we can ���� determine
�
the width of the material to be
2 � � �� � ��
DKI Jakarta – 4.93333 kWh/m used in��constructing the parabola of 32 in (80 cm)
�

Palembang, SouthDesigning the construction2 of PTC begins with���,�1�7�����,4��� width, which is

59,118.41813 39.85
� in (99.625 cm). The design of
�
4.75201 – 4.78750 kWh/m � � point of the parabola (Fig 1). Thus from
Sumatera determining the focal line. Then, the distance from P states the distance
��.3 �
from
�4�1�������
�� O to the
��� �end ��

buttress is used as the collector support to keep the

� �
�

Cepu, Blora, the center of

Central parabola to the focal 2 point (focal length)
collector positioned
������� � � 4.47°� � � ������
perpendicular to sun position.
5.18001 – 5.21909 kWh/m
Java
is needed to set the height of receiver tube on Alternative
the energy
Steel sources
= 4.47°�
absorber o
� 3�oChas grown lately, especially for solar energy
tube is used for transferring the heat
= 34.47 C
kWh/m is designed bySolarusing Power
collector.
Sumatra The parabolic
– 4.78750trough
to heat ransfer fluid. It issteam
(CSP) to produce madethat
fromwill
blackbemetal
converted
tube into a certa
2
Padang, West 4.75720

Buru, Malukubasic parabolic equations

5.44112 (Iqbal2 et. al., 2014).produced can
– 5.49250 kWh/m also be used
to maximize heat transfer. for petroleum industry to reduce the fuel usage in
2
The focal point can be determined with of 5.18001
the – 5.21909
Figure 2kWh/m received by Cepu,
is the construction designBlora,
of PTCCentral Java, is d
me Regions inequation:
Indonesia (Nurliyanti, et.al., 2012) parabolic trough collector (PTC) as steam producer.about
This paper
and below are mathematical calulations the describes th
y = ax2 estimation of temperature that will be achieved by
1 every PTC.
����������� � �
�� - Concentration Ratio (Abd-Ennour et.al. 2015)

m , which means This design use focal point of 15 cm, which �� �����������
sign is: � �� �� = 20.38
means parabolic equation used for this design is:
Focal Point = 15 cm
�� �����.������������

1
����1����� � � 
��
158 
a = 0.01667 �� � ���������� ����
�
y = 0.01667x2 �� �20.38x5,180.01 � x0.8x0.7
 5. Parabolic Trought Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer Using Solar Irradiation
of Cepu, Blora, Central Java (Andrian Aziz Burhan et al.)

2 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT

Fig 2–Design of the Parabolic Trough Collector

Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District, Blora, Central Java 3

P states the distance from O to the end point of the parabola (Fig 1). Thus from the

Alternative energy sources has grown lately, especially for solar energy harnessed with Concentrating
Solar Power (CSP) to produce steam that will be converted into a certain form of energy. The steam
produced can also be used for petroleum industry to reduce the fuel usage in boilers. Daily solar irradiation
of 5.18001 – 5.21909 kWh/m2 received by Cepu, Blora, Central Java, is deemed sufficient for CSP with
parabolic trough collector (PTC) as steam producer. This paper describes the des
Fig 2–Design of the Parabolic Trough Collector
Figure 2
Design of the parabolic trough collector.


4 - Heating ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHANover A.S ; DZUL
the FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT
� � � � value
� � of parabola= reflection
� �����������
20.38
receiver��tube�����.������������
(qs) with solar irradiation of Cepu Table 2
(5,180.01 W/m ) (Gaitan, 2012)
2 Specifications of the designed PTC CSP

Table
 2 – Specifications of The
P states the distance fromDesigned
O to the endPTC Total1).
point of the parabola (Fig Height
Thusx Width of PTC
from the 1.4 m x 1 m
CSP �� � ���������� ���� Height of Collector 20 cm
Alternative energy �sources has grown lately, especially for solar energy harnessed with Concentrating
�� �20.38x5,180.01 � x0.8x0.7
Solar Power (CSP)�to produce steam that will be converted Width into a certain form of
of Collector energy. The steam
80 cm
Fig 1–Schematic of The � Collector (Eltahir,
produced can also be used for petroleum industry to reduceLength the fuel usage in boilers. Daily
2.4 m solar irradiation
�� � ������.�����2013) � 2 of PTC
of 5.18001 – 5.21909 kWh/m
� received by Cepu, Blora, Central Java, is deemed sufficient for CSP with
 parabolic trough collector (PTC) as steam producer. This paper Geometric Concentration
describes the des 20.38
 - Mathematical estimation of PTC output Ratio
temperature (Gaitan, 2012). Assuming a steady �� 59,118.41813 /m
2
W

state, incompressible heat transfer fluid (water)

