MONDAY 25 : 10:30 AM b.

b. Pebble Tools – rounded stones found in rivers  Jewelry making started as amulets and charms to  Hindu influences on customs like: flower garlands for
READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY – FINALS c. Cobble tools- larger rounded stones drive away bad spirits or give supernatural powers to a visitor, giving of a dowry, personal services for the
d. Flake tools- skillfully edged and shaped the wearer.. Later it has a decorative value… bride’s parents, throwing of rice grains after the
PRE – COLONIAL PHILIPPINES – P1: T OR F 10 PTS  Copper was used for making tools and weapons. wedding, offering of buyo to a visitor…
 Way of adopting is by hunting However, copper tools bend easily, so they were not  Superstitions like: singing while cooking means a
Cultural Evolution of the Early Filipinos  Using stone tools, man can smash bones of animals very effective. lady will marry a widower, cat cleaning its face means
and shellfish a visitor is arriving, and giving birth to twins after
The peopling of the Phil. Archipelago could somehow be  Tools are also used for cutting, splitting, stripping and 4. Developed Iron Age eating twin bananas
theorized piercing wooden branches, palm leaves and  Use of iron became widespread  Clothing influence… wearing of putong and sarong..
bamboo..  Metal implements include knives, sumpak, kalikot  Indian relics includes: gold image of Agusan
Historians believed that during the Pleistocene age, the first  Tree barks were used for clothing… (used to pound betel nuts) and gongs… discovered in the Wawa River in 1917, copper image
settlers of the country came from the Malay Archipelago  Abundance of fish for consumption.. Earliest method  Industries were metalworking, pottery making, of elephant god Ganesha found in Mactan in 1843
when sea levels were lower creating land bridges of preparing fish is kinilaw where vinegar or lime juice glassmaking and tie and dye weaving… and the pendant of Garuda, a bird god found in
connecting to the Southeast Asian mainland. were used to enhance the taste of it.. In Mindanao…  Dominance of cloth weaving… Fabrics and blankets Palawan in 1961..
tabon2x is added to the kinilaw to remove the fishy were used daily and for important rituals…  Industries were: boatbuilding, cotton cloth weaving
These hunters may have followed herds of wild animals smell… in Cebu, they use coconut milk… and metal work…
across these land bridges to the Philippine islands. 5. Age of contact (500-1400 AD)  Decorative arts as in design of gold necklaces and
 The Tabon cave in Palawan is an example of how  Period of trading relations bolo handles
Some western historians assume that the aborigines of the prehistoric people adapted to the conditions of the  People became nomadic because of water  Musical instruments like kudyapi
Philippines were the Australo-Melanesian people who environment…..the main entrance of the cave is 41 transportation  Flowers like sampaguita, champaka, fruits like
looks like the Negritos. In fact, they were the ancestors of meters long.. Sunlight enters into the interior area  Seamanship and boat building skills were developed mango and nangka, and vegetables like
this group. making it habitable and warm… it used to be the  Balangay is the earliest watercraft, it’s a plank boat ampalaya,patola and malunggay…
habitat of the Tabon bird and later was adopted as the driven by either sailing or paddling
Theories on the peopling of the Philippines name of the cave….  Balangay remains were first discovered in Butuan in 3. Chinese (10th century)
1. Mainland Origin Theory by Peter Bellwood and KC the late 70s.. Its carbon date is 320.. The other one  Earliest Chinese relations was in 982 AD, the naming
2. New stone age or the neolithic period (10,000-500 has a carbon date of 1250 AD and is now preserved of Mindoro as Ma-yi..
Chang- the early inhabitants originated from South BC)
China and Taiwan, they reached Northern Philippines in the national museum..  Chinese trading to the country was intensified during
by about 5,000 to 4,000 BC…. They gradually  Principal language for trading was Malay..Malay loan the reign of the Yung Lo emperor Zhu Di
 Also known as the agricultural revolution words were mostly related to trading like talaro, upa,  The emperor sent Admiral Zheng Ho to different parts
replaced the hunting and gathering populations.  Important crops are taro and ubi tunay, gusali and biyaya. in Asia.. His trip consisted of 62 ships and arrived in
 Upland rice farming has been developed the Philippines in December 1405…one of his men
2. Island Origin Hypothesis by Wilhelm Solheim –  Jars were used as burial coffins…
believes that the prehistoric people originated and Foreign traders included: died and was burried in Jolo.. His name is Pei-Pon-
 Bone painting and bone washing have been 1. Orang Dampuans – also known as the men from Tao… every Dec 26, Chinese in Jolo pay tribute to
dispersed from an island in the southeast Asia.
practiced.. In El Nido Palawan, bones were placed in champa, Indochina… they came around 900-1200 the Filipino-Chinese relations…
Solheim assumes that Proto-Austronesian small niches…some corpses are buried in reclining
developed primarily in Northeastern Indonesia and AD….traded with the Buranuns of Sulu.. Some of  Chinese influences includes: manufacture of gun
or bent positions them stayed in Basilan and became the ancestors of powder, art of metallurgy, use of porcelain, gongs,
Mindanao Island…  Funerary offerings or pabaon to the dead is the Yakans. lead, silver, and tin
necessary with the belief that the dead will use these 2. Orang Bandjar – also known as the men from  blacksmithing and goldsmithing….
Historians believed that between 300 and 200 BC,
in the soul world… Bandjarmasin, Borneo.. Active in pearl trading.. They  Duck culture around Pateros and Taguig….artificial
inhabitants of Malay Polynesian descent settled in the
 Other tribal groups cover the face of the dead with brought their princess with them which later married incubation of eggs..
Philippines.. They were the agricultural and fishing
thin sheaths of gold to prevent bad spirits from the Buranun King…  Kiteflying, mahjong and gambling like jueteng..
people… there were 30-100 families in the society which
entering the body  These two groups introduced the Indian culture in  Improved culinary art like cooking lechon, brewing
they call the barangay.
 Fire was discovered by striking two stones, this Sulu tea, and cooking pancit, lumpia, chopsuey and
paved the way for the production of clay pots.. People  Indian influences in religious beliefs, language, okoy…the use of toyo and tahuri… vegetables like
Tools, clothing, pottery & jewelry are considered as
started to cook their food…. Kaingin system was literature and customs bataw, petsay and upo…
technological artifacts… this illustrates their ability to
discovered to widen areas for agricultural production  Bathala from the sanskrit word Bhatarra “Great Lord”  Clothing… sleeved jackets with loose trousers, use of
respond to the conditions of their environment… they adopt
for subsistence… these tech had been a part of the  Universe is filled with good and bad spirits slippers and bakya, fans and umbrellas
 The Manunggul jar is an example of a funerary  Offering religious sacrifices and prayers to these  Social customs like arranged marriages, employing a
civilization…..
vessel.. Dates back 890-710 BC (preserved at the spirits for help and protection go between for marriages, honoring departed
national museum…) ancestors, professional mourners…
Culture is learned… a country’s past unveils its cultural
tradition….  Filipino fables like the story of the monkey and the  Blasting of firecrackers, beating of gongs, collection
 Philippine pottery shows a variety of shapes and turtle, the race of the deer and the snail and the of tong, haggling between merchants and customers
Different Prehistoric periods in the Philippines decorative techniques.. Designs were usually anecdote of the hawk and the hen… folk literature like  1,500 loan Chinese words… examples.. ate, kuya,
geometric….pottery became more functional like that the darangan, lam-ang, Ibalon and the alim and suki, gunting, hiya, pakyaw, susi…
1. Old Stone Age or the Paleolithic Period (50,000- of the palayok, banga, tapayan… burnay pottery still hudhod
10,000 BC) exist in ilocos…  The Baybayin script based on the Alibata…system of 4. Japanese (13th century)
writing is horizontal from left to right…. Writing  Japanese pirate traders arrived in the Philippines
 Era of crude stones and weapons 3. Early Metal Age (500 BC)
instrument is called the Sipol..  Taught us the manufacturing of arms and tools and
 Started in Cagayan Valley  Tools and weapons were made of metal  Writing pads were bamboo shafts, wooden boards, tanning of deer skin..
