lecture- 8 2024 2

Phylum : Nemathelminthes
Class : Nematode
• Objective
• Know Important Features of nematode
• Know classification of nemathelminthes
• study of some important species of nematode that infect humans and
animals
• Know different life cycles , Definitive host and Intermediate host.
• Nematodes
• Nematodes are elongated, cylindrical,
unsegmented worms with tapering ends.
• The name ‘nematode’ means ‘thread-like’,
from ‘nema’ meaning ‘thread’.
• Unlike trematodes and cestodes, all of
which are parasitic, most nematodes are
free-living forms found in soil and water.
• Several species are parasites of plants and
are of great economic importance.
• Many nematodes parasitize invertebrate
and vertebrate animals.
• The largest number of helminthic parasites
of humans belong to the class of
nematodes.
• There are an estimated 500,000 species of
nematodes.
• General Characteristics
• They are cylindrical, or lariform in shape,
bilaterally symmetrical with a secondary
triradiate symmetry at the anterior end.
• The adults vary greatly in size, from about
a millimeter (Strongyloides stercoralis) to a
meter (Dracunculis medinensis) in length.
• Male is generally smaller than female and
its posterior end is curved or coiled
ventrally.
• Their body is covered with a tough outer
cuticle, which may be smooth, striated,
bossed, or spiny.
• The middle layer is hypodermis and the
inner layer is the somatic muscular layer.
• They move by sinuous exion of the body.
• General Characteristics
• The body cavity is a pseudocoele, in which all the viscera are suspended.
• The digestive system is complete, consisting of a anteriorly placed mouth
leading to the esophagus, which characteristically varies in shape and structure
in diferent groups.
• The intestine is lined with a single layer of columnar cells and leads to the
rectum, opening through the anus.
• In the male, the rectum and the ejaculatory duct open into the cloaca.
• Nematodes have simple excretory and nervous systems.
❑ The nematodes are diecious i.e. the sexes are separate.
❑ The male reproductive system consists of a single delicate tubule di erentiated
into testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct, which opens into
the cloaca.
❑ It also includes copulatory structures such as spicules or bursa or both.
❑ The female reproductive system consists of the ovary, oviduct, seminal
receptacle, uterus, and vagina.
❑ Female nematodes may produce eggs (oviparous) or larvae (viviparous).
Some lay eggs containing larvae, which immediately hatch out
(ovoviviparous).
Classification
Nematodes can be classified on the basis of the habitat of the adult
worm and zoologically .
Zoological Classification
Phylum – Nemathelminthes (Nematoda)
Class – Nematoda which is divided into 2 subclasses based on the
absence or presence of ’phasmids’, which are caudal chemoreceptors.
The 2 subclasses were earlier called Aphasmidia and Phasmidia, but
now have been renamed as Adenophorea and Secernentea,
respectively.
• Cutaneous Larva Migrans
• This condition also known as creeping eruption (also called ground itch) is
caused by nematode larvae that infect by skin penetration.
• Etiology
• The most common cause is non-human species of hookworm (Ancylostoma
braziliense and A. caninum).
Types of oesophagus*
Cylindrical oesophagus
Habronema musca
Bulbed shape oeso.
Heterakis
Filariform oesophagus
Rhabditiform oesophagus Strongyloides (L3)
Strongyloides (L1.2)
Double bulbed oeso.
Subullura
Simple shape oeso.

Ascaridia
Cellular oeso.
Trichenella - Trichuris
Life Cycle
❑The life cycle of nematodes consists typically of 4
larval stages and the adult form. The cuticle is shed
while passing from one stage to the other.
❑ Man is the optimum host for all the nematodes.
❑They pass their life cycle in one host, except the
superfamilies Filarioidea and Dracunculoidea, where
two hosts are required. Insect vectors and Cyclops
constitute the second hosts in these superfamilies,
respectively.
❑ Nematodes localize in the intestinal tract and their eggs
pass out with the feces of the host. They undergo few
developmental changes before they enter new host.
Modes of Infection
Modes of Infection
➢By ingestion of:
• Eggs: Ascaris, Enterobius. Trichuris
• Larvae within intermediate host: Dracunculus
• Encysted larvae in muscle: Trichinella
➢By penetration of skin: Ancylostoma, Necator,
Strongyloides
➢ By blood-sucking insects: Filariae
➢ By inhalation of dust containing eggs: Ascaris,
Enterobius.
Larva Migrans
❑The life cycles of most nematodes parasitizing

humans include larval migration through various
tissues and organs of the body.
❑Sometimes the larvae appear to lose their way and
wander around aimlessly.
❑This condition is known as larva migrans.
❑This is generally seen when human infection
occurs with non-human species of nematodes.
Larva Migrans
❑In such infections, the worm is unable to undergo
normal development and complete its life cycle.
❑ Abnormal or arrested larval migration may also
sometimes occur when human parasitic nematodes
infect immune persons.
❑The immunity is sufficient to
❑prevent the normal progression of infection.
❑Larva migrans can be classified into cutaneous or
visceral types, depending on whether the larval
migration takes place in the skin or in deeper
tissues
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
❑This condition also known as creeping eruption

