Concept of Disaster

Lesson 1
Learning Target:

Explain the meaning of

disaster. (DRR11/12-Ia-b-1)

• define what is disaster

• explain how and when an
event becomes a disaster
 A hazard is any unusual event that has a
potential to threaten people’s lives, their property
and livelihoods.

A hazard becomes a disaster when it happens

where many people are living or have their
livelihoods and causes damage to them and their
property.
What is Disaster?

It refers to a sudden, calamitous

occurrence that causes great harm,
injury, destruction, and devastation
to life and property. (Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center, ADPC, 2012)
What is Disaster?

It refers to a serious disruption of the functioning

of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources. (United
Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction)
Common Factor:
Exposure to a Hazard

There is an event or
phenomenon that impacts a
population or an environment.
Common Factor:
Conditions of Vulnerability that are Present

A vulnerable condition or
characteristic allows the event
to have a more serious impact.
Common Factor:
insufficient capacity or measures to
reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences

Local resources are often

inadequate to cope with the
problems created by the
phenomenon or event.
Concept of Disaster Risk
Lesson 2
Learning Target:

Differentiate the risk factors

underlying disasters
(DRR11/12-Ia-b-2)
• describe the characteristics
of disaster risk
• distinguish how each risk
factor either aggravate or
mitigate the effects of
hazards
 What is Disaster Risk?

Disaster risk can be understood as the

likelihood (probability) of loss
of life, injury or destruction and damage from
a disaster in a given period of time
 What is Disaster Risk?

Disaster risk results from the complex interaction between

development processes that generate conditions of exposure,
vulnerability and hazard.
Disaster Risk
Is considered as the combination of:

severity and frequency of a hazard

numbers of people and assets

exposed to the hazard

vulnerability to damage
Characteristics of Disaster Risk
Match the characteristics with its description.
1. The likelihood of loss of life, destruction and damage in a
Forward looking
given period of time.
2. It can increase or decrease according to our ability to
Dynamic
reduce vulnerability.

3. It is comprised of not only the threat of high-impact

events, but also the frequent, low-impact events that are Invisible
often hidden

4. Hazards affect different areas, but the pattern of disaster

risk reflects the social construction of exposure and Unevenly distributed
vulnerability in different countries

5. Many processes, including climate change and

globalized economic development, are creating new, Emergent and Complex
interconnected risks
How can we reduce disaster risk?
We cannot control hazards, but we can reduce risk through
reduction of exposure and vulnerability.

1. Keeping people and

property away from hazards.

2. Relocation must come

hand in hand with mitigation
and prevention measures
 Disaster risk factors are variables that
Disaster Risk Factors either aggravate or mitigate the effects of
hazards, affecting the degree or scope of
a disaster.
1. Physical Factors
Pertains to tangible objects or
infrastructure, like the availability of fire
exits, or the sturdiness of the building, or
the presence or absence of objects that can
harm you or help, etc.
2. Psychological Factors

It include the state of mental capacity and

health.

The following are psychological risk factors:

a. Severity of exposure.
b. Gender and family
c. Age
d. Developing Countries
e. Low or negative social support.
3. Socio-cultural factors

It include religion, social status, traditions, perception by society, etc.

4. Economic factors

It include assets and liabilities, income, economic class, etc.

5. Political factors

It include government structure, diplomatic issues, etc.

6. Biological factors

It include flora and fauna in

environment, health, diseases,
etc.
Effects of Disaster
Lesson 3
Learning Target:

Describe the effects of

disasters on one’s life
(DRR11/12-Ia-b-3)
• identify common effects of
disaster
• examine the effects of
disaster on specific
situations
 General Effects of Disaster
1. Primary Effects
- Are those that come directly from the incident or disaster itself.
 General Effects of Disaster
2. Secondary Effects
- Are the result that comes from the primary effects.
 General Effects of Disaster
3. Tertiary Effects
- Are the long-term effects that are set off because of a primary event.
Common Effects of Disaster

Displaced Populations

Health Risks

Food Scarcity.

Emotional Aftershocks.
Disasters from Different Perspectives
Lesson 4
Learning Target:

Analyze disaster from the

different perspectives (physical,
psychological, socio-cultural,
economic, political, and
biological). (DRR11/12-Ia-b-6)
• determine the different
perspective of disaster
• explain how disaster is
analyzed from different
perspectives
 A disaster is a result of a vast ecological
breakdown in the relation between humans
and their environment.

Disaster is analyzed from different perspectives

 Disasters from Different Perspectives
1. Physical Perspective
-disaster is defined as a
phenomenon that cause damage to
physical elements such as buildings,
infrastructures, including people and
their properties, e.g., houses and
environmental sources of living
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 Disasters from Different Perspectives
2. Psychological Perspective
-disaster is regarded as an
occurrence involving an
unexpected or uncontrollable event
rather than a long-term experience.

❑ Emotional Effects
❑ Cognitive Effects
❑ Physical Effects https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fr3.rappler.com%2Fmove-ph%2Fissues%2Fdisasters%2Frecovery%2F90036-afteryolanda-mental-health-care-
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❑ Interpersonal Effects
 Disasters from Different Perspectives
3. Socio-Cultural Perspective
-a disaster is analyzed based on
how people respond having as
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parameter their social conditions

and cultural settings.

-these two factors are important

determinants of the degree of
risk, resilience and vulnerability
of those affected.
 Disasters from Different Perspectives
4. Economic Perspective
-a natural disaster can be defined as a natural
event that causes a perturbation to the
functioning of the economic system, with a
significant negative impact on assets,
production factors, output, employment and
consumption.