 Dominance of flake tools  Metal were crudely (unrefined) fashioned
leaves, pottery and metal…Evidences includes the :  In the 1400s, they established a trading post in Aparri
 No fossil evidence of human beings were found  First metal used was copper Butuan silver strip and ivory seal and the Calatagan
 Man’s tools were sharp edge stones which is  Bronze emerged late as the result of interisland jar… 5. Muslims/Arabs (14th century)
handheld movements of people..  LCI ( Laguna Copperplate Inscription) is the first  Muslim traders from Malaysia arrived.. They
 Stone Tools used were  Early inhabitants still prefer iron in making tools.. artifact that had writing on copper material which introduced Islam… Tuan Masha’ika brought it to
a. Core tools – made from the remaining core of a  Jewelry consist mainly of beads…made of jade, dates back 900 AD Sulu… established the first Muslim community in the
stone stones, glass, shells, seeds, twigs and stems archipelago…
 Karim ul Makdhum , a noted judge and scholar from  Indigenous bird motif.. The Sarimanok have and other services… one can become a  Paniwata- thanksgiving ritual/curing the sick..
Mecca…. Arrived in Sulu in 1380 AD…he built a been developed by the Maranaos… Namamahay by means of inheritance, dropping Performed by the katalonan or babaylan
mosque in the island of Simunul…he had won many  The kris (sword with a straight or wavy blade) down from a Timawa status or rising from the (healers)
converts…. and lantaka (swivel gun) Sagigilid status…..  Pandot –offering food and precious objects to a
 Rajah Baginda from Menangkabau, Sumatra arrived 2. Sagigilid – members of the master’s household, tree
in Buansa, Sulu in 1390…he overpowered native Traditional Filipino Communities ate from their master’s pot, may be transferred  Mag-anito is a month long celebration.. A pretty
resistance because his warriors fought with to another creditor or may be rewarded by his girl will be asked to stab an animal offering...the
firearms…  The Barangay – is the unit of social organization with master… also included in the Sagigilid status meat will be shared by the guests…
 Sharif ul Hashim (Sayid Abu Bakr) an Arab authority broader political, economic and religious features are those purchased outside the community
in Islam arrived in Sulu from Johore Malacca in 1450 than the family and captives in battles… Tattooing
AD… He married Paramisuli, the daughter of  Barangays are situated near each other to assist in ➢ was done as thanksgiving offering to the gods
Baginda…he founded the Sultanate of Sulu..he cases of war or any emergency Barangay laws: or protective powers from spirits
received the title Sultan Sarif… had reign for 30  Consolidation of barangays are formed through 1. Oral – customs that had been handed down ➢ showing courage in battle or war medals
years…he died in 1480.. marriages and blood compact… from generation to generation ➢ Vanity or body adornment
 Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan, a Johore Muslim  Sandugo (blood compact) is a process where blood 2. Written- promulgated by Datus with the help of
arrived in Malabang Cotabato in 1475.. He married a is drawn from the arms of the leaders of each council elders, may be changed by consensus Food
native princess…those who refused to be converted barangay and mixed with a local wine . The mixture among ruling Datus, these were announced to ➢ Ordinary meal for early Filipinos included root
to Islam fled to the mountains and became Blaans, will be drank and shared by the leaders. the people by the Umalohokan crops, fruits and fish
Manobos and Subanons….he founded the Sultanate  Written codes were strictly obeyed ➢ staple food was rice.
of Maguindanao in 1515.. Social classes:  Those who will refuse to observe the laws were ➢ Filipinos eat with bare hands using banana
 Siat Saen introduced Islam in Balayan, Batangas 1. Datu or ruling class punished accordingly leaves as plates and coconut shells as cups…
 Alawe Balpake, an Arab Sharif from Sarawak, Borneo 2. Maharlika or aristocracy  In a public trial, it is customary to say : sana
introduced Islam in the 17th century…Northern 3. Timawa or the common class matamaan ako ng kidlat kung akoy Local Wine:
Mindanao and the Lake Lanao region.. He then 4. Alipin or the dependent class magsisinungaling….  Wine making is an age old enterprise…their
moved to Basilan and became its first Muslim Sultan..  Trial by ordeal or combat is resorted to when local wine includes:
His grave was discovered in Taguima, Basilan in The Datu one pleads innocent…. 1. Tuba
1956… ➢ Ruler of the Barangay 2. Basi (Ilocano sugarcane wine)
The five Pillars of Islam: ➢ His old function was that he was the captain of Religious Practices 3. Pangasi (Visayan rice wine)
1. Shahada- there is no other god but Allah the Balangay  Ancient Filipinos believed that after death, the 4. Lambanog (Tagalog wine from distilled tuba)
2. Salat – praying 5x a day facing Mecca ➢ He exercises administrative, legislative and soul travels to another world to receive reward 5. Tapuy (Igorot wine)
3. Zakat – giving a portion of one’s income to the needy judicial powers… or punishment..
or for a religious cause  He had a council of elders called the Maginoos  Good souls will go to kaluwalhatian or ologan Role of Parents:
4. Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca, mandatory , once in a to advise him especially in the enactment of while bad souls will go to kasamaan or solad..  Both of the parents teach their sons and
lifetime… Hadji is the title given to a Muslim who laws  There was a local form of ancestor worship.. daughters variety of work
performed the Hajj  He protects the community from its enemies  Religion was animistic (people worship spirits,
5. Sawm- fasting which is done during the Ramadan  He could also render judgment in any dispute the dead or nature deities like the diwata and Education:
(refrain from eating, drinking and sexual intercourse  The Datu controls the disposition of the real anito)  Bothoan- a barangay school in ancient Panay..
from daybreak to sunset)… those exempted are the property The teacher is an old man…
sick, travelers, menstruating women…but should  He receives the agricultural produce, personal Major Gods:
make up in days later… services and respect from his people 1. Bathala or abba for the Tagalogs Musical instruments:
 Eid ul Fitr is the Festival of Breaking the Fast… 2. Lumawig for the bontoks and the kankanays  Olibaw/barimbaw/kubing-bamboo jaw harps of the
 Jihad – is considered as the sixth pillar.. It The Maharlika 3. Kabunian for the ifugaos Kalingas,Tagalogs and Mindanaons
means to struggle…in order to please God…it ➢ includes the family, relatives, and elders of the Minor Gods:  Kudyapi-Tagalog guitar
is living a virtuous life… preaching Islam and datu. 1. Lakambini- god of throat  Kalaleng- Tinggian nose flute
helping other Muslims… but lately evolved to ➢ they are the descendants of mixed marriages 2. Bibit- gives good health to people  Babandil- Muslim gong
holy war which focused on the militant between a ruling dynasty and one with no 3. Lakambacod-guard of the crops  Kulintang –Muslim xylophone
interpretation of the Jihad… power… 4. Lakapati- god of fields  Tultogan- Visayan bamboo drum
 Mosque is a special place of worship… The Timawa Ifugaos Gods:  Silbay- Ilocano reed flute
 Muezzin calls the faithful to public prayer… ➢ enjoyed rights to a portion of the barangay land 1. Matang-ngulan – god of animals  Suracan- Subanun cymbal
 Footwear is removed before entering the ➢ their obligation includes agricultural labor, 2. Pil-le- god of properties  Tambuli- trumpet made of Carabao horn
mosque and align themselves in rows… catching fish, joining expeditions, paddling 3. Minnahu- regulates welfare  Bungkaka- bamboo buzzer
 An imam leads the recitation of the verses from boats, supporting feasts and building houses 4. Bul-ul- guards the harvest
the Qur’an Ancient songs:
 They brought their political system.. Which is The Alipin Mediums were called upon to communicate with gods and 1. Tagumpay- tagalog song of victory
the Sultanate form.. Titles like sultan, raja, ➢ a person becomes an Alipin if he is indebted to spirits… rituals are performed followed by festivities.. 2. Ayeg-klu- igorot serenade song
dayang and kali are still used… another and if he was born an Alipin or a Temporary shelters were created for such occasion… 3. Bactal – tagbanua death song
 Led also to the intro of Arabic alphabet, Islamic Gintubo 4. Tudob – agusan harvest song
holidays and Arabic arts ➢ his/her subordination is obligatory Rituals:
 The famous Singkil dance…relates the story of ➢ They may be classified as full dependent, half  Umalagad –visayan term for ancestor spirits Ancient dances:
Princess Gandingan which was played upon by dependent and quarter dependent  Likha/larawan – are sculpted objects; 1. Mahinhin- tagalog courtship dance
the diwatas… ➢ They can be released from dependence by associated with the dead 2. Dandansoy –visayan tuba dance
 Okir or Okkil designs are curvilinear flower paying back debts, by marriage, by purchase or  Patipat or tagitag – Ifugao ritual to drive away 3. Sua-sua- sulu courtship dance
designs… can be seen in the borders of the by the voluntary act of the master… bad spirits 4. Paunjalay- a muslim wedding dance
qur’an,furnitures, boats, farm implements, Kinds of Alipin:  Baki- worship service to bring forth good
silverware, brassware, jewelry and ceramics… 1. Namamahay- have land rights, owned a house, omen… this is performed by the mumbaki Dances among highlanders were more energetic, while
also in ancestral houses called “Torogan” came at his master’s call to work on the fields (native priests).. lowlanders were slow and tender
Dances vary depending on location. SPANISH ERA – P2: SELECTION TYPE 25 PTS With him were: Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet captain), Lapu-lapu refused to accept the new political system and
Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler), Duarte Barbosa (brother in pay tribute so he stayed away from Humabon…
Fast moving dances depict abundance while slower and In Search of New Lands law), and his slave Enrique(interpreter)
emotional dances were for areas were life is difficult To teach him a lesson, Magellan invaded Mactan on April
15th and 16th centuries brought an era of worldwide They passed by the west coast of Africa, the Canaries, 27..his army consisted 60 Spaniards and 1,000
Measurements used in Business: exploration and expansion that resulted to the desire to crossed the Atlantic, landed in Brazil, reached Sta. Lucia Cebuanos…Magellan misjudged the fighting skills of
1. Talaro- weighing scale gain new lands, power and wealth (Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Plata , Port San Julian (Argentina). Lapu2x and his men
2. Kaban-equal to 25 gantas
3. Salop-one ganta Europeans established commerce with the orient through By the time Magellan’s team reach the south American Lapu2x’s team only used spears and bamboo stakes…they
4. Kaguitna-half ganta trade routes. continent , it was already winter.. targeted the legs of the enemy.. Magellan was hit by a
5. Gatang- one chupa poisoned arrow in the leg and a spear stucked on his face…
6. Dipa- outstretched arm Spices were the most important items of trade because Unknown to Magellan, 3 ships wanted to return to Spain
7. Tumuro- tip of thumb to the forefinger they enhance the taste of food and to preserve meat during but Magellan refused to accept their petition.. The battle of Mactan was a scandalous defeat for the
8. Sandamak- width of hand , fingers pressed winter time…(pepper, ginger, nutmeg, onions and garlic) Spaniards… the natives plotted to kill them while attending
together Juan de Cartagena, Antonio de Coca, Juan Sebastian del a party… Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano with 27 others
9. Sandali- width of one finger The fall of Constantinople and the rise of the Ottoman Turks Cano and Gaspar de Quesada were found guilty of were killed.. The others retreated to their boats and went
closed the former trade routes to the east causing the treason… Cartagena continued the plot again with Fr. Pero back to Spain … the ship Concepcion was burned….only
 Piloncitos- ancient gold coins, conical shape monarchs to try new routes… Sanchez de Reina… were jealous of Magellan because he the ship Victoria reached Spain with only 18 survivors
 Tampipi- produced baskets by the Ilocanos was a Portuguese. headed by del Cano…
 Bronze and gongs were used as money The Portuguese were ahead of the Spaniards in this race…
 Barter is the method of trading When spring appeared, they continued the voyage…the Result of Magellan’s expedition:
Portuguese expeditions were headed by: ship Santiago was destroyed by a typhoon… the 4 ships 1. They found out that the Pacific Ocean is wide
Arithmetic: 1. Prince Henry – the navigator continued and reached the strait of all saints… now known 2. They proved that the earth was round
2. Bartolome Dias as the strait of Magellan…. 3. The Europeans knew the existence of the
 Early Filipinos knew math.. They can add, subtract, 3. Vasco de Gama Philippines and other Pacific Islands
multiply and divide… Magellan directed the San Antonio to explore the southeast 4. Broaden their geographical knowledge
 Numerical terms: The end of the wars against the moors paved the way for opening but the ship captain sailed back straight to Spain… 5. Discovered the Strait of Magellan
• 1-isa great voyages, including the discovery of the America by then they crossed the Pacific Ocean….
• 10- puo Christopher Columbus… The cargo of cloves sold was sold and was sufficient to pay
• 100-daan They underestimated the size of the ocean… in the next for the Magellan’s voyage…..Del Cano was later
After these voyages, Portugal and Spain became rivals in five months, they run out of supplies… they ate sawdust, rewarded…..
• 1,000-libo
colonizing land because of gold, spices, other merchandise leather ropes and rats.. Many got sick of scurvy and
• 100,000- yuta and spreading Catholicism died…then they reached the Ladrones Island (Marianas) The first Asian who circumnavigated the world was
• 1,000,000- angao
Enrique… the slave of Magellan…
• 100,000,000 – bahala Both have sent several daring expeditions… March 16, 1521 – they arrived in Samar and Leyte .. They
named the island San Lazaro.. The following day, they Other expeditions were headed by:
 Early or late flowering of certain plants indicates dry May 3, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull known sailed to Homonhon….on their 3rd day, they met some
or rainy seasons as Inter Caetera fixing the demarcation line to identify natives which gave them food.. On the 4th day, they went to 1. Capt. Garcia Jofre de Loaysa (1525)- with 7 ships
clearly the spheres of exploration and conquest… Limasawa, Leyte or Masao in Butuan… and 450 men…he failed to reach the
 Ifugaos were the first to devise a calendar.. Had 13
Philippines…after crossing the strait of Magellan, his
months… 28 days… the tribal keeper is called the In 1494, a demarcation line of 370 leagues was agreed in This is where Magellan met Rajah Kolambo… Kolambo ships was driven away by storm… He got sick during
Tumunoh.. Each day he ties a knot… 364 days …. the Treaty of Tordesillas. The revised treaty, allowed gave him jars of rice… their friendship was sealed with a the travel and died…
Portugal to claim Brazil and the Americas was given to blood compact or the kasi-kasi…
Health Spain… 2. Sebastian Cabot (1526) with 4 ships and 250 men…
Up to the present time, historians still argue where the first they failed to find the strait of Magellan
➢ Knowledge in medicine… application of roots, 1505, Magellan, a Portuguese was sent to East Indies to mass exactly took place…the name of the place was
leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, pistil of bring the viceroy. From there, he went to Malacca in the Mazaua which is closer to the name of the place Masao… 3. Alvaro Saavedra Ceron with 3 ships and 110
plants…. Malay Peninsula and Ambon and Banda in Western men….they sailed from Mexico…only the ship Florida
Indonesia… in search for spices… he was promoted as the mass was held on an Easter Sunday March 31, 1521 reached Surigao but failed to colonize it.. Was not
Clothing: captain in 1510… officiated by Fr. Valderrama able to return to Spain because of strong
1. Kanggan and bahag for men
2. Baro,patadyong or saya and tapis for women winds…Saavedra fell ill and died…. His men decided
He conceived of reaching the Spice Island or Moluccas After the mass, they planted a huge wooden cross on a hill to surrender to the Portuguese….
3. Putong- headgear for men (Indonesia) via south America… overlooking the sea…
4. Kalombigas –gold armlets
4. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos with 6 ships and 400
5. Salakot-native hat.. Serves as protection from He proposed this trip to King Manuel but the later refused On April 7, accompanied by Kolambo the team went to men…reached Baganga Bay in Eastern Mindanao on
heat and rain.. made from Anahaw… to send him there but instead cancelled his promotion…. Sugbu. A blood compact was performed between Magellan Feb.2, 1543… 3 months of sailing….named Mindanao as
and Rajah Humabon.. Later, the king of Cebu was baptized Caesaria Caroli…searching for food, they reached the
Disgusted with the king, he renounced his citizenship….he into Catholicism…. island of Saranggani.. He named it Antonia… his men went
went to Spain in 1517 and presented the same plan to King to Samar and named it Felipina…died in the Moluccas….