Input Temperature Increase 4.47°C(mathematical
with constant properties and flow rate of 0.3 kg/s, for 1 PTC estimation)
 Water Inlet Temperature
� � � � � � (Tinlet) = 25 C.
� ����������� o
= 20.38
�����.������������
�� PTCs required for 1 modular 25
��� �������� � ������ �
a. �� � ���� � �
��

����� At Table 2 is the specification of the PTC CSP
� � ��������� � ����
�
� � �� � �� based on the result of the mathematicalmodelling
��� �
�� �20.38x5,180.01 � x0.8x0.7 and calculations that have been done.
�
���,�1�7�����,4���59,118.41813� ��
�
�� � ������.����� � � � � �� � � �� The saturation temperature of water at 101.3
��
��.3 � �4�1������� � kPa is 100oC and additional heat is required to
 �
complete the phase change process.With = 25oC
 ������� � � 4.47°� � � ������ and temperature increase 5.18 o C, additional
= 4.47°� � 3�oC temperature needed to reach saturation temperature
b. = 34.47oC is approximately 70-80oC.

f. 159

Fig 3–Receiver tube initial (a – c) and final (d – f) temperature

 4 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT
4 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT

Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 41. No. 3, December 2018: 155 - 168
Table 2 – Specifications of The Designed PTC Total Height x Width of PTC 1.4 m x 1 m
Table
CSP 2 – Specifications of The Designed PTC TotalTrough
Parabolic HeightCollector
x Width of PTC 1.4 mSolar
Concentrating x1m Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing
Height of Collector 20 cm
CSP
Height of Collector 20 cm
Width of Collector 80 cm
Width of Collector 80 cm
Length of PTC 2.4 m
Length of PTC 2.4 m
Geometric Concentration
20.38
Ratio
Geometric Concentration
20.38
Ratio 2
�� 59,118.41813W/m
2
�� 59,118.41813W/m
Input Temperature Increase 4.47°C(mathematical
for 1 PTC
Input Temperature Increase estimation)
4.47°C(mathematical
for 1 PTC estimation)
PTCs required for 1 modular 25
PTCs required for 1 modular 25
f.
a.
a. a.
Fig 4–W
imaging

4 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT
b.
b.
b.
Table 2 – Specifications of The Designed PTC Total Height x Width of PTC 1.4 m x 1 m
CSP f.Height of Collector 20 cm
f.
Width of Collector 80 cm

Length of PTC 2.4 m

FigGeometric
3–Receiver tube initial (a – c) and final (d – f) temperature
Concentration
20.38
thermal
Fig imaging
3–Receiver
Ratio result
tube with
initial (a –FLUKE
c) and Thermal
final (d –Imager Ti300
f) temperature
thermal
�� imaging result with FLUKE Thermal /m
59,118.41813 W
Imager
2 Ti300
Input Temperature Increase 4.47°C(mathematical
for 1 PTC estimation)

PTCs required for 1 modular 25

c.
a.
c. c.

RHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT

PTC Total Height x Width of PTC 1.4 m x 1 m

b.
Height of Collector 20 cm

Width of Collector 80 cm f.
d.
d. Length of PTC 2.4 m d.
Fig 3–Receiver tube initial (a – c) and final (d – f) temperature
Geometric Concentration thermal imaging result with FLUKE Thermal Imager Ti300
20.38
Ratio
2
�� 59,118.41813W/m
c.
Input Temperature Increase 4.47°C(mathematical
for 1 PTC estimation)

PTCs required for 1 modular 25

e.
Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District, Blora, Central Java 5
e.
e.
d.

e.

f. f.
a.
Figure 3 Figure
Fig 4–Water initial (a-c) 4 (d-f) temperature thermal
and final
Receiver
Fig tube
3–Receiver initial
tube initial (a – c)c)and
(a – and final
final (d –(d – f)
f) temperature Water
imaginginitial (a-c)
result with and Thermal
FLUKE final (d-f) temperature
Imager Ti300
temperature
thermal thermal
imaging result imaging
with FLUKE result
Thermal Imager Ti300 thermal imaging result with FLUKE
with FLUKE thermal imager Ti300. thermalimager Ti300.