One salient component of assessing the impact of https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2F11%2F06%2F2221753%2Fno-respite-

disaster impact from this view is defining:

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❑ direct economic cost

❑ indirect losses
 Disasters from Different Perspectives
5. Political Perspective
-natural disasters are commonly thought to be less politically
contentious than armed conflicts.

-Political considerations before, during, and after a natural

disaster can determine who is most at risk, who can intervene,
what actions will be taken, and who will benefit from those
actions.

- Government interventions should be present in following https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistreview.org%2Fnews%2Fadra-philippines-mobilizes-to-assist-those-displaced-by-

typhoon-
rai%2F&psig=AOvVaw3z_CIIAYllKLMXUsMRU43A&ust=1678146355134000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjRxqFwoTCJi1w7f7xf0CFQAAAAAd

phases of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management: (1)

AAAAABAJ

Prevention, (2) Mitigation, (3) Preparedness, and (4) Recovery.

 Disasters from Different Perspectives
6. Environmental Perspective

-Disasters are not random and do

not occur by accident. They are the
convergence of hazards and
vulnerable conditions.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fnews%2Fpicture%2Fchina-typhoon-kills-six-knocks-out-power-
idUSKCN0RZ0I220151005&psig=AOvVaw2FeS4NFiwQQR4NPG9Ftoxi&ust=1678146574652000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA0QjRxqFwoTCPjPq_77xf0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAH
Reference:
SLM from SDO La Union (Author: Aurie Amor T. Quinones)
ADM Module (Author: Rodgem A. Barairo & Josefina M. Fabra)
 Lesson 5:
Vulnerability
Learning Target:

Explain the meaning of

vulnerability (DRR11/12-Ic-8)

• define vulnerability in terms of

disaster
• discuss each type of
vulnerability
Due to the presence of hazard, we become
susceptible or prone to disasters.
 Vulnerability is the state of being at risk.

Vulnerability is the characteristics and

circumstances of a community, system, or
resource that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard.

Vulnerability is situation specific.

Vulnerability is hazard specific.

Synonyms:
• exposure
• susceptibility
• defenselessness
• weakness
• helplessness
• proneness
• lack of protection
Vulnerability is defined through
three major factors:
• Exposure and physical
susceptibility,
• Social and economic fragilities,
and.
• Lack of resilience or ability to
cope and recover.
Human Factors that Affects
Vulnerability:
Wealth affects vulnerability in several ways:
• The poor are less able to afford housing and other infrastructure that can
withstand extreme events.
• They are less able to purchase resources needed for disaster response and
are less likely to have insurance policies that can contribute.
• They are also less likely to have access to medical care. Because of these
and other factors, when disaster strikes, the poor are far more likely than
the rich to be injured or killed.
• The rich tend to lose more money from disasters, simply because they
have more valuable property at stake.
Human Factors that Affects
Vulnerability:
Education is another important factor in hazard impacts.

• With education, we can learn how to avoid or reduce many impacts.

• When populations are literate, then written messages can be used to
spread word about hazards in general or about specific disasters. Even
without literacy, it is possible to educate a population about hazards in
order to help it reduce its vulnerability.
• When populations include professionals trained in hazards, then these
people can help the populations with their hazard preparations and
responses.
Types of Vulnerability
Physical
May be determined by
aspects such as
remoteness of a
settlement, the site, the
design and materials
used for critical
infrastructure and for
housing
Types of Vulnerability

Social
Refers to the inability of
people, organizations and
societies to withstand
adverse impacts to hazard
due to characteristics
inherent in social interactions,
institutions and systems of
cultural values.
Types of Vulnerability
Economic
The level of vulnerability
is highly dependent upon
the economic status of
individuals, communities
and nations.
Types of Vulnerability
Environmental
Natural resources depletion
and resource degradation
are key aspect of
environmental vulnerability
Counteracting Vulnerability Requires:
a. reducing the impact of the hazard itself where possible
(through mitigation, prediction and warning, preparedness);
b. building capacities to withstand and cope with hazards;
c. tackling the root causes of vulnerability, such as poverty, poor
governance, discrimination, inequality and inadequate access to
resources and livelihoods.
 Lesson 6:
Sectors of Society that are
Vulnerable
Learning Target:

Explain why certain sectors of

society are more vulnerable to
disaster than others (DRR11/12-
Ic-9)
• identify characteristics of a
community that make it
vulnerable to a hazard
• examine why certain sectors of
society are more vulnerable to
disaster than others
Vulnerability is “a set of prevailing or consequential conditions, which
adversely affect the community’s ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare
for and respond to hazardous events.” (Asian Disaster Preparedness
Center, 2006)

Community members and groups have different vulnerabilities and

capacities.

Several sectors in our society are considered as Most Vulnerable, Less

Vulnerable, and Not Vulnerable Sectors.
Most Vulnerable Sectors
• They are the community members
whose capacities are low and not
sufficient to withstand and overcome
the damaging and harmful effects of
disasters.
• They are composed of farmers, the
urban poor, laborers, indigenous
people, persons with disabilities
(PWDs), unemployed women, and
children.
 Less Vulnerable Sectors
• They are the community members
whose capacities start from their own
ability to acquire material resources;
skills and trainings; and position in
society.
• They are composed of professionals,
small entrepreneurs, and civil- society
organizations like Philippine Red Cross.
 Not Vulnerable Sectors
• They are the sectors in society having a
high position in the community.
• They do advocacy or charity for the
benefit of the most vulnerable and less
vulnerable sectors during and after
disasters.
Categories of Vulnerability
According to Anderson and Woodrow (1990), there are three
areas of vulnerability, which are the following:

• Physical/Material Vulnerability
• Social/Organizational Vulnerability
• Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability
Physical/Material Vulnerability
• People who have few physical and
material resources usually suffer more
from disasters
 Social/Organizational Vulnerability
• People who have been marginalized in
social, economic, or political terms are
vulnerable to suffering from disasters,
whereas groups that are well organized and
have a commitment to their members suffer
less during disasters.
 Attitudinal/Motivational
Vulnerability
• People who have low confidence in
their ability to affect change or who
have “lost heart” and feel defeated by
events they cannot control are hit by
disasters than those who have a sense
of their ability to bring the changes
they desire.
 Lesson 7:
Vulnerabilities of Different
Elements Exposed to Hazard
Learning Target:

Recognize vulnerabilities of
different elements exposed to
specific hazards (DRR11/12-Id-
12)
• identify elements at risk and
vulnerable to any type of
hazard.
• develop a home hazard
exposure reduction plan
 Elements at risk are the people, properties, economic activities, and
public and private services potentially threatened by a harmful event.