Ferdinand… later, Magellan was named captain general of On April 14, a mass was held.. A wooden cross was also
the expedition… planted.. 800 natives were converted to Catholics including After King Charles abdicated his throne to his son Phillip II,
the wife of Humabon who was given the name Juana.. She Spain was at the height of its power… another expedition
Left San Lucar Spain on Sept. 20, 1519…brought 5 ships: was given the image of the Sto. Nino as a gift from was sent to the Philippines…. Headed by:
Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, Santiago and San Magellan…Humabon was renamed Carlos…
Antonio… 5. . Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – a soldier, lawyer and
Datu Zula of Mactan also welcomed the Spaniards…but administrator…sailed from Mexico and he spent his own
This trip is intended to circumnavigate the earth… not Lapu-Lapu whose real name was Cali Pulaco… money for this trip…with 4 ships and 380 men… he was
accompanied by: Fr. Andres de Urdaneta (survivor Loaysa Lakandula, the king of Tondo and uncle of Sulayman The office of the Alcalde Mayor was a model of graft, • porters of churches
expedition), Capt. Felipe de Salcedo (grandson of decided to accept Legazpi’s friendship since he knew he corruption and inefficiency • Govt. witnesses
Legazpi), Guido de Lavezaris (survivor Villalobos will lose the battle…He helped Legazpi persuade
expedition), and Melchor de Legazpi (son of Miguel)… Sulayman to return to the fold of Spain… The provinces were divided into towns or pueblos…headed Soldiers were used to collect taxes…nonpayment results to
stopped in Guam and got some water and supplies… by the gobernadorcillo…. punishment or torture…sometimes, houses were burned or
A brave Macabebe warrior named Bambolito dared to face looted…
In 1565, they anchored near Cebu then they went to Samar Legazpi’s team… Goiti took the challenged and toppled This position is offered to the Filipinos… before it was given
and had a blood compact with Urrao… they proceeded to Bambolito’s group…@ the Bangkusay Channel to chieftains and their Descendants… then it was elected Polo or forced labor – performed by males, 16-60 years
Limasawa where they were met by Bankaw…then they by an electoral board composed of the outgoing old…building ships, churches, roads etc…the workers has
went to Bohol and had a blood compact with Si Katuna and On June 24, 1571.. Legazpi proclaimed Manila as capital gobernadorcillo and 12 members of the principalia… to work 40 days in a year.. Later it was reduced to 15 days..
Si Gala… of the Philippines.. He named it Nueva Castilla…on the To be excluded from it, a Filipino has to pay a falla or
same day, the city govt. was established with a city council Principalia refers to prominent land-owning and propertied exemption fee…chieftains and their eldest sons were
In Cebu, they were challenged by Rajah Tupas but because and a court… citizens who could read, write, and speak Spanish… exempted
of the superior weapons of Legazpi’s team, the natives
failed to win the battle… they retreated to the uplands…. On June 1, 1574, King Philip II named it Insigne y Siempre Each town is headed by the Cabeza de Polo resulted to:
Leal Ciudad Barangay…remained as an appointive office…
The following day, Legazpi’s man named Mermeo
• Abandonment of fields
discovered the image of the Sto.Nino in one of the On Aug 20, 1572 died of heart attack.. He was replaced by The king appoints the governor general… • Separation from families or homes
houses….this is why he named Cebu as Ciudad del Lavezaris…
He is the chief executive, commander in chief of the military
• Illness and death
Santisimo Nombre de Jesus…
Salcedo subdued the Laguna de Bay region, discovered forces, vice royal patron (has the power to recommend
The earliest Spanish settlement was in a triangular the gold mines of Paracale, pacified the Ilocandia and priests in parishes and intervenes in resolving problems
Bandala- refers to the assignment of annual quotas to each
form…the 2 sides face the sea and the third face the Cagayan, founded Villa Fernandina in between religious authorities), can reject or suspend laws
province for compulsory sale of products to the govt …
land…surrounded by fences…wells supply the needed Vigan……conquered Camarines, Albay and or decrees..
nonpayment means seizure of products….
water and a church was erected… Catanduanes… As a reward, he was given an encomienda
in Ilocos… The position can be bought or granted as a favor….short
Political condition is the Philippines was worsened because
To soften the heart of Tupas, Legazpi asked Tamuyan-the tenure of office (two years and ten months) because of this,
of the union of the church and the state…the friars
brother of Tupas to convince Tupas to accept the Spanish The Philippines was a crown colony...from 1565-1821 , the the one in position will usually enrich himself….
exercised political, economic and other powers… they
goodwill.. Later, Tupas met Legazpi peacefully…Tupas Mexican viceroy manages the Philippines for Spain…When control the educational system and they collect taxes..
was convinced because of the attraction policy of the Mexico got its independence the Overseas Ministry took Evaluators of the performance of those in power:
They control municipal elections and censored plays and
Spaniards…this was possible because of the help of Cid over the management of the colony… reading materials….
Hamal, a Muslim Malay…. Audiencia Real- acts as the supreme court, advisory body
In 1568, King Philip instructed Legazpi to establish cities, to the governor, audits the expenses of the govt.
CHANGES DURING THE SPANISH ERA AND BRITISH
The 1st cebuano convert was Jandulaman, a widowed towns and encomiendas (to commit into one’s care) to be INVASION OF MANILA
niece of Tupas.. She was named later as Isabel…from distributed to deserving soldiers… Visitador general- investigator sent by the king to check
Isabel Garces the deceased wife of Legazpi… behavior of high officials
Changes during the Spanish era:
The Philippines was a crown colony...from 1565-1821 , the
After the baptism of Isabel, she married one of the men of Mexican viceroy manages the Philippines for Spain…When Residencia - conducts trial of an outgoing gov. gen. and
Building of bahay na bato at kahoy or bahay na mestiza..
Legazpi… Mexico got its independence the Overseas Ministry took other officials to punish those whoa re involved in
Grounfloor is the garage.. Upstairs were the azotea and
over the management of the colony… corruption
sala, comedor, cosina and cuarto…
Rajah Tupas was named Felipe while his son Pinsuncan
was named Carlos… In 1568, King Philip instructed Legazpi to establish cities, Archbisop and clergy
The poblacion was organized around a rectangular plaza
towns and encomiendas (to commit into one’s care) to be with the church and convent on one side bounded by the
In 1569, Legazpi went to Panay…the second Spanish distributed to deserving soldiers… Subordinate public officials and influential private citizens.
municipio and the houses of the spaniards and the
settlement was on the bank of Panay river…Datu’s principalis…
The encomienda was not a land grant , its real purpose The decision of those who perform the report may be
Macabaog and Madidong also became christians…
was to get tribute from the natives… the plan of educating changed because they receive bribes…
Social class…. peninsulares, insulares, mestizo class,
Juan de Salcedo was sent to Mindoro where they toppled the natives with Spanish norms of conduct was just a indio
the Moros in the islands of Ilin and Lubang… pretense because it was all about slavery…. Kinds of tribute(may be paid in money or in kind) :

1. 8 reales or 1 peso- paid by one family More religious congregations came to the country… among
Marshall Martin de Goiti with 120 Spaniards and 600 Tributes were collected cash or in kind…1/4 of the them were: Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans and
Visayans explored Batangas… they made friends with the collection was given to the encomendero and the rest was 2. 4 reales or 50 cents- paid by unmarried man or
woman Jesuits
natives of the place…then they went to the banks of Pasig for the friars and the government…
River, there they met Rajah Matanda and his nephew Rajah 3. Goods like corn, rice, honey, blankets etc…
4. In 1851, tribute was increased to 12 reales Fr. Domingo de Salazar – 1st bishop of Manila from the
Sulayman… Because of the abuses of the encomenderos, the Order of Preachers
encomienda system was replaced with the provincial 5. In 1884, cedula tax replaced the tribute….
Sulayman and Goiti sealed their friendship with the government… Fr. Ignacio de Santibanez- a Franciscan priest became the
kasi2x..but he was not willing to submit to Spanish Exempted from paying the tributes were:
1st archbishop of Manila
domination and pay tribute to its king… so a clash 2 types of Provincial Govt.:
• Gobernadorcillos,
started…it was bloody.. Sulayman’s troupe retreated to the The archdiocese of Manila covers 11 areas...in 1595, 2
1. Alcadia –headed by an Alcalde mayor of the • cabezas and families
mountains… more diocese were created one in Camarines Sur and the
province • Govt. employees
• Soldiers with outstanding service other in Cebu…
Having known from Goiti that Maynilad was a rich kingdom,
2. Corregidores- territories that had been • Descendants of Lakandula
Legazpi decided to colonize it… he did so in April Tomas Pinpin – 1st filipino printer, he wrote a Tagalog
1571…with him was 27 vessels 280 Spaniards and 600 completely pacified by the politico military • Other native chieftains
book…
Visayan allies.. governors… • Choir members
• Sacristans
Basic education was given to parochial schools…1st Francisco “Balagtas”Baltazar – known as Prince of Tagalog • Embroidery is also gaining its popularity The Chinese revolted 5 times in the Philippines as a result
created was in Cebu …in 1582, Archbishop Salazar Poets … writer of Florante at Laura… of the abuses of the Spaniards…
ordered a school for boys and girls for each town… Holy images from Spain that entered the country:
attendance was compulsory.. Parents paid the teacher’s Emergence of stage presentation… 1st drama was staged 1. Our Lady of Antipolo The British Invasion:
salary……. in Cebu in 1598..performed for Msgr. Pedro de Agurto – the 2. Black Nazarene
1st bishop of Cebu...moro-moro were also a fad in 1637.. 3. Our Lady of Guadalupe Cause is Spain’s participation in the 7 years war… France
College education was for the Spaniards only.. vs. Britain…Spain was on the side of France…..