(also called ground itch) is caused by nematode
larvae that infect by skin penetration.
❑Etiology
❑The most common cause is non-human species of
hookworm (Ancylostoma braziliense and A.
caninum).
Visceral Larva Migrans
❑This condition is caused by the migration of larvae of
nonhuman species of nematodes that infect by the oral
route.
Etiology
❑The most common cause is the dog ascarid, Toxocara
canis and less often the cat ascarid, T. cati.
❑Visceral larva migrans may also be caused by Anisakis,
which are large ascarid parasites of marine animals and
also by Gnathostoma spinigerum, Angiostrongylus
cantonensis.
❑Human nematodes like A. lumbricoides and S.
stercolaris may produce visceral larva migrans, when they
get lost in ectopic sites.
Class : Nematode
Family : Ascarididae
Ex. : 1- Ascaridia galli

Ascaridia galli
Final host
Ascaridia galli affects the small intestine, especially the

duodenum of chickens, pigeons, and wild birds
paratenic hosts
Ascaridia galli
Anterior end
( Male + Female )
Ascaridia galli
Ascaridia galli
Male posterior end

Female posterior end
life cycle
Ascridia galli leads a direct life cycle involving a single host. The sexually
mature adult worms live in the small intestine, lay eggs, and are expelled into
the external environment. The oval eggs are enveloped with three layers,
namely, the vitelline membrane (the inner permeable layer), a thick, resistant
covering, and a thin albuminous layer, which make them resistant to
desiccation and allow long survival in the external environment. Eggs do not
hatch in the environment; rather develop larvae within the egg, molt
continuously, and eventually become the third larval stage (L3). An egg with
L3 is the infective stage. During development, eggs begin to divide into the
two‐cell stage within 24 h and continue to develop into the three‐cell stage
within 48 h and the four‐cell stage within 72 h. This fourth stage develops
within eggs, known as morula with blastomeres. A fully mature infectious L3
stage is formed after 11–12 days. Transmission occurs through ingestion of
contaminated food/water or mechanically by earthwormsEarthworms act as
paratenic hosts that ingest the infectious stage and become infectious to the
definitive hosts. Infection by ingestion of earthworms is easier than picking up
eggs in nature.
Life cycle
Pathogenesis
http://www.poultryhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Helminths-Ascaridia-galli-in-SI-275x180.jpg
The parasite can be associated with anemia, emaciation, and

reduction in production efficiency. Direct losses are caused by
obstruction and damage to the intestinal tract, resulting in
malabsorption and malnutrition
Class : Nematode
Family : Heterakidae
Ex. : 2- Heterakis gallinae

Heterakis gallinae
Final host
____________________________________________
Heterakis gallinae
‫* شكل‬
‫الطفيل‬
Heterakis gallinae
Anterior end
( Male + Female )
Heterakis gallinae
Male posterior end

Heterakis gallinae
Life cycle
Heterakis gallinarum is a parasite found in the cecum of numerous galliform

birds including chickens, turkeys.
Heterakis gallinae
:‫اإلمراضية‬
This poultry caecal nematode is one of the most common parasites

responsible for reduced weight gain in response to heavy infection
with petechial hemorrhages or bloody exudates overlying the caecal
mucosa in acute cases
Heterakis gallinae
In chicken, H. gallinarum infection is recognized generally as

subclinical, nevertheless its management is crucial due to its
function as a vector for Histomonas meleagridis, a protozoan parasite
causing histomonosis or enterohepatitis or blackhead in turkeys,
manifested through high elevated mortality rates along with
profound pathological lesions in the host intestines and liver
Heterakis gallinae

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Phylum : Nemathelminthes

Simple shape oeso.

❑The life cycles of most nematodes parasitizing

❑This condition also known as creeping eruption

Ex. : 1- Ascaridia galli

Ascaridia galli affects the small intestine, especially the

Male posterior end

The parasite can be associated with anemia, emaciation, and

Ex. : 2- Heterakis gallinae

Male posterior end

Heterakis gallinarum is a parasite found in the cecum of numerous galliform

This poultry caecal nematode is one of the most common parasites

In chicken, H. gallinarum infection is recognized generally as

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