Risk assessment involves the identification and mapping of the

elements at risk and the assessment of vulnerability

Understanding the elements at risk exposed to each type of hazard is

the first step in reducing vulnerability.
Elements at Risk
• Tangible elements at risk are those things that can be identified,
localized, mapped and quantified
• Intangible elements are those things that are very difficult to quantify
or map, as they do not have a particular spatial dimension
• Human beings
• Dwellings or household and communities
• Building and structures
• Public facilities and infrastructure assets
• Public and transport system.
• Agricultural commodities
• Environmental assets
 Disaster Risk Model
Disasters are sometimes considered external shocks, but disaster risk
results from the complex interaction between development processes that
generate conditions of exposure, vulnerability and hazard.
 Exposure is the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to
experience hazard events of different magnitudes

Hazard is a situation or an occurrence with capacity to bring damages

to lives, properties, and the environment

Vulnerability refers to factors, such as physical, social, economic, and

environmental, that increases the impact of the disaster.
 Disaster Risk Model

As the disaster risk model implies, the

magnitude of the disaster depends on:

• the severity of the natural event

• the quantity of exposure of the
elements at risk which includes lives
and properties, and
• vulnerability level or quality of
exposure.
 Lesson 8:
Hazard, Exposure, and
Vulnerability
Learning Target:

Differentiate among hazards,

exposure, and vulnerabilities and
explain the relationship of the
three to disaster risk (DRR11/12-
Id-13)
• differentiate among hazards,
exposure, and vulnerabilities
• explain the relationship among
hazards, exposure, and
vulnerabilities to disaster risk
 HAZARD
A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition
that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.

EXPOSURE
People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard
zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.

VULNERABILITY
The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or
asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.
Vulnerability comprises conditions determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase
Types of Hazard
Biological Hazard – directly
linked to an organic origin
caused by exposure of living
organisms to toxic substances
and microorganisms that cause
sickness.
Types of Hazard
Geologic hazard- events that originated in solid ground count as
major precursor. These hazards cause mortality and damages to life
and property.
Types of Hazard
Hydrometeorological Hazard –
this involves phenomena that are of
atmospheric, hydrological, or
oceanographic nature that may cause
loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of
livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, and
environmental changes
Vulnerability
Examples:
• poor design and construction of buildings
• inadequate protection of assets
• lack of public information and awareness
• disregard for wise environmental management
• weakness in a firewall that lets hackers get into a computer network
• unlocked doors at businesses or lack of security cameras
Vulnerability
Vulnerability can be seen in various ways:
• Economic factors associated with levels of savings, debt, and availability of
credit and insurance.

• Physical vulnerabilities including geographical location and infrastructures

• Social vulnerabilities such as education, peace and order, goo governance,

health and nutrition, religion, and culture.
 Lesson 9:

Types of Hazard
Learning Target:

• Define and cite examples of

the types of hazards

• Explain the impact of various

hazards on people and the
environment (DRR11/12-Ie-
16)
 HAZARD
Hazard are the potentials for damage to man and his environment that
may result from the occurrence of natural events such as volcanic
eruptions, earthquakes, floods and storm surges.

WHEN IS AN EVENT CONSIDERED A HAZARD?

It is when man and his environment are threatened that these events
can be considered hazards.
HAZARD CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN DIFFERENT TYPES:

Natural Hazard

It arises from the

natural processes in
the environment.
Natural Hazard Signs and Symbols
HAZARD CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN DIFFERENT TYPES:

Quasi-Natural
Hazard

It arises from the

interaction of natural
processes and human
activities.
Quasi-Natural Hazard Signs and Symbols
HAZARD CAN BE CATEGORIZED IN DIFFERENT TYPES:

Technological or
Man-Made Hazard

It arises directly as a
result of human
activities.
Technological or Man-Made Hazard Signs and Symbols
 Lesson 10:
Impact of Hazard on
People and Environment
Learning Target:

Explain the impact of various

hazards on people and the
environment (DRR11/12-Ie-16)
• explain the impacts of various
hazards on different exposed
elements;
• classify hazard impacts;
• perform hazard identification and
risk assessment; and
• recognize the value of being
disaster-resilient.
A hazard can bring about many impacts which
can come in different types.

• Psychological Impact
• Environmental Impact
• Physical Impact
• Biological Impact
• Economic Impact
• Socio-cultural Impact
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
It is the process of determining all physical and
nonphysical agents in the workplace or specific environment.