The Zarzuela (opera with a satirical theme) came out in the Representation of Jesus Christ:
Jesuits- founded 1st college for boys in 1589.. Called 19th century… 1. Santo Nino The British colony in India was instructed to attack the
College of Manila then later College of San Ignacio…they 2. Nazareno Philippines…
also founded the College of San Jose in 1601… In music, the song Sampaguita composed by Dolores 3. Santo entierro
Paterno became popular…. 4. Cristo Resucitado 13 ships entered Manila in Sept 22,1762… military leaders
In 1611, the UST was established by Fr. Miguel de 5. Santo Cristo were William Draper and Samuel Cornish....
Benavides… its former name is Colegio de Nuestra Senora 1811 – the 1st newspaper came out.. The Del Superior
de Santissimo Rosario… the Dominicans also established Govierno edited by Gov. gen De Aguilar… Family life was closer, prayer was the core of the Arch. Manuel Rojo, the acting Gov. Gen. refused to
the College of San Juan de Letran … household…father, mother and children have distinct roles surrender on Sept 23…Manila fell into their hands on Oct
Fr. Manuel Blanco- prince of botanist, wrote the Flora de in the family… 5,1762
Schools for the girls were either: Filipinas
Juan Clemente founded the 1st hospital in Manila in Manalastas, a Pampangueno warrior tried to stop them but
1. Colegio- regular school for girls Fr. Juan Sorolla built the 1st sundials 1578..Ex… San Juan de dios Hospital and the San Lazaro failed…
Hospital…
2. Beaterio- combined school and nunnery.. Fr. Marcial Ramos introduced the 1st iron printing press Simon de Anda, a rebel soldier acted as Gov.Gen.
The 1st regular orphanage started in 1810 and this was the
• 1st college is the Santa Potenciana (1564) George Oppel –a German, introduced lithography in 1858 Real Hospicio de San Jose… Dawsonne Drake was made British Gov. Gen. in the
Philippines….
• Next is Santa Isabel- oldest existing girls’ school…it Plants and animals were transported via the Phil-Acapulco Religious celebrations were numerous… ex…Immaculate
started as a an orphanage then an exclusive girl’s Galleons…Manila became an important port of these Conception on Dec 8, birth of Jesus on Dec 25, holy The invasion ended with the signing of the treaty of Paris in
school… galleons.. These are govt. monopoly.. It ended in 1815 week…. Feast days of saints like San Juan every June 24, 1763…the news reached the Philippines in 1764…. British
San Jose on March 19, Sta. Monica on May 4, Sta. Rita troupes left just like that….
• In 1621, St. Claire Convent of Manila was created Obras Pias- earliest banking institution , funding donated May 22….
by the Franciscan nuns… by the rich people for charitable purposes.. Opened for Some British-Indian soldiers remained in the country and
business people then later to the friars which caused its Fiestas were also observed: thrived in Cainta, Rizal…
• In 1694, the Beaterio dela Compania de Jesus was bankruptcy… 1. Pahiyas of Lucban, May 15 , to honor San Isidro
created by Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo.. It 2. Carabao Festival of Bulacan, May 15 BIRTH OF NATION – P3: FILL IN THE BLANKS 15 PTS
developed later as the RVM congregation running Economic reforms were also introduced.. Example is the 3. Obando Festival, Bulacan, May 17 to honor Sta.
the St. Mary’s Colleges… Econ. Society of Friends of the Country by Gov. Gen. Jose Clara Proclamation of Philippine Independence
Basco y Vargas…one of its contribution was the importation 4. Penafrancia Festival, Bicol, Sep. 17 to honor the
• Public education was introduced in Dec. 20, 1863 of the Martines or mynah birds from China to fight locusts.. struggle for independence continued in many provinces
Our Lady of Penafrancia
Candido Diaz, a Filipino was awarded for his invention of a especially after the news broke out that Gen. Emilio
5. Flores de Mayo and Santacruzan
Normal Schools existed to train male teachers for machine that can clean hemp fibers…. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines
elementary instruction… was delegated to the Spanish Food:
Jesuits…became later the Normal Superior which trained The society also established the 1st agricultural school in On June 12, 1898, between 4-5 PM, Aguinaldo proclaimed
• Paella
teachers for high school. Manila…and introduced the cultivation of tea, cotton and Philippine Independence in Kawit Cavite facing a huge
• Arroz valenciana
etc… crowd.
• Lengua Estofado
School for the Arts were also built…example is the Escuela
• Menudo, Mechado, Afritada
de Tiples in 1764.. More monopolies were established like tobacco, wine, While the stars and sun flag was unfurled on the balcony of
gunpowder and playing cards but all of these were Aguinaldo’s mansion, the Philippine National March was
The Chinese in the Phil.
Damian Domingo founded the Acad. of Fine Arts- the first abolished during the time of Gov. Gen. Marquina… played..
school of painting …..Father of Filipino painting Were called “sangleys” meaning travelling
When the Phil. opened its door to world trading, more The flag was sewn in Hongkong by Marcella Agoncillo and
merchants...products include silk, textiles and
There were business schools, drawing and painting opportunities were tapped…mass production was on the was assisted by daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa de
porcelain….they live in the Parian which is outside
schools, vocational education and nautical schools rise.. Natividad (niece of Rizal). Aguinaldo designed it himself..
Intramuros….a lot of them have resided in the country
marrying Filipinas thus creating the Chinese mestizo class
Doctrina Christiana-earliest book printed (1593) written by Eulogio Otadoy introduced a machine for hulling rice and The national anthem – Marcha National Filipina (formerly
Fr. Juan de Oliver… Nicholas Loney developed the sugar industry in Negros… Marcha Filipina Magdalo) composed by Julian Felipe, was
Acquired lands through pacto de retroventa… land is
played by the town band of San Francisco de Malabon
loaned to the sangleys….since the landowners can no
Gaspar Aquino de Belen wrote the 1st Tagalog Pasion in The local weaving industry boomed….. (now General Trias).. The band learned of the music the
longer pay the Chinese, the land goes to the sangleys…
1704.. Followed by the Pasyong Genesis written by Fr. day before the proclamation…
Mariano Pilapil in 1818… Woven Cloth materials were: Were not given fair treatment by the Spaniards….they were
• Sinamay or pinukpok- from beaten abaca fibers At present, RA 8491 provide the rules and guidelines on the
taxed heavily to discourage chine immigration, they
Jose dela Cruz or Joseng Sisiw – prominent poet in oral • Nipis- from pure silk proper display and use of the Philippine flag, the singing of
became agricultural laborers
tradition…writer of Bernardo Carpio • Jusi- raw silk fibers the national anthem and the prohibited acts on its use..
• Pina –from pineapple leaves Their names were combined into a single surname…. Ex.
