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10 views5 pages

lec 7 - distillation

Uploaded by

aymennbl9
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Dept. Medical Instrumentation Engineering


Second year

Distillation
Lecture 7

Assist. Lec. Raya B. Younis


DISTILLATION

Distillation is a separation process that involves heating a liquid to its boiling


point, transferring the vapour to a different portion of the apparatus, then condensing
the vapour and collecting the condensate in another container. This technique is one
of the most useful for separating a mixture of liquids when the components have
different boiling points.

Successful distillation depends on several factors:

 The difference in boiling points of the materials in the mixture, and therefore
the difference in their vapour pressures.
 The type of apparatus used
 The care exercised by the experimentalist.

VAPOUR PRESSURE

According to Kinetic Theory, the molecules in a liquid are in a constant state


of thermal motion and some of these molecules are moving fast enough to escape
from the liquid forming a vapor above the liquid. This vapour exerts a pressure on the
surface of the liquid, i.e., Vapor Pressure

The Vapour Pressure of a liquid increases (exponentially) with temperature.


As a liquid is heated, the vapour pressure of the liquid increases to the point at which
it just equals the applied pressure (usually atmospheric pressure). The liquid now
begins to boil.

 Liquids with high vapour pressures (Volatile compounds) require relatively


little energy (heat) to increase the vapor pressure to match the applied
(atmospheric) pressure, and thus boil  they have low boiling points.
 Liquids with low vapour pressures require more energy to increase the vapour
pressure to the point where it matches the applied pressure  they have high
boiling points.

Boiling Point: is the temperature at which internal vapor pressure of the liquid is
equal to the pressure exerted by its surroundings

1 ASSIST. LEC. RAYA B. YOUNIS


HOW DOES DISTILLATION WORK?
Distillation works by exploiting the different boiling temperatures of liquids.
To separate two or more liquids by distillation : heat them in a flask  the liquid
with the lower boiling point will typically evaporate first and the vapor will pass into
a condensing column, where it can revert into a liquid (condense) on the cool glass
where it trickles into a collection flask. Heating further will cause the liquids with
higher boiling point to evaporate and distill at higher temperatures.
The two main kinds of distillation:
1. Simple distillation.
2. Fractional distillation.

SIMPLE DISTILLATION
The setup for a simple distillation is shown in Figure 1. A simple distillation
apparatus consists of a boiling flask (round-bottom flask) attached to an adapter
holding a thermometer (to determine the boiling temperature of the liquid). The
adapter connects to a condenser into which cold water is constantly passed through.
The condenser leads into a collection flask for the purified liquid.

Figure 1 simple distillation

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

Fractional distillation is essentially the same as simple distillation except that a


fractionating column is placed between the boiling flask and the condenser. The

2 ASSIST. LEC. RAYA B. YOUNIS


fractionating column is usually filled with glass or plastic beads. These beads improve
the separation between the liquids being distilled.
The reason that fractional distillation gives better separation between the
liquids is because the glass beads in the fractionating column provide "theoretical
plates" on which the refluxing liquid can condense, reevaporate, and condense again,
essentially distilling the mixture over and over. The liquids with the lower boiling
point will tend to push towards the top of the fractionating column, while higher
boiling liquids will stay towards the bottom, giving a better separation between the
liquids.
 The more theoretical plates that you add to a column (the more surfaces or
beads), the longer the distillation will take, and the more energy required to
keep reevaporating liquid in the fractionating column.

Figure 2 : Fractional distillation

The choice of whether to use fractional distillation or simple distillation depends on


the two liquids being separated and the difference in boiling temperatures between the
two liquids.
 If there is a large difference in the boiling points (>70°C) between the two
liquids then simple distillation is the best option.
 if there is only a small temperature difference between the two liquids a
fractional distillation is the preferable option.

3 ASSIST. LEC. RAYA B. YOUNIS


Typically, using simple distillation is preferable because the apparatus is,
simpler, and a simple distillation typically goes faster than a fractional distillation
(and requires less energy). On the other hand, fractional distillation gives better
separation between the liquids.

FRACTIONAL
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION
- Simpler setup. - Better separation
- Faster distillation times. between liquids.
Advantages
- Consumes less energy. - Can more readily purify
complex mixtures.
- Requires the liquids to have
- More complicated setup.
large boiling point
differences (>70°C).
Disadvantages - Takes longer time.
- Gives poorer separation
- Only works well with
- Consumes more energy
relatively pure liquids
Separating relatively pure liquids Separating complex mixtures of
Best used for with large boiling differences or liquids With smaller boiling
liquids with solid impurities point separations.

4 ASSIST. LEC. RAYA B. YOUNIS

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