RISK ASSESSMENT
It is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by
taking into consideration the probability and severity of impact.
Steps in Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
Identify the hazard
• Observation
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)
• Hazard and risk surveys
• Discussion groups
• Safety audits
Steps in Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment

Assess the Risk

 Steps in Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment
Make the Changes

Checking the Changes Made

 Lesson 11:
Earthquake Hazard
Learning Target:

Identify various potential

earthquake hazards
(DRR11/12-If-g-17)
• explain various potential
earthquake hazard
• suggest ways on how to
minimize the effects of
earthquake hazards
• appreciate the value of
preparedness and resilience in
disastrous situations
Earthquake
An earthquake is a natural
phenomenon wherein the
surface of the Earth moves or
vibrates due to a sudden
release of energy that is caused
by the movements of the plates.
Earthquake Hazard
• Include any physical
phenomenon associated with an
earthquake that may affect
human activities.
Earthquake Hazard
Primary Hazard
1. ground shaking
2. ground rupture
3. liquefaction
4. earthquake-induced landslides

Secondary Hazard
1. fire
2. seiche
3. tsunamis
 Most Commonly Used Methods of
Reducing Earthquake Risks

• Developing resistant structures.

• Constructing seismic hazard maps.
• Effective recording and interpretation of ground motion
 Lesson 12:
Natural Signs of an
Impending Tsunami
Learning Target:

Recognize the natural signs

of an impending tsunami
(DRR11/12-If-g-18)
What is Tsunami?

A tsunami is a series of waves

caused by earthquakes or
undersea volcanic eruptions.
Types of Tsunami
Local Tsunamis Far field or Distant Tsunamis
• confined to coasts within a hundred • can travel from 1 to 24 hours before
kilometers from the source reaching the coast of the nearby
• generated by earthquakes and landslide countries.
or pyroclastic flow • These tsunamis mainly coming from the
• can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 countries bordering Pacific Ocean like
minutes. Chile, Alaska in USA and Japan.

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Natural Signs of an Approaching Tsunami
1 2 3

Unusual Sea Level Rumbling Sound of

A Felt Earthquake Approaching Waves
Change
Tsunami Safety and Preparedness Measures
1. Do not stay in low-lying coastal areas after a felt earthquake. Move to
higher grounds immediately.
2. If unusual sea conditions like rapid lowering of sea level are
observed, immediately move towards high grounds.
3. Never go down the beach to watch for a tsunami. When you see the
wave, you are too close to escape it.
4. During the retreat of sea level, interesting sights are often revealed.
Fishes may be stranded on dry land thereby attracting people to collect
them. Also, sandbars and coral flats may be exposed. These scenes
tempt people to flock to the shoreline thereby increasing the number of
people at risk.
 Lesson 13:
Interpreting Earthquake
Hazard Map
Learning Target:

Interpret different
earthquake hazard maps
(DRR11/12-If-g-20)
 Hazard Map
• Is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or
are vulnerable to a particular hazard.
• It help prevent serious damage and deaths.
• It provides important information to help people
understand disaster and mitigate disasters.
• Hazard maps indicate the extent of expected risk
areas, and can be combined with disaster
management information such as evacuation sites,
evacuation routes, and so forth.
Map Interpretation
• It is the process of looking at
the map for us to be guided to
a direction or place where we
wanted to go using the
different symbols or elements
of the map.
Components of a Map

• Compass Rose
• Title
• Symbols
• Legend
• Color
• Scale
• Grid Reference
Seismic Design Categories
 Lesson 14:
Volcanic Hazard
Learning Target:

Explain various volcano-related

hazards (DRR11/12-Ih-i-22)
Volcanic Hazards
• Phenomena arising from
volcanic activity that pose
potential threat to persons or
property in a given area within
a given period of time.
Lava Flows
• are stream-like flows of
incandescent molten rock
erupted from a crater or
fissure.
Ash Fall or Tephra Fall
• are showers of airborne fine- to
coarse-grained volcanic particles
that fallout from the plumes of a
volcanic eruption;
• ashfall distribution/ dispersal is
dependent on prevailing wind
direction
Pyroclastic Flows
and Surges
• are turbulent mass of ejected
fragmented volcanic materials (ash
and rocks), mixed with hot gases
(200oC to 700oC to as hot as 900oC)
that flow downslope at very high
speeds (>60kph).
• Surges are the more dilute, more
mobile derivatives or pyroclastic
flows.
Lahars
• are rapidly flowing
thick mixture of
volcanic sediments
(from the pyroclastic
materials) and water,
usually triggered by
intense rainfall during
typhoons, monsoons
and thunderstorms
Volcanic Gases
Debris Avalanche or Volcanic Landslide

• massive collapse of a
volcano, usually triggered by
an earthquake or volcanic
eruption.
Ballistic Projectile
• are Volcanic materials directly
ejected from the volcano’s vent
with force and trajectory
Tsunami

• sea waves or wave trains

that are generated by
sudden displacement of
water (could be generated
during undersea eruptions
or debris avalanches)
 Lesson 15:
Signs of an Impending
Volcanic Eruption
Learning Target:

Recognize signs of an
impending volcanic eruption
(DRR11/12-Ih-i-24)
Volcanic Eruption
• Deep within the Earth it is so hot
that some rocks slowly melt and
become a thick flowing
substance called magma.
• Since it is lighter than the solid
rock around it, magma rises and
collects in magma chambers.
• Eventually, some of the magma
pushes through vents and
fissures to the Earth's surface.
Volcanic Eruption
• The explosivity of an eruption
depends on the composition of the
magma.
• If magma is thin and runny, gases
can escape easily from it. When this
type of magma erupts, it flows out of
the volcano.
• If magma is thick and sticky, gases
cannot escape easily. Pressure builds
up until the gases escape violently
and explode.
 Ground Deformation
• Ground deformation refers to surface changes on a volcano, such as
subsidence (sinking), tilting, or bulge formation, due to the movement
of magma below the surface.
• Deformation changes at a volcano, such as those related to
magnitude or location, may indicate that an eruption is about to
occur.
• Some subtle (in millimeters) ground movements may be detected
only by sensitive instruments/ equipment.
Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) Global Positioning System (GPS) Remote Sensing
 Geochemistry
• The science concerned with all geological studies involving chemical
change.
• Changes in temperature, water becomes more acidic, some gas, for
example SO2 from base levels of 100 tons/day jump to 4,000
tons/day s can be an indication of unrest
• Direct measurement of temperature and chemistry of ground water,
spring water or lakes (using a thermometer/thermocouple, pH
meter).
• Gas being emitted by volcanic can be measured directly by gas
monitoring equipment
Measuring Temperature Ph Meter
Seismic Activity
• Most unrest in volcanoes start
with volcanic earthquakes.
• Increase in number of volcanic
earthquakes recorded.
• Seismometer is the equipment
used to detect occurrence of
volcanic earthquakes
Observation of Premonitory Events
Visual Observation
• Intensified steaming activity
• What used to be white steam slowly or drastically
change to gray to dark (suggests increasing presence of
ash)
• Drying up of vegetation, drying up of streams, water
wells
• Crater glow at the summit area
• Increasing frequency of rolling rocks from the summit;
• localized landslides not related to heavy rains
• Summit area appears to glow or becomes incandescent at night
Observation of Premonitory Events
Auditory Observation
• Hear rumbling sound

Olfactory
• Smell of sulfur (rotten eggs)

Tactile
• Ground movement/ volcanic earthquake increasingly become
felt
 Lesson 16:
Volcano Hazard Maps
Learning Target:

Interpret different volcano

hazard map (DRR11/12-Ih-i-25)
Hazard Map
• A hazard map is a map that
highlights areas that are
affected by or are vulnerable
to a particular hazard.
• Hazard maps are generated
for various uses and are most
useful in determining risks of
living in identified potentially
hazardous areas.
• A volcano may have a
different set of hazard
maps from another
volcano depending on
the hazards it generates.
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/gisweb-volcano-hazard-maps
Alert Level
• Volcanologists use alert signals that range
from 0 to 5 to indicate the status of an active
volcano.
• Alert levels guide the officials of local
government units (LGU’s) so that they can
make the necessary preparations for
evacuation, rescue, and relief operations in
response to the possible hazards that will
happen during a volcanic eruption.
 Lesson 17:
Geologic Hazard
Learning Target:

Discuss the different geological

hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-27)
Geologic Hazards
 Landslide
• Refers to a massive outward and
downward movement of slope-
forming materials.
• It is restricted to movements of
rocks and soil masses.
• As a geological hazard it is caused
by earthquake or volcanic eruption.
Types of Landslide
The various types of
landslides can be
differentiated by the kinds of
material involved and the
mode of movement.
• Slides
• Falls
• Topples
• Flows
• Lateral Spreads
1. Slide
• Mass movements where there is a distinct zone of weakness that
separates the slide material from more stable underlying material.
Rotational slide: This is a slide in which the A block slide is a translational slide in which
surface of rupture is curved concavely upward, the moving mass consists of a single unit or a
and the slide movement is roughly rotational few closely related units that move downslope
about an axis that is parallel to the ground as a relatively coherent mass.
surface and transverse across the slide

Translational slide: In this

type of slide, the landslide mass
moves along a roughly planar
surface with little rotation or
backward tilting
2. Falls
• Falls are abrupt movements of masses
of geologic materials, such as rocks
and boulders, that become detached
from steep slopes or cliffs.

• Falls are strongly influenced by gravity,

mechanical weathering, and the
presence of interstitial water.
3. Topples
• Toppling failures are distinguished
by the forward rotation of a unit
or units about some pivotal point,
below or low in the unit, under the
actions of gravity and forces
exerted by adjacent units or by
fluids in cracks.
4. Flows
• Debris flow. A debris flow is a form • Debris avalanche. This is variety of
of rapid mass movement in which a very rapid to extremely rapid debris
combination of loose soil, rock, flow.
organic matter, air, and water mobilize
as a slurry that flows downslope.
4. Flows
• Earthflow. Earthflows have a • Mudflow. A mudflow is an earthflow
characteristic “hourglass” shape. The consisting of material that is wet
slope material liquifies and runs out , enough to flow rapidly and that
forming a bowl or depression at the contains at least 50 percent sand-, silt-
head ,and clay-sized particles.

• Creep is the imperceptibly slow,

steady, downward movement of
slope-forming soil or rock
5. Lateral Spreads
• Lateral spreads usually occur on very gentle slopes or flat terrain.
• The failure is caused by liquefaction, the process whereby saturated,
loose, cohesion less sediments (usually sands and silts) are
transformed from a solid into a liquefied state.
Sinkhole

• A sinkhole is an area of ground that has

no natural external surface drainage –
when it rains, all of the water stays
inside the sinkhole and typically drains
into the subsurface.
• Sinkholes form in what geologists call
“karst terrain.”
1. Dissolution Sinkhole
2. Cover-subsidence sinkholes
Cover-subsidence sinkholes tend to develop gradually where the covering
sediments are permeable and contain sand.
3. Cover-collapse sinkholes
Cover-collapse sinkholes may develop abruptly (over a period of hours) and
cause catastrophic damages. They occur where the covering sediments contain
a significant amount of clay.
4. Artificial Sinkhole
Such types of sinks may be caused by various human activities, including
groundwater pumping and building.
 Lesson 18:
Causes of Geologic
Hazard
Learning Target:

Analyze the causes of

geological hazards (DRR11/12-
IIa-b-28)
Causes of Landslide
Natural Causes Human Causes
• Climate • Mining
• Earthquake • Clear cutting
• Weathering
• Erosion
• Volcanic Eruption
• Forest fires
• Gravity
Climate
• Long-term climatic changes can
significantly impact soil stability.
Earthquake
• Any moment tectonic plates
move, the soil covering them
also moves along.
• When earthquakes strike areas
with steep slopes, on numerous
occasion, the soil slips leading
to landslides
Weathering
• It is the natural procedure of
rock deterioration that leads to
weak, landslide-susceptive
materials.
Erosion
• Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers,
wind, currents, ice and waves wipes out latent and lateral slope
support enabling landslides to occur easily.
Volcanic Eruption