Pedro Bukaneg – blind poet and Father of Ilocos • Kulambo from Ilocos In 1896, Bonifacio favored Julio Nakpil’s Marangal na Dalit
tan hwang co… Tanjuangco
Literature.. Writer Biag ni Lam-ang • Abel Iloco from northern Luzon ng Katagalugan as the national hymn… but since he lost
• Augustinian missionaries introduced the 1st spinning Lim-a-hong – leader of the 1st and 2nd Chinese invasion of over Aguinaldo, it was replaced by the one made by Felipe
wheels.. the Phil in 1574, was a failure… cause of death of Goiti…
The anthem remained without words toward the end of The last Spanish troop who surrendered was headed by Lt Calderon plan was based on seven constitutions…that of 2. Signing of the Treaty of Paris without consulting the
1899 until, the lyrics of Filipina presented by Jose Palma Martin Cerezo who made his last stand in Baler (now Calderon was approved by the congress…. Filipinos
was adopted… Aurora)… they refused to surrender and stayed inside the
Baler Church for more than a year…. On June 2, 1899, 33 Discussions on the draft constitution lasted until Nov. 3. Ignoring the Presence of Felipe Agoncillo in Paris and
The Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence was of his soldiers marched out from the Church to accept 1898..Article 5 was the most debatable.. This refers to Washington
written and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista.. This defeat… religion and the separation of the Church and the State…
was signed by 98 people including the American – Colonel 4. Increasing control of the Americans in different areas
L.M. Johnson. In Nov. 1899, all Spanish forces were shipped to Spain… it The draft constitution provided for an executive, legislative in the country
was provided in the Treaty of Paris, signed on December and judicial branch in the government and the creation of a
After the proclamation, Apolinario Mabini became the 10, 1898 permanent commission which will act as a legislative body December 21, 1898 – President McKinley issued the
adviser of Aguinaldo. With his advise, from dictatorial- the when the assembly was not in session… Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.
form of government was changed to revolutionary and once Thru the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded Philippines, Guam
again, Aguinaldo became its President… and Puerto Rico to the US which in turn paid the sum of January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Here, he indicated the American policy regarding the Phil.
$20 million. This amount was handed by US Sec. of state constitution as the fundamental law of the land that the US shall exercise sovereignty over the entire
By decree of June 18, Aguinaldo organized the municipal John Hay to Jules Cambon of Spain.. archipelago. He also said that the Americans must educate
and provincial governments…. He then asked the town January 23, the first Philippine Republic was inaugurated.. and uplift the conditions of the Filipinos. This was used by
chiefs to elect members to the a Congress… Aguinaldo sent Felipe Agoncillo and Sixto Lopez to Paris to It was known as the Malolos Republic…. the Americans to rationalize their actions in the country.
ask for the recognition of Philippine Independence… but
On August 1, the first convention of municipal presidents they were not permitted to attend the conference in Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to Spanish On January 5, 1899, Aguinaldo issued a counter
was held in Bacoor Cavite…. The declaration of the Phil.. Paris…From there, he went to Washington to work against prisoners of war and gave Spaniards and other foreigners proclamation that his forces were prepared to fight any
Independence was ratified in this convention the ratification of the treaty… the right to engage in business… American attempt to take over the country.

While Aguinaldo was busy planning, American troops were Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie of the US senate were Casa Real in Malolos became the National Treasury and The Filipinos resorted to guerilla warfare. They were
coming… and by the end of July 1898, nearly 12,000 against the ratification of the treaty Printing Press where revolutionary organs were printed supported by the local folks. People gave food supplies and
Americans under the command of Gen. Wesley Meritt had shelter to them.
arrived from San Francisco…. After a heated debate, the treaty was ratified on Feb. 6, The Official Organ was El Heraldo de La Revolucion which
1899 by a margin of one vote.. It was argued that the changed names many times… Heraldo Filipino then Indice January 20, 1899 – President McKinley appointed the First
The Battle of Manila country will just fall in the hands of the Germans if the US Oficial then Gaceta de Filipinas Philippine Commission. The group was headed by Dr.
will grant independence to the Philippines.. Jacob Schurman.
In the turn of events, Fermin Juadenes replaced Gov. Gen. Writers included:
Basilio Augustin… Juadenes arranged for a mock battle to The Malolos Republic a. Rafael Palma (Dapit Hapon) Hostilities began on the night of February 4. At 9 pm,
save the prestige of the Spanish Government b. Cecilio Apostol (Catullo) Private Robert Willie Grayson of the first Nebraska
Aguinaldo ordered the transfer of his government from c. Fernando Ma Guerrero (Fulvio Gil) volunteers and two other soldiers shot and killed Filipino
The Belgian Consul Edouard Andre to secretly informed Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan….He used the convent of the d. Epifanio delos Santos (G. Solon) soldier. Accordingly the victim crossed the American lines
Dewey and Meritt about this… Malolos Church as the Presidential Palace…He wanted a e. Salvador del Rosario (Juan Tagalo) and was stopped by the American soldiers. They shot him
government without foreign supervision and a lot of because they thought the Filipino was making fun of them.
August 13, 1898 – Dewey bombarded Fort san Antonio Filipinos had shown support for autonomy…. El Nuevo Dia founded and edited by Sergio Osmena in This incident took place at the San Juan Bridge in Silencio
Abad near Luneta… at about 11:20 AM , the Spaniards had Cebu (1900) corner Sociego Street, Sta. Mesa, Manila . This was
surrendered but it was noontime when the white flag was September 15, 1898, the revolutionary congress was regarded as the start of the Filipino –American War.
noticed.. inaugurated at the Barasoain Church.. The Banda Pasig A system of free education was also provided in the
played the national anthem.. It was indeed a colorful constitution… The Burgos Institute was established under News reached the US that the Filipinos started the
The Americans entered the gates of Intramuros and it was festivity…The altar was draped for the occasion…in his Enrique Mendiola…. Girls learned their lessons under hostilities. They viewed this as an insurrection (rebellion).
closed after…. The terms of capitulation were resolved speech, Aguinaldo urged the members of the Assembly to private tutors but were still conferred AB degrees after they
around 5 PM promulgate a constitution…The congress adopted the pass govt. exams Gen. Arthur Mc Arthur issued an order to advance his
parliamentary rules of the Spanish Cortes… troops. Aguinaldo avoided it by sending a message to Gen.
The Spaniards surrendered the Spanish troops and the The Universidad Literaria de Filipinas was also established Elwell Otis that the firing was against his order.
Filipino volunteers…. The Americans agreed to secure the In the afternoon, the congress with 93 members elected its under Joaquin Gonzales… also the Military Academy under
city, including its inhabitants and churches… officers… Dr. Pedro Paterno was elected as the Major Manuel Sityar.. The army and navy number was Since the fighting has began, Otis said that it will lead to a
president…He obtained law degree overseas relatively small…. grim end. On the same day, Aguinaldo issued a declaration
Although some 12000 Filipinos had taken part in the siege that the Phil. is now at war with the US.
of Manila, they were not allowed by the Americans to enter upon Mabini’s advise, a committee was created to draft a The Malolos Republic was the first in Asia.. It has
the city gates… constitution.. There were 19 members and Felipe Caldreon manifested the capability of the Filipinos to govern in the The Muslims opted to remain neutral.
sat as the Chairman…there were 3 plans ( Mabini, Paterno midst of turbulent times….
The Americans established a military government .. It was and Calderon) The Americans sent Gen. John Bates to Mindanao to win
ruled by the American President...it ended on March 2, AMERICAN RULE – MULTIPLE CHOICE 18 PTS the friendship of the Muslims. A Peace treaty was signed
1901…since then it was the US Congress who exercised The Mabini plan was the constitutional program of the between Bates and Sultan Jamalul Kiram II on Aug. 20,
power over the Phil. through the US president.. This was Philippines and was rejected because it was based on the At first, Aguinaldo regarded the US as an ally towards Phil. 1899.
known as the Spooner Amendment… Universal statutes of Masonry… however it advocated Independence.
women’s rights like the right to be elected and vote, It is provided in this treaty that the rights and dignities of the
The last Spanish Gov. Gen was Diego de los Rios. After the admitted to courses in sciences or the arts, exercise of Filipino-US relations deteriorated as the American military Sultan and his Datus shall be respected. Likewise, they can
fall of Manila, he transferred his headquarters to profession, exemption from military service and from authorities took over Manila in August 1898. act freely on account of their religion.
Iloilo…then off to Zamboanga when he could no longer face personal tax…
the troops of Gen. Martin Delgado… they were finally The following reasons led to this deterioration: They remained loyal to the Americans until 1914. Despite
displaced when the Americans occupied Jolo in 1899.. the Paterno Plan was based on the Spanish Constitution of this, Panglima Hasan led a rebellion against the American
1868… 1. Mandatory evacuation of Filipino troops in the authorities. His fight for freedom ended on March 4,1904.\
captured districts
Battle after battle the Americans and the Filipinos collided. Cecilio Segismundo, messenger of Aguinaldo fell into the This led to the Balangiga Massacre in September ,1901. In line with the election for the Philippine Assembly, two
hands of Gen. Funston. Through him, the Americans The Americans arrived in Samar to protect the Filipinos political parties clashed to secure 80 seats. (Nacionalista
March 6, 1899 – Mabini met the Schurman commission learned of Aguinaldo’s exact location. from the Muslim rebels. In the early morning of Sept. 28, and Progresistas) The Nacionalista Party had a landslide
asking for a ceasefire but was refused. This happened 400 men attacked the Americans. victory.
twice. With the approval of Gen. Aguinaldo who replaced Gen.