160

b.
 5. Parabolic Trought Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer Using Solar Irradiation
of Cepu, Blora, Central Java (Andrian Aziz Burhan et al.)
6 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT

Table 3–Temperature and Weather Experiment

Data
6 Table
ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S 3 FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT
; DZUL
Temperature and weather experiment data
Table 3–Temperature and Weather Experiment
Data Initial Temperature Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

Receiver Tube 58,7oC 106.5 oC 80.7oC

Initial Temperature Experiment
o 1 Experiment
o 2 Experiment 3
Water 32 C 33.6 C 33.4 oC
Receiver Tube 58,7oC 106.5 oC 80.7oC
Parabola 45 oC 49 oC 48.4 oC
Water 32oC 33.6 oC 33.4 oC
Final Temperature Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Parabola 45 oC 49 oC 48.4 oC
Receiver Tube 38.8oC 42.1oC 43.7oC
Final Temperature Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
Water 37.6oC 48.3oC 43.5 oC
o o
Receiver Tube 38.8 C 42.1 C 43.7oC
o o o
Parabola 39.9 C 43.2 C 45.6 C
Water 37.6oC 48.3oC 43.5 oC
Weather Cloudy o Sunny o Cloudy-Sunny-Cloudy
o
Parabola 39.9 C 43.2 C 45.6 C

Weather Cloudy Sunny Cloudy-Sunny-Cloudy

Table 4–Flow Rate Experiment Data

Table 4–Flow Rate Experiment Data Table 4

Flow
Experiment 1 rate experiment data
Experiment 2 Experiment 3

Theoretical Water Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

500 ml 500 ml 500 ml
Discharge
Theoretical Water
Actual Water Discharge
Discharge 493500
ml ml 460500
ml ml 442 500
ml ml

Actual Water Discharge 493 ml 460 ml 442 ml

Time 120 s
Time 120 s
Temperature Inlet 32oC 33.6oC 33.4oC
o o
Temperature Inlet 32 C 33.6 C
994.50 kg/m3 33.4oC
Water Inlet Density 995.02 kg/m3 994.57 kg/m3
994.50 kg/m3
Water Inlet Density 995.02 kg/m3 994.57 kg/m3
4.10 ml/s 3.83 ml/s 3.68 ml/s
Volumetric Flow Rate 4.10 ml/s 3.83 ml/s 3.68 ml/s
-6 3
Volumetric Flow Rate 4.10 x 10 m /s 3.83 x 10-6 m3/s 3.68 x 10-6 m3/s
4.10 x 10 m3/s
-6
3.83 x 10-6 m3/s 3.68 x 10-6 m3/s
4.08 x 10-3 kg/s 3.80 x10-3 kg/s 3.65 x10-3 kg/s
Mass Flow Rate* 4.08 x 10-3 kg/s 3.80 x10-3 kg/s 3.65 x10-3 kg/s
Mass Flow Rate* 14.68 kg/h 13.70 kg/h 13.17 kg/h
14.68 kg/h 13.70 kg/h 13.17 kg/h
Average 13.85 kg/h
Average 13.85 kg/h
Flow Rate in 25 PTCs 346.25 kg/h
Flow Rate in 25 PTCs 346.25 kg/h

*Mass Flow Rate

Mass Flow Rate = Volumetric Flow X Water Inlet Density

The efficiency of 90% is assumed to be the same beyond 100oC to produce steam and will be applied
for every PTCs and resulting the same amount of for this research.
performance. Thus, the amount of PTCs required to
reach saturation temperature of water can be directly B. Prototype Testing
calculated with temeperature increase gained, Prototype testing has been done at December
which amounted to 14-16 PTCs. But, to raise the 16th 2016 in a wide area of STEM Akamigas campus
saturation temperature and produce steam as well from 10.00 WIB – 11.30 WIB. The data obtained
as compromising the heat loss (unaccounted yet in are temperature thermal imaging of water inlet and
this research) and unsupportive weather condition, outlet, receiver tube, and parabola. Whereas the water
25 PTCs for 1 modular are deemed sufficient to reach flowing time is 2 minutes and volume of water flowed