• If an eruption occurs in a wet

condition, the soil will start to
move downhill instigating a
landslide.
Forest fires

• Wildfire removes the protective

ability of vegetation which
increases runoff, erosion, and
debris flow because the water
cannot penetrate through the
soil thus carrying the debris
downslope.
Gravity

• Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can trigger a massive

landslide.
Mining

• Vibrations emanating from the

blasts can weaken soils in other
areas susceptible to landslides.
Clear cutting

• Clear cutting is a technique

of timber harvesting that
eliminates all old trees from
the area.
Causes of Sinkhole
Natural Causes Human Causes
• Dissolution of sedimentary • Underground water pumping
rocks
Dissolution of
Sedimentary Rocks

• Sinkholes occur when

sedimentary rocks are
dissolved.
• Sinkholes can be in the form
of holes or depressions on
the ground.
Underground
Water Pumping

• Pumping water
underneath the ground
causes drainage to alter
their flow which causes
the soil to be eroded by
water.
 Lesson 19:
Signs of an Impending
Geologic Hazard
Learning Target:

Recognize signs of impending

geological hazards (DRR11/12-
IIa-b-29)
Landslide
Earlier Landslide as an
Indicator
• Observing old landslides is a
good indication that the area
has unstable geology, and that
more landslides are likely in the
future.
• Multiple landslide events in the
same place can be
retrogressive, piecemeal, or
reactivated.
Landslide

Tension Cracks
• Tension cracks are
created by the stress
of geological material
pulling apart.
• They often mark the
eventual landslide
scarp, the top edge of
the failure zone.
Landslide
Things Moving
• Observable movement and
deformation of things are also
indicators of an impending landslide.
• The most common among these is
that trees are bending in a J-curve as
a sign that the ground slips out from
under them.
• Inside structures, signs of slow
shifting can be floors tilting, doors no
longer closing properly, or broken
utilities.
Landslide

Water Doing Something

Different
• The sudden arrival of water in a
spring, seep, or wet ground
somewhere that is usually dry
indicates that something changed,
and this change is not to be
trusted.
• The sudden disappearance of
water is just as ominous.
Sinkhole
• Trees or fence posts that tilt or fall
• Foundations that slant
• New small ponds that appear after
rain
• Cracks in the ground
• Sudden drainage of a pond
• Rapid appearance of a hole in the
ground
• Dips, depressions, slopes that
appear in a yard
 Sinkhole
• Dead patches of grass or plants
• Sinkholes in the neighborhood
• Wilted vegetation in a limited
area
• Well water that is discolored or
contaminated with debris
• Cracking or buckling of home’s
concrete slab
• Presence of odd bugs like slugs
and centipedes in the home
• Earthy odor in home after rain
• New or widening cracks
 Sinkhole
• Separation between walls and ceiling or floors
• Cracks in interior walls
• Cracks around door and window frames
• Cracked grout between tiles
• Cracked tiles
• Stair step cracks in blocks or bricks
• Uneven floors, warping of hardwood, bulging or sagging
sections
• Doors or windows that don’t open or close easily
• Cracks in sheetrock near doors or windows
 Lesson 20:
Interpreting Geologic
Maps
Learning Target:

Interpret geological maps

(DRR11/12-IIa-b-30)
Geologic Map

• Geologic maps display the

arrangement of geologic
features of a particular
area.
• These features can include
such things as types of
rocks, faults, minerals, and
groundwater.
 Importance of Geologic Map
Geologists make geologic maps and related explanations and cross-
sections; they develop a theoretical understanding of the geology and
geologic history of a given area.

Geologic maps are vital in finding and developing geological resources,

such as sediments, groundwater, fossil fuels, and minerals.

Essential tools for practical applications such as zoning, engineering, and

hazard assessment.
Features of
Geologic Map
Color Scheme
Each color represents a
different geologic unit. A
geologic unit is a volume
of a certain kind of rock
of a given age range.
Features of
Geologic Map
Letter Symbols
Usually, the symbol is the
combination of an initial
capital letter followed by
one or more small
letters. The capital letter
represents the age of the
geologic unit.
Features of
Geologic
Map
Lines on the Map
a. Contact Lines
The place where two
different geologic units are
found next to each other is
called a contact, and that is
represented by different
kinds of lines on the
geologic map.
Features of
Geologic
Map
Lines on the Map
b. Faults
Faults can cut through
a single geologic unit.
These faults are shown
with the same thick
line on the map but
have the same
geologic unit on both
sides.
Features of
Geologic Map
Lines
a. Folds
In addition to being moved by faults,
geologic units can also be bent and
warped by the same forces into rounded
wavelike shapes called folds. A line that
follows the crest or trough of the fold is
called the fold axis. This is marked on a
geologic map with a line a little thicker
than a depositional contact, but thinner
than a fault
Features of
Geologic Map
Lines
b. Strikes and Dips
Tilted beds are shown on a
geological map with a strike
and dip symbol (location 10).
The symbol consists of three
parts: a long line, a short line,
and a number.
Features of
Geologic Map
Map Key
All geologic maps come with a
table called a map key. In the
map key, all the colors and
symbols are shown and
explained.
Types of Geologic Map
• Bedrock Maps
• Surficial Maps
• Structural Maps
• Mineral Maps
• Geologic Hazard Maps