Otis, Funston planned for Aguinaldo’s capture hiring 80 In retaliation, Gen. Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of The Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at the Grand
Meanwhile, Pedro Paterno, Ambrosio Bautista and Felipe Macabebe scouts, Segovia and Placido (Former officers of all men and children above ten years old. Samar was Opera House, Manila on Oct. 16, 1907. Sergio Osmena
Buencamino wanted American autonomy rather than Aguinaldo) and 4 American officers who will act as captives. turned into a “howling wilderness”. was chosen Speaker of the House and Manuel Quezon as
independence. majority floor leader.
Reaching Aguinaldo’s camp at Palanan, Isabela, they were Smith after the war was court- martialed for the cruelties
Since the Philippine assembly knew that Mabini was given food. Time came to end the masquerade, a fat man inflicted by his troop to the Samarnuns. The first Bill passed was the Gabaldon Law (from
opposed to their views, they asked Aguinaldo to remove grabbed Aguinaldo from behind and the four American Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldon) which appropriated one
Mabini from his post. officers including Funston arrested Aguinaldo. The Balangiga bells is now preserved at a museum in million pesos for barrio schools.
Wyoming, USA. It has been a witness to the cruelties done
After Mabini’s resignation, Aguinaldo appointed Pedro Aguinaldo was brought to Manila and on April 19, 1901, he in Samar. Two Filipinos (Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo) were
Paterno as head of the Cabinet. This cabinet was known took the oath of allegiance to the US and appealed to the sent as representatives to the US Congress but were not
as the Peace Cabinet because they were tasked to Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the US. The Americans enforced anti-nationalist laws to control given the right to vote.
negotiate peace with the Americans the Filipinos. These were:
Pro-American groups emerged like the Pacificados led by American Legislations:
Buencamino headed the Peace Committee. On his way to Paterno and Buencamino. a. Sedition Law – imposed death penalty or a long prison
Manila, his troop was stopped by Gen Antonio Luna. Luna term on anyone who advocated separation from the US Cooper Act – created the Philippine Assembly to serve as
arrested them because he was opposed to any attempt to Later this group was renamed as the Federalistas with even by peaceful means (display of flag, singing of the a training ground for self-government which is the first step
make peace with the Americans. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as elected President. national anthem, showing stage plays advocating toward independence
independence)
Luna died because of his dreadful temper. He planned to On July 4, 1902, Pres. Roosevelt of America declared that Jones Law – signed by. Pres. Woodrow Wilson. Provided
recapture Manila with the help of the Kawit Company. the Fil-Am war was over. b. Brigandage Act – punishment of death or long prison for a bicameral assembly (Senate and the House of
Because of lack of cooperation, Luna recommended that term of not less than 20 years for members of an armed Representatives). It also provided that Philippine
the company will be disarmed. A Govt. Under America band. Persons giving aid to armed bands will get not less Independence will be granted as soon as a stable
than 10 years prison term government will be established.
In June of 1899, he received a telegram from Aguinaldo On March 16,1900, Pres. McKinley appointed the Second
asking him to go to Cabanatuan. He was so angry when he Philippine Commission headed by Judge William Howard c. Reconcentration Act – reconcentration of all residents Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law – provided for the granting of
could not find Aguinaldo in his headquarters. He heard a Taft. if outlaws or ladrones operated in the said areas independence after 12 years but reserving US military and
shot and rushed downstairs where he met Pedrong Kastila. naval bases in the Philippines; control of currency ;conduct
He cursed and slapped Kastila having recognized him as The Taft Commission passed a law establishing a high d. Flag Law – prohibited the display of the Philippine flag of foreign affairs by the US President; free entry of US
member of the Kawit Company. Kastila drew his bolo and school system in the country. and other symbols used by the resistance against the goods to the Philippines
hacked him. Seeing him wounded the other soldiers United States
stabbed him while others shot him. He received more than During Pres. Roosevelt’s administration, Taft became the Tydings-McDuffie Law – provided for a 10-year transition
40 wounds. His aid Col. Francisco Roman was also killed. first civil governor. His policy was the “Philippines for the Among the stage plays prohibited in 1903 were: period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
The next day he was buried and was given full military Filipinos”. a. Tanikalang Guinto by Juan Abad Absolute independence will be given July 4, 1946; annual
honors. b. Hindi Aco Patay by Juan Matapang Cruz quota of 50 filipino immigrants to America; control of
Biggest achievement of the Taft Admin was the sale of huge c. Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas by Aurelio currency, coinage, foreign trade, foreign relations;
After Luna’s death, Aguinaldo’s group suffered several tracts of friar lands. In 1904, the US paid the Vatican $7.2 Tolentino representation in the US congress
defeats. He dissolved his regular army and formed guerilla million for these lands.
movements. Gen. Miguel Malvar also continued the fight but later In 1921, Governor General Francis Harrison was replaced
The first congressional law was the Cooper Act or the surrendered in Lipa, Batangas. (1901) by Leonard Wood. He vetoed 16 bills during his 1st year of
Meanwhile, the Americans were planning for the capture of Philippine Organic Act of 1902( extension of the US Bill of administration. In 1923, a Cabinet Crisis occurred where
Aguinaldo. Rights, creation of Phil. Assembly, proclamation of Gen. Luciano San Miguel became the supreme military majority of Filipino Department Secretaries resigned from
complete peace) commander of a resistance group in Rizal and Bulacan in their posts. This happened after Wood interfered with the
Aguinaldo’s group went to Calasiao, then to the Cordillera 1903, he died in action. case of Ray Conley in Manila. Conley was charged with
mountains, then to Candon, Ilocos Sur. March 2, 1902 – Census Day. (Phil Population was at 7.6 immorality and misconduct in office. Wood instructed for his
million) Faustino Guillermo assumed San Miguel’s post but was reinstatement at work.
The passageway to the Cordillera was the terrains of Tirad later captured.
Pass. This was seen as an advantage for them. Political parties were created: Wood also abolished the Board of control handling the
1. Partido Nacionalista ( founded by Poblete in Macario Sakay established the Tagalog Republic. He management of GOCCs like the Manila Railroad Company,
Gregorio del Pilar’s team remained in Tirad Pass while August, 1901) imposed strict rules. He peacefully surrendered with the the Manila Hotel and the Philippine National Bank
Aguinaldo’s group headed to Isabela. 2. Partido Independista( founded by Paterno) help of Dr. Dominador Gomez.
3. Partido Democrata ( founded by Baretto et al in Tension ended after the death of Wood while undergoing a
In the morning of Dec 2, 1899, Major Peyton March and 1902) Sakay and his men were charged with banditry or surgery in the US on Aug. 7, 1927.
300 of his men tried to get into the pass but was repulsed 4. Partido Conservador (founded by Adriatico et al ladronism. In accordance to the Brigandage Act, he was
by del Pilar’s team in February 1901) sentenced to die by public hanging with Col. Lucio de Vega From 1919- 1933, 12 independent missions were sent to
(Sept. 13, 1907). the US. Among the popular ones included the OsRox
Later, Peyton hired a native Igorot guide – Januario Galut, Though many Filipinos have surrendered to the Americans, mission . In 1932, Benigno Aquino was sent to the US. In
to find an alternative passage to reach the top of the pass. many still refused to lay down their arms. Gen. Simeon Ola was the last Filipino general who the 12th mission, Quezon secured a better independence
surrendered to the Americans. act . This was the Tydings-McDuffie Law.
The Battle of Tirad Pass lasted for 6 hours leaving Gregorio In Samar, Gen. Vicente Lukban ambushed American
del Pilar dead. soldiers. Artemio Ricarte refused to take the oath of allegiance to the This law called for a constitutional convention to draft the
US. He was exiled to Hongkong then Japan. constitution of the Philippines.
July 30, 1934, the convention met. Claro M. Recto was Protestantism was introduced by the Americans. Known colorums were: The policy measures included the following:
elected president. The drafting lasted for 6 months. The a. Cofradia de San Jose of Hermano Pule
st
drafted constitution was approved by Pres. Roosevelt. C.B. Randall distributed the 1 bibles in Manila b. Sociedad de la Confianza a. Establishment of the Court of Industrial Relations to
c. Caballeros dela Sagrada Familia resolve labor disputes
May 14,1935, a plebiscite was held. For the first time, Iglesia ni Cristo- was founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo. d. Kapisanan Makabola Makarinag of Pedro Kabola
women were allowed to vote. 1.2 million Filipinos approved Manalo before founding the INC was a former SDA. e. Group headed by Pedro Calosa b. Promotion of social justice (includes 8-Hour Labor Act
it while more than 44,000 rejected it. f. Rizalian (Tarlac) and Minimum Wage Law)
Americans allowed the commemoration of Rizal and g. Group headed by Apo Ipe.
The first National Election under the 1935 constitution was Bonifacio day. Other holidays included: Valentine’s Day, c. Written contracts between landowners and tenants
held on Sept. 17. The tandem of Quezon and Osmena won. Washington Day (Feb 22), Glorious Fourth (July 4), Because of the system of land registration, tenancy
Other presidential candidates included Emilio Aguinaldo Thanksgiving (Nov 4) became more widespread. d. Establishment of credit facilities for farmers
and Gregorio Aglipay.
American mode of dressing adopted by Filipinos included: Tenants were either inquilinos (paid yearly rent for using a e. Private lands for resale to farmers
The American Legacy: wearing of pants with belt and suspenders, polo shirts, coat piece of land; required to give various services to the
and tie for formal attire, skirts, high-heeled shoes, nylon haciendero for free; refusal to work or contribute to the Commonwealth Act No. 1, the National Defense Act
Gen. John Pershing, was one of the top US generals sent stockings, artificial eyelashes, make-up and perfumes expenses means dismissal from the hacienda; their provided for a citizen’s army.
to the Philippines. He urged the Colt gun factory to children are also expected to serve the landowner) or
manufacture the famous colt .45. This was used against the Mr., Ms, and Madam became conventional kasamas (also known as a sharecropper; provided the Mac Arthur was requested by Quezon to be the Field
Muslim warriors in battle. labor on the hacienda; he gets one half of the harvest after Marshal of the Phil. Army.
Women were granted more rights in education, at work and expenses were deducted; also render personal services to
Thomasites – soldiers who came to the Philippines to politics Quezon and Roosevelt created the JPCPA (Joint
the landlord)
teach in the public schools. They arrived on Aug. 21,1901 Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs) on April 14,
and established the modern school system. Coeducational schools existed The first labor union was founded by Isabelo delos Reyes 1937 to probe into the economic problems of the
Philippines and recommend programs for economic
in 1902. It was later named as UOD or Union Obrera
Public elementary schools was financed by govt. funds. In 1903, Charles Swift established MERALCO Democratica (consisted of lithographers, cigar makers, development.
This provided educational opportunity for all citizens. Both tailors & shoemakers who demanded higher wages and
theoretical knowledge and practical skills were taught. The PLDT was created in 1928 Growth of agriculture, commerce and industries also took
worker’s benefits)
English language was the medium of instruction used. place in the economy . This is attributed to the heavy
PMA was founded in 1905, its former name was Phil. investments of foreign capitalist.
The CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines) was formally
Bounding Billow – the 1st American newspaper that Constabulary School
established in Nov. 7, 1930 by Crisanto Evangelista. It
appeared in the Phil. The Chinese invested in rice production, tobacco, hemp,
started as Katipunan ng mga Anak-pawis ng Pilipinas.
Filipinos were trained in outdoor and indoor games . copra, logging, timber, manufacturing, banking and real
The American Soldier – the 1st American daily newspaper Physical fitness & sportsmanship were emphasized estate. They also control a big percent in the retail trade.
CG & JE P5: MATCHING TYPE 20 PTS
published in Manila, its 1st issue was Sept. 10, 1898 Together with the Americans, they controlled the country’s
The Americans also improved our infrastructures, transport foreign trade.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
Philippine Herald- first Filipino weekly paper founded by and communication facilities
Quezon in 1909 The Filipino people opted to continue asserting their right Prior to the invasion, the 1500 Japanese laborers
They designed the City of Manila and the Quezon Memorial participated in the construction of the zigzag road to Baguio
to political independence.
Nationalistic periodicals like El Renacimiento and Muling Circle. City (1903).
Pagsilang circulated despite the Sedition Law. A transition government was provided by the US pursuant
Daniel Burnham designed Baguio City After the construction, 100 of them stayed and migrated to
to the Tydings-McDuffie Law.
Carlos P. Romulo won the Pulitzer Prize for international Davao to work on an American hemp and coconut
journalism in 1942. Guillermo Tolentino – the famous sculptor who made the plantation.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated on
Bonifacio Monument
Nov 15,1935 at the Legislative building.
Jose Garcia Villa was listed among the top short story In 1907, Kyosaburo Ohta(the leader of the group) formed a
writers in America in 1932. Cayetano Arellano –the 1st Filipino Chief Justice of the Development Company. Soon other Japanese companies
The country now had a self-ruling government except in
Supreme Court emerged.
matters of treasury and foreign affairs.
Walang Sugat – one of the most popular Zarzuela written
by Severino Reyes Philippine Independent Church was founded by Isabelo By 1930, the Japanese practically controlled the deep sea
Recognition of Philippine Independence by the US was to
delos Reyes in 1902. It’s supreme bishop was Gregorio fishing industry. By 1935, a big percentage of the Abaca
come in 1945.
1897 was the year when first film shows appeared in Aglipay. In 1918, its followers rose up half a million. production in Davao came from the Japanese. They also
Manila. US officials who attended the ceremonies were: invested in mining , logging, manufacturing and extractive
Colorum (et saecula saeculorum meaning world without industries.
a. VP john Nance Garner
In 1912, a film about Rizal’s execution was made by two end) refers to rebel organizations with mystical
b. Speaker Joseph Byrnes
Americans, it became a big hit which inspired in making the characteristics In these Japanese enterprises, often Filipinos were used
c. US Sec. of War George Dern
1st Filipino film in 1919 d. Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur as fronts or dummies. Alarmed by this, the National
These groups are characterized by religious fanaticism Assembly passed the Anti- Dummy Law in May 1939,
Jose Nepomuceno was dubbed as the Father of Philippine which was a combination of Catholic devotion, hero- which punished Filipinos who would allow themselves to be
The Filipino Chief Justice of the Supreme Court sworn into
Movies. He made a musical play entitled Dalagang Bukid worship and folk-superstition. used as fronts by alien businessmen and investors.
office the new state officials Pres. Quezon and VP Osmena
written by Hermogenes Ilagan and Leon Ignacio and members of the National Assembly
Members were recruited from the oppressed masses that In May 1940, the Philippine Immigration Law was enacted.
George Pineda- invented the famous Filipino salakot- sought the messiahs for their redemption. The law limited to 500, the number of immigrants permitted
Upon assuming office, Quezon secured the enactment of
wearing cartoon of Juan dela Cruz laws that would improve the conditions of the Filipinos. He annually to enter the country.
adopted the “social justice policy” for the common tao.
Nicanor Abelardo – Known Filipino composer of To solve the problem, the NEPA (National Economic
Kundimans. Among his famous works included Mutya ng Protectionism Association)and the Cooperative League of
Pasig, Nasaan ka Irog and Bituing Marikit the Philippines was created.
In accordance to the CA No. 184, the Institute of National Because of the problems of farmers, peasant organizations While this was going on, MacArthur advised Quezon to Today, a Shrine of Valor was erected in Mt. Samat to
Language was established and upon its recommendation, were created. Among them were: evacuate to Corregidor. Quezon was accompanied by his commemorate the historic defense of Bataan.
Tagalog was adopted as the national language. a. Kapisanan Panahon Na family, Osmena, and his aides.
b. Dumating Na The Death March started on April 10, 1942 in Mariveles and
The teaching of the National Language in all schools in the c. Oras Na On Dec 26, MacArthur declared Manila an open city. This Cabcaban. They March from Bataan to Pampanga. Around
country began on June 19,1940. means enemies may enter the city provided they will stop 10,000 lives were claimed by this March.
Pedro Abad Santos also known as Don Perico was one of shooting. This would spare the city from further destruction.
In 1959, from Tagalog it was changed to Pilipino. the recognized leader of the peasantry in Central Luzon. From Pampanga, the POWs were sent on boxcars to
He was a bar topnotcher and a member of a landed On Dec 30, President Quezon took his oath for his second Capas, Tarlac. It was really crowded that many died of
Other accomplishments of the Commonwealth aristocracy. He was an assemblyman and founded the term outside the Corregidor