161
 Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer

Table
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 41. No. 3, December 2018: 155 - 168 5–Regression Statistics for Static Flow
Experiment
Parabolic at Sunny-Partly
Trough Collector Cloudy
Concentrating Weather
Solar Power as Steam Producer b
Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by H
through receiver tube is 500 ml (with some volume Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Produc
of water still left inside receiver tube). The volume Table 5–Regression TableStatistics
Regression 5Statisticsfor Static Flow
Table 5–Regression
Regression Statistics
statistics forflow
for static Static Flow
of water is the flow rate value in 1 PTC, for 25 PTCs, Experiment at Sunny-Partly
Table 5–Regression Cloudy
Statistics for Weather
Static Flow
Experiment
experiment atatsunny-partly
Sunny-Partly Cloudy
cloudy Weather
weather
the average mass flow rate will be multiplied by 25. Experiment
Multiple R at Sunny-Partly0.988196513
Cloudy Weather
The volume of water must be converted into mass Regression Statistics 0.976532348
R Square Regression Statistics
flow rate to be able to perform calculations needed Regression Statistics
in Aspen Hysys 7.3, resulting in data at Table 4. Adjusted
Multiple R R Square 0.973179826
0.988196513
Multiple R 0.988196513
RMultiple
Square RError
Standard 0.988196513
0.976532348
2.233330143 *
The water and receiver tube temperature thermal R Square 0.976532348
imaging photo can be seen in Figure 3 & 4. As for R Square
Adjusted R Square
Observations 0.976532348
0.97317982617
the static flow experiment, the temperature can only Adjusted R Square
Adjusted R Square
0.973179826
0.973179826
M
Standard Error 2.233330143
be measured until both 92oC and 84oC because the Standard Error 2.233330143 I
Standard
ObservationsError 2.233330143
17
water is running out due to increase in pressure Observations
Observations 17 17
forcing water out of the tube through the tube Table 6–Equation Coefficients for temperature
leakages from the pressure exit holes. For Table 5 & estimation at Sunny-Partly Cloudy Weather
7 Multiple R and R square values stating Percentage Table 6–Equation Coefficients
Table 6 for temperature
of Temperature Dependency of Time. Standard errors estimation
TableEquation
Table atcoefficients
Sunny-Partly
6–Equation
6–Equation forCloudy
Coefficients Standard
Weather
temperature
for temperature
Coefficients for temperature
estimation
estimation
estimation at
at at Coefficients
sunny-partly
Sunny-Partly
Sunny-Partly cloudy
Cloudy Error
weather
Weather
Cloudy Weather
stating the difference between estimated temperature Standard
and actual measurement result. Data obtained from Intercept
Coefficients
26.20357143 Standard
Error
Standard
3.702835
the prototype testing are as follows. Coefficients
Coefficients ErrorError
Intercept
x1 26.20357143
4.767445055 3.702835
1.322679
Using the static flow experiment result and Intercept 26.20357143 3.702835 3.702835
Intercept
x1x2
26.20357143
4.767445055 1.322679
polynomial regression statistic method on Microsoft 0.063873626 0.098097
Excel, an equation that describes the characteristic x1x1
x2 4.767445055 1.322679
4.767445055
0.063873626 1.322679
0.098097
of temperature increase over time can be obtained. x2x2 0.063873626 0.098097
0.063873626 0.098097
This mathematical model will state the condition
inside and outside of the result data range. Thus, this
equation can be used for estimating the temperature Table 7–Regression Statistics for Static Flow
increase achieved by PTC on sunny and sunny- Table 7–Regression
Experiment Statistics
at Sunny
Table Weather
7 for Static Flow
Experiment at Sunny
TableRegression
7–Regression Weather
Statistics for Static Flow
partly cloudy weather using solar irradiation of Cepu Table 7–Regression Statistics
Statisticsfor
forstatic
Static Flow
Experiment
flow at Sunny
experiment at Weather
sunny weather
outside the period in data range. But, the equation ExperimentRegression
at Sunny Weather
Statistics
Regression Statistics
will have an increase in error at the period outside Regression Statistics
of data range and the presence of error must be Multiple
Multiple RRegression
R Statistics0.979090708
0.979090708
taken into consideration. Below are the equations of Multiple R 0.979090708
R R Square
Square
Multiple R 0.958618615
0.958618615
0.979090708
temperature increase estimation of PTC on sunny- R Square 0.958618615
Adjusted
SquareR R
R Adjusted Square
Square 0.951094727
0.951094727
partly cloudy and sunny using solar irradiation of Adjusted R Square
0.958618615
0.951094727
Cepu (x states period, 1 period = 1 minute): Standard
Standard Error
Error 5.293623763
5.293623763
Adjusted R Square 0.951094727
Standard Error 5.293623763
- Temperature estimation at sunny-partly cloudy Observations 14
Standard Error
Observations 5.293623763 14
Observations 14
weather:
Observations 14
T estimate
= With the value of temperature dependency Table 8–Equation Coefficients for temperature
Table 8–Equation
Table
estimation 8–Equation Coefficients
Coefficientsfor
at Sunny Weather fortemperature
temperature
towards time 97.90 % and standard error 5.293. estimation at Sunny
Sunny Weather for temperature
estimation at
Table 8–Equation 8Weather
TableCoefficients
- Temperature estimation at sunny weather: Equation at
estimation coefficients for temperature
Sunny Weather
estimation at sunny weather
T estimate Standard
Coefficients Standard
Error
= With the value of temperature dependency Coefficients Standard
Error
towards time 98.80 % and standard error 2.223. Coefficients Standard
Error
Intercept 38.32198142
Coefficients 1.450951
Error
Intercept 38.32198142 1.450951
Analysis X1Intercept 2.286893705 0.420642
38.32198142 1.450951
X1
Intercept 2.2868937051.450951
38.32198142 0.420642
Different weather condition in each experiment X2 0.02373581 0.025366
X1
X2 2.286893705 0.420642
0.023735810.420642
0.025366
X1 2.286893705
has led to a very significant difference in each
experiment result, especially for temperature X2X2 0.02373581 0.025366
0.02373581 0.025366