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fmedia%2Fimages%2Fgeologic-map-
2&psig=AOvVaw21BTW6IXsDw01qOxUAMFtm&ust=1684821705929000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4QjRxqFwoTCNDP2seeiP8CFQAAAA
AdAAAAABAD
 Parts of Geohazard Map
Index Map
Title
Orientation
Compass
Map Ruler or Bar
Scale

Legend

Coordinates
 Lesson 21:
Geologic Hazard
Mitigation
Learning Target:

Apply mitigation strategies to

prevent loss of lives and
properties (DRR11/12-IIa-b-31)
What to do BEFORE a
Landslide
What to do DURING a
Landslide
What to do AFTER a
Landslide
What to do BEFORE a
Sinkhole
What to do DURING a
Sinkhole
What to do AFTER a Sinkhole
 Lesson 22:
Hydrometeorological
Hazard
Learning Target:

Recognize signs of impending

hydrometeorological hazards
(DRR11/12-IIc-d-33)
 Hydrology

• Scientific discipline concerned

with the waters of the Earth,
including their occurrence,
distribution, and circulation via
the hydrologic cycle and
interactions with living things.
Meteorology
Scientific study of
atmospheric phenomena,
particularly of the
troposphere and lower
stratosphere.
Hydrometeorology
Study of natural phenomena with atmospheric, hydrological, or
oceanographic origin.
Tropical Cyclone
• It is also called typhoon or
hurricane, an intense circular
storm that originates over warm
tropical oceans and is
characterized by low atmospheric
pressure, high winds, and heavy
rain.
• In the North Atlantic and Northeast
Pacific oceans, the term ‘hurricane’
is used, whereas in the Northwest
Pacific Ocean they are called
‘typhoons.’ The name ‘tropical
cyclone’ – or sometimes ‘severe
tropical cyclone’ or ‘severe
cyclonic storm’ – is used in the
South Pacific and Indian oceans
How is a Weather Forecast Made?
Step 1: OBSERVATION
A meteorologist forecasts weather decision through surface observations at
least every three hours over land and sea, and upper air stations at least every
twelve hours.

Meteorological satellites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take pictures of the

cloud imagery of the atmosphere.

Weather radars are also used to track the position of the atmosphere within
radar range.
 How is a Weather Forecast Made?
Step 2: COLLECTION & TRANSMISSION OF WEATHER DATA

Collection and Transmission of Weather Data are condensed into coded

figures, symbols and numerals are transmitted via radiophone, teletype,
facsimile machine or telephone to designated collection centers for further
transmission to the central forecasting station.

Step 3: PLOTTING OF WEATHER DATA

Observations on land and sea are plotted on charts of surface or mean sea level,
which are prepared four times a day
How is a Weather Forecast Made?
Step 4: ANALYSIS OF WEATHER MAPS, SATELLITE & RADAR
IMAGERIES & OTHER DATA
Current weather maps are analyzed through different weather charts.

Step 5: FORMULATION OF THE FORECAST

Upon completion of review of all available meteorological information / data, the

preparation of forecasts follows.
Thunderstorm
• This is a powerful, short-lived
weather disturbance, almost
always associated with
lightning, thunder, dense
clouds, heavy rain or hail, and
fast, roaring winds.
• Thunderstorms occur when
layers of dry, moist air rise to
cooler regions of the
atmosphere in a broad, rapid
updraft.
 Thunderstorm forms through 3 stages:
Cumulus Stage where the sun Mature Stage. A cumulus cloud Dissipating Stage. After 30
heats the Earth's surface during becomes very large, where the minutes, thunderstorm begins to
the day and warms the air around water therein becomes large and dissipate, this occurs when the
it. heavy, and raindrops begin to fall downdrafts in the cloud begins to
through the cloud when the rising dominate over the updraft. Since
air can no longer hold them up. warm moist air can no longer
rise, cloud droplets can no longer
form.
Floods
Flood is a high-water stage
in which water overflows its
natural or artificial banks
onto normally dry land,
such as a river inundating
its floodplain.
Types of Flood
1. Inland flooding is the technical name for ordinary flooding that
occurs in inland areas, hundreds of miles from the coast.
2. Flash floods are caused by heavy rain or the sudden release of
water over a short period of time.
3. River flooding occurs when water levels in rivers, lakes, and
streams rise and overflow onto the surrounding banks, shores, and
neighboring land.
4. Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas along the coast by
seawater.
5. Urban flooding occurs when there is a lack of drainage in an urban
(city) area.
 Storm Surge
• Storm surge or "Daluyong
ng Bagyo" in the Philippine
system where the irregular
sea-level rise during
tropical cyclone or "bagyo"
occurs.
El Niño
• It refers to the large-scale
ocean-atmosphere
climate interaction linked
to a periodic warming in
sea surface temperatures
across the central and
east-central Equatorial
Pacific.
La Niña
• Represents periods of
below-average sea
surface temperatures
across the east-central
Equatorial Pacific.
 Lesson 23:
Interpreting Hydrometeorological
Hazard Maps
Learning Target:

Interpret different
hydrometeorological hazard
maps (DRR11/12-IIc-d-35)
Activity:
Explore the maps on the links below:
https://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php
https://noah.up.edu.ph/know-your-hazards
Rainfall
• Rainfall is the most
important climatic
element in the
Philippines.
• Rainfall distribution
throughout the country
varies from one region to
another, depending upon
the direction of the
moisture-bearing winds
and the location of the
mountain systems.
Rainfall Observation