increase. As seen in Table 3, the temperature

162
 Fig
5. Parabolic Trought Collector Concentrating 7 Power
Solar showsasthe basic
Steam schemeUsing
Producer of Solar
looping
Irradiation
system that can be applied for the PTC. This et al.)
of Cepu, Blora, Central Java (Andrian Aziz Burhan
sytem is designed with automation based on Fig 8–Rev
increase gained by 1 PTC for experiment 1, (PLC) which consisted of transmitter withSun
2, and 3 is 5.6oC; 14.7oC; and 14.7oC. After Table 9
(temperature measurement
Temperature component),
gained after PLC
multiplication
multiplying the result with PTCs required to with amount of PTCs required
achieve the temperature for producing steam,
the final temperaturesare now 172oC, 401.1oC, Temperature PTCs Temperature
and285.9oC respectively with the average of Increase Required Gained
286.33oC. 25 PTCs has excelled the need to Experiment 1 5.6 oC 25 172oC
achieve a steam producing condition (reaching o o
beyond its saturation temperature at a certain 8 Experiment 2 14.7 C 25 AZIZ BURHAN
ANDRIAN 401.1 CA.S ; DZULTable 10
FADHLI AZIZ
pressure point) at 101.3 kPa with final water Experiment 3 10.1 C
o
25
o
285.9 C Constructin
temperature average of 286.33oC which is With Average
the value of temperature
o
286.33 C
above its saturation temperature at atmospheric dependency towards time 97.90 % and No
pressure. 8 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI A
standard error 5.293.
2.4m x
Based on the static flow experiment of 1
stainles
PTC temperature increase over time, it can be With the value of temperature
Temperature result and estimation
dependency towards time 97.90 on % and 2 Metallic
seen that temperature increase at a certain time
Sunny‐Partly Cloudy Condition
period tends to be always linear as referred at standard error 5.293. 3 3m½
120
Figure 5 & 6. 4 2 hose
100
At periods outside the data range, the 80 Temperature result and estimation on 5 24 m s
temperature keep increasing. This means that at Sunny‐Partly Cloudy Condition
60 6 4 caste
°C

the same condition the water/fluid temperature 120 40

will keep increasing (keep receiving heat) 2 cm-th
100
20 7
into 3 b
until the receiver tube has reached its thermal 80
0
equilibrium with sun as the source of heat and 60
2 m wa
°C

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122
heat transfer no longer occured. 40 Tube in
Time (Minutes)
The same aspect also applies to a PTC 20 Screws
system consisted of 25 PTC with same size. Figure 5
0 Fig 5–Static flow experiment result on sunny-partly cloudy
Static flow weather
experiment result
The number of PTC will increase the heat from 0 1 2 3on 4 sunny-partly
5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122
cloudy weather.
solar irradiation received by the water and Time (Minutes)
thus allowing the water to reach the desired I.
Temperature Result and Estimation on
Fig 5–Static flow experiment result on sunny-partly cloudy 1. 2. Design,
output temperature in less time. However, the Sunny Wheather
Figure
weather 6 Trough So
interchangeable weather condition resulting a Static flow experiment result on sunny weather.
200
fluctuative output temperature, thus making
the water outlet temperature to not reach the 150
Temperature Result and Estimation on
desired output temperature and the water has to 100 Sunny Wheather
°C

be re-heated. A closed/looping system for the 20050

PTC can be made to ease up the water flow in
150 0
reaching the desired temperature. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
100
°C

Figure 7 shows the basic scheme of Time (Minutes)

looping system that can be applied for the 50
PTC. This sytem is designed with automation Fig0 6–Static flow experiment result on sunny weather
based on (PLC) which consisted of transmitter 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
(temperature measurement component), PLC Time (Minutes)
(system central controller), solenoid valve (to
Fig 6–Static flow experiment result on sunny weather
redirect water flow back into the PTC system if
the desired outlet temperature is not reached), increasing pressure on water more than atmospheric pressure
and control valve (to regulate the water inlet and saturation temperature point will also increase. The
flow). pressure must also be determined first with feed pump before
However, to utilize the steam, PTC system water is entering steam producing condition.
has to be closed to be able to trap the steam This value of pressure is facultative depending on power
and flowing it to its equipment demand thus output demand, because in producing steam, before starting

163
 Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 41. No. 3, December 2018: 155 - 168

Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District, Blora, Central Java 9

erature.

Figure 7
Fig 7–Looping system for PTC
Looping system for PTC.
n mentioned previously with the inclusion of sun
tracking component and glass tube cover.
the steam producing operation, pressure must be
constant to prevent the saturation temperature of
water from being fluctuative. Also, in producing
superheated steam, pressure on the water must be
constant to allow the water to expand as it is heated
further above its saturation temperature.
Fig 7–Looping system for PTC
Pressure value is determined by the selection of
pump and design of PTC. Because this research do
not choose a particular equipment to be tested and
only finding out the ability of Cepu solar irradiationto
achieve a steam producing condition with PTC
Fig 7 shows
(reaching the its
beyond basic scheme temperature
saturation of loopingat a
certain
system thatpressure
can bepoint), thisfor
applied research will calculate
the PTC. This
the pressure range of steam’s usability,
sytem is designed with automation based on by calculating Figure 8 of 10 PTCs equipped
Fig 8–Revised PTC Design Image
the pressure
(PLC) whichlimitconsisted
where the vapor of fraction is 1 at the
transmitter Revised PTC design
withSun Tracking image
Actuator of 10 PTCs
and Structure equipped
Foundation
temperature condition gained with 25 PTCs. This is withsun tracking actuator and structure foundation.
(temperature measurement component), PLC
done to set the range for usability of steam produced
from PTC in terms of the pressure limit wherewater The pressure limit of steam’s usability is set at
returns to its liquid phase. PTCs
Temperature Temperature 7136 kPa, 1 kPa less than the actual limit, which still
BecauseIncrease
of the temperature
Required data Gained
fluctuation, resulted in vapor fraction = 1. Thus, steam produced
the range of pressure will also be varying oin each by PTC CSP can be used on a demand between 100
o
Experiment 1
experiment. To5.6determine
C
the25exact temperature
172 C
and – 286.33oC and 101.3 – 7136 kPa.
pressure2 range of steam’s usability, the 401.1
temperature TableUsing the average temperature increase gained,
o o
Experiment 14.7 C 25 C 10–Cost Spent on Materials for
data are needed oto be uniform. By entering o the the temperature
Constructing 1 PTC range of steam’s usability/the
Experiment 3 10.1 C 25 285.9 C
average temperaturedata as well as into material conditions at which the water is still in vapor phase/
o
stream in Aspen
Average Hysys 7.3, the pressure at which
286.33 C steam is between 100 – 286.33oC at 101.3 – 7136
the vapor fraction returns to 0 can be calculated and No
kPa. The steamUsage
can be used at operation Cost
condition
resulting in 7137 kPa. between the range depending on the demand of an
2.4m x1.2 mx0.8 mpolished
1 Rp475.000,00
stainless steel sheet
164 2 Metallic paint Rp17.500,00
3 3 m ½ inch-diameter-steel tube Rp50.000,00
4 2 hose-to-tube fittings Rp35.000,00
 Fig 7–Looping system for PTC

5. Parabolic Trought Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer Using Solar Irradiation
of Cepu, Blora, Central Java (Andrian Aziz Burhan et al.)
Fig 7 shows the basic scheme of looping
system that can be applied for the PTC. This
equipment
sytemas is
long as the value
designed is within both
with automation basedtheon 172oC,Fig401.1 o
C, and 285.9oC in 3 different weather
8–Revised PTC Design Image of 10 PTCs equipped
pressure(PLC)
and temperature
which limit. Theofpressure
consisted of
transmitter conditions (cloudy,Actuator
withSun Tracking sunny,andcloudy-sunny-cloudy).
Structure Foundation
(temperature measurement component),
PTC CSP system can also be set by selecting the PLC The average temperature of steam produced is
equipment with performance within the range. 286.33oC and the pressure limit of steam to maintain
Temperature PTCs Temperature its vapor phase at the temperature is 7137 kPa. Thus,
Optimization Increase Required Gained
the steam produced can be used at the demand
TheExperiment
following1 optimization
5.6 oC can
25 be done172oto
C between 100 – 286.33oC and 101.3 – 7136 kPa.
increaseExperiment
the performance
2 14.7 of
o
C PTC: 25
o
401.1 C Table 10–Cost Spent on Materials for
1. Changing
Experimentthe
3 tube
10.1 C
o
material25 with copper
285.9 C
o Constructing 1 PTC Table 10
Cost Spent on Materials for Constructing 1 PTC
because its higher value (386 W/m K) of
Average heat
286.33
o
C
No Usage Cost
conductivity.
2.4m x1.2 mx0.8 mpolished
2. Adding glass tube cover component will 1
stainless steel sheet
Rp475.000,00

minimize heat loss on receiver tube by preventing 2 Metallic paint Rp17.500,00

convectional heat loss from taking place on the 3 3 m ½ inch-diameter-steel tube Rp50.000,00
receiver tube surface. 4 2 hose-to-tube fittings Rp35.000,00

3. Adding sun tracking component will increase 5 24 m slotted angle Rp407.500,00

6 4 caster wheels Rp160.000,00
the mobility of PTC and ease up the process for
2 cm-thick-teak wood (formed
adjusting PTC position to get maximum solar 7
into 3 buttress) Rp450.000,00
irradiation exposure as the sun moves from east 2 m water hose Rp5.000,00
to west. Tube insulation Rp2.000,00

4. Changing the PTC design, if all the materials Screws Rp30.000,00

can be obtained, the design at Figure 8 can be Total Rp. 1.632.000,00

applied based on the optimization that has been

I.
mentioned previously with the inclusion of sun Suggestion
1. 2. Design, Construction, and Test of a Miniature Parabolic
tracking component and glass tube cover. Trough Solar Collector. California: California Polytechnic.

The optimization that has been previously

Material Cost Calculation mentioned can be done to improve the performance
Cost spent on materials is at Table 10. and minimize the heat loss of PTC. Steam produced
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS by PTC CSP can also be tested to a certain steam
equipment to find out its actual performance when
Conclusions using the steam produced on the demand within range
10 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAM
Based on the research that has been conducted, of steam’s usability.
solar irradiation of Cepu District can be used to
produce steam by using 25 PTCs with temperature Appendix
Appendix

Reflection princip

Figure 9 9
Figure
Growth Growth
rate ofrate
various renewable
of various energy
renewable energy sources
sources (REN21,(REN21,
2015).
2015).

165
 Appendix

Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 41. No. 3, December 2018: 155 - 168 Figure 13
Reflection principle in parabolic trough collector
Figure 13 (Lovegrove &
Stein, 2012).
10 10 Figure 9AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZReflection
ANDRIAN
ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; principle
MUHAMAD
; MUHAMAD in parabolic trough collector (Lovegrove &
NUR
NUR HIDAYATHIDAYAT
Growth rate of various renewable energy sources (REN21, Stein, 2012).
Figure
2015). 9
Appendix
Growth rate of various renewable energy sources (REN21,
Appendix 2015).
10 ANDRIAN AZIZ BURHAN A.S ; DZUL FADHLI AZIZ ; MUHAMAD NUR HIDAYAT

Appendix Figure 13
Reflection principle in parabolic trough collector (Lovegrove &
Stein, 2012).
Figure 9
Growth rate of various renewable energy sources (REN21,
2015).
Figure 10
Schematic diagram of direct Steam Generation with PTC as
Figure 10
Solar Power Collector (Gunther et. al., 2012.)
Schematic diagram of direct steam Figure 13
generation with PTC as solar power collector Reflection principle inFigure 14 trough
Figure
parabolic 13 collector (Lovegrove &
Pressure Reflection
temperature principle
graph forStein,
water (Langley
2012). &trough
in parabolic Sacks, collector
2010).
(Gunther
Figure 9 et al. 2012). Figure 13
(Lovegrove & Stein 2012).
Figureenergy
Growth rate of various renewable 10 sources (REN21, Reflection principle in parabolic trough collector (Lovegrove &
2015). Stein, 2012).
Schematic diagram of direct Steam Generation with PTC as
Figure 9
Solar Power
Growth rate of various Collector
renewable (Gunther
energy et. (REN21,
sources al., 2012.)
2015). Figure 14
Figure 13
Pressure temperature graph for water (Langley & Sacks, 2010).
Reflection principle in parabolic trough collector (Lovegrove &
Stein, 2012).
Figure 9
Growth rate of Figure
various10renewable energy sources (REN21,
FigureSteam
Schematic diagram of direct 11 2015).
Generation with PTC as
Approaches to Power
Solar concentrate solar(Gunther
Collector power: a.
et.Parabolic
al., 2012.)trough
collector; b. Solar tower; c. Parabolic dishes; d. Linear fresnel
(Martin et. al., 2016.). Figure 14
Pressure temperature graph for water (Langley & Sacks, 2010).
Figure 15
FLUKE thermal imager Ti300
Figure 10
Schematic diagram of direct Steam Generation with PTC as
Solar Power Collector (Gunther et. al., 2012.)
Figure 14
Pressure temperature graph for water (Langley & Sacks, 2010).
Figure 10Figure 11
Approaches
Schematic diagram oftodirect
concentrate solar power:with
Steam Generation a. Parabolic
PTC as trough
Figure 11
collector;
Solar Powerb. Solar tower;
Collector
Approaches c.toParabolic
(Gunther et. al.,dishes;
concentrate 2012.)
solard.power:
Linear fresnel
(Martin et. al., 2016.).
a. Parabolic trough collector; b. Solar tower; Figure 14
Pressure temperature graph forFigure
water (Langley
c. Parabolic dishes; d. Linear fresnel 14
Figure 15 & Sacks, 2010).
(Martin et al.Figure
2016).10 Pressure temperature graph for water
Figure 11 Steam Generation with PTC as FLUKE thermal imager Ti300
(Langley & Sacks 2010)
Schematic diagram of direct
Approaches to concentrate solar power: a. Parabolic trough
Solar Power Collector (Gunther et. al., 2012.)
collector; b. Solar tower;Figure
c. Parabolic
12 dishes; d. Linear fresnel Figure 14
(Martin collector
Parabolic trough et. al., 2016.).
(Chu, 2011) Pressure temperature graph for water (Langley & Sacks, 2010).
Figure 11
Figure 15
Approaches to concentrate solar power: a. Parabolic trough
collector; b. Solar tower; c. Parabolic dishes; d. Linear fresnel FLUKE thermal imager Ti300
(Martin et. al., 2016.).
Figure 15
FLUKE thermal imager Ti300
Figure 11
Approaches to concentrate solar power: a. Parabolic trough
collector; b. Solar tower; c. Parabolic dishes; d. Linear fresnel
(Martin et. al., 2016.).
Figure 15
Figure 11 FLUKE thermal imager Ti300
Approaches to Figure 12 solar power: a. Parabolic trough
concentrate
Parabolic
collector;trough
b. Solar collector (Chu, 2011)
tower; c. Parabolic dishes; d. Linear fresnel
(Martin et. al., 2016.).
Figure 15
Figure 12
FLUKE thermal imager Ti300
Parabolic trough collector
Figure 12 (Chu, 2011) Figure 15
Figure 12
Parabolic
Parabolic troughtrough collector
collector (Chu 2011).
(Chu, 2011) FLUKE thermal imager Ti300.

166

Figure 12
Parabolic trough collector (Chu, 2011)
 5. Parabolic Trought Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer Using Solar Irradiation
of Cepu, Blora, Central Java (Andrian Aziz Burhan et al.)

Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District,
Figure 17 Blora, Central Java 11
Isometric view of the constructed PTC prototype

Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District, Blora, Central Java 11

Figure1616
Figure
Data collection
Data collection process withprocess with FLUKE Ti300.
FLUKE thermaliImager Figure 18
Figure 18
thermal imager Ti300. Constructed PTC
Constructed PTC prototype
prototype
Figure 16
Data collection process with FLUKE thermaliImager Ti300.
Parabolic Trough Collector Concentrating Solar Power as Steam Producer by Harnessing Solar Irradiation in Cepu District, Blora, Central Java 11

Figure 19
Aspen hysys 7.3 material stream calculation of steam usability
pressure limit
Figure 19
Aspen hysys 7.3 material stream calculation of steam usability
pressure limit

Figure 16
Data collection process with FLUKE thermaliImager Ti300.

Figure 17
Isometric view of the constructed PTC prototype
Figure
Figure1717
Isometric view of the
Isometric constructed
view PTC prototype
of the constructed Figure
Figure 1919
Aspen Aspen
hysys 7.3 material
hysys 7.3stream calculation
material streamofcalculation
steam usability
PTC prototype. pressure limit
of steam usability pressure limit.

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