• Aside from rain gauge

monitoring in different
parts of the Philippines,
PAGASA publishes
regularly updated color-
coded satellite images to
visualize rain distribution
across the country
• In addition to the satellite observation, PAGASA operates weather radar stations all
over the Philippines.
• Weather radar can detect hydrometeors (e.g., rain, clouds) by transmitting
electromagnetic radiation to the atmosphere then analyze the returning “echoes”
reflected by weather elements present in the sky.
• Another product of PAGASA is its watershed monitoring network or Flood
monitoring system. Using water level sensors that measures the height of the water
level of major river systems, users can monitor impending flooding in major river
systems in the Philippines.
• While we are usually concerned with heavy rainfall events, lack of rain is also
a significant condition that we also experience.
• Weather in different parts of the Philippines can vary significantly for certain
years as a response to changing global climate.
• One of the main climate drivers that affect the Philippines is the El Niño
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or simply El Niño.
Project NOAH
• The Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards or NOAH is a program
under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) with the mission to
undertake disaster science research and development, advance the use of
cutting-edge technology and recommend innovative information services in
government’s disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.
 Lesson 24:
Tools Used for Monitoring
Hydrometeorological Hazard
Learning Target:

Use available tools for

monitoring hydrometeorological
hazards (DRR11/12-IIc-d-36)
For Measuring Temperature

Thermometer Thermograph

A thermometer measures the This tool records air

extent of a given substance's temperature continuously on
hotness or coldness. graphing paper during a
period in a given area.
For Measuring Atmospheric Pressure

Mercurial Barometer Aneroid Barometer Barograph

Mercurial Barometer In a A sealed box (blue, sometimes A barograph is a barometer that

mercurial barometer, the called an aneroid cell) is built records the barometric pressure
atmospheric pressure balances around an aneroid barometer, over time in the form of a graph.
the mercury column, the height
which expands or contracts
of which can be measured
precisely. with increasing pressure.
For Measuring Atmospheric Relative Humidity

Sling Psychrometer Hygrometer

It is used to measure both the instrument used in

dry bulb and wet bulb meteorological science to
temperatures at time. These measure the humidity, or amount
temperatures are a measure of
of water vapour in the air.
humidity content in air
For Measuring Precipitation

8-Inch Rain Gauge Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge

An 8-inch rain gauge, so-called By capturing a small volume of

because the collector's inner water in one of two small
diameter is exactly 8 inches buckets, the tipping
above a funnel which leads rain bucket gauges act.
into a cylindrical measuring
tube or receiver.
For Monitoring Clouds

Ceiling Light Projector Ceiling Balloon

A projector with ceiling light This is another way of finding the

project a small beam of light height of the cloud base. A ceiling
vertically onto a cloud balloon is a meteorological
foundation. balloon whose rate of rise has
been predetermined.
Special Instruments

Pilot Balloon/ Theodolite Radiosonde Rawinsonde

A Pilot Balloon is a weather balloon The radiosonde is an airborne The rawinsonde is an electronic
lighter than air filled with gas. When instrument used in the upper air for tool used aloft to determine
used in conjunction with a theodolite measuring sound, temperature, and wind speed,
the pilot balloon is used to determine strain, temperature, and
relative humidity. A meteorological
wind speed and direction at different
balloon inflated with hydrogen humidity..
atmospheric levels
takes the instrument up aloft.
Special Instruments

Wind Finding Radar Wind Surveillance Radar

Through radar echoes it determines A Weather Surveillance Radar is of

the speed and direction of winds the long range type that detects
aloft. and tracks typhoons and cloud
masses 400 kilometers or less away
 Lesson 25:
Elements of the Fire
Triangle
Learning Target:

Recognize elements of the fire

triangle in different situations
(DRR11/12-IIe-f-37)
Fire
 Fire Hazards
• Fire hazards include all types of live
flames, causes of sparks, hot objects,
and chemicals that can ignite, or that
can aggravate a fire to become large
and uncontrolled.
• Fire hazards also include all types of
potential threats to fire prevention
practices, firefighting, built-in fire
safety systems and situations that
restrict the escape of people from an
affected building or area in the event
of a fire.
Common Fire Hazard
Common Fire Hazard
Fire Triangle
• A model that shows the three
essential components that when
present together can start a fire
and sustain it- fuel, heat, and
oxygen.
Fuel
• Fuel is any kind of
combustible material,
including paper, oils, wood,
gases, fabrics, liquids,
plastics and rubber.
• The fuel for a fire is usually
characterized by its
moisture content, size,
shape and quantity and this
will determine how easily
the fuel will burn and at
what temperature.
Heat
• Heat must be present for
ignition to take place.
• All flammable materials
give off flammable vapors
which undergoes
combustion, when heat is
present.
• Heat is also responsible for
the spread and maintenance
of fire as it removes the
moisture from nearby fuel,
warming the surrounding
area and pre-heating fuel in
its path, enabling it to travel
and develop with greater
ease.
Oxygen
• It acts as the oxidizing
agent in the chemical
reaction.
• This means that when
the fuel burns, it reacts
with the oxygen to
release heat and
generate combustion.
To stop a fire, one of the three elements of the fire
triangle must be removed.

If a fire runs out of fuel, it will smolder out.

If you can cool a fire down, it will lose

heat and go out.

if the oxygen is removed, it will stop burning.

 Lesson 26:
Precautionary Measures and
Proper Procedures to Fires
Learning Target:
Observe precautionary measures
and proper procedures in addressing
a fire incident (DRR11/12-IIe-f-39)
• identify proper procedures in
addressing a fire incident
• demonstrate proper procedures in
addressing a fire incident
• appreciate the value of knowing
proper procedures in addressing a
fire incident.
FIRE SAFETY SIGNS
Family Survival Kits
Lesson 26:
Learning Target:

Prepare survival kits and

materials for one’s family and
for public information and
advocacy (DRR11/12-IIg-h-46)
 Emergency / Disaster Supply Kit / Survival Kit

• Refers to a bag that contains

supplies that one would require
to survive when evacuating from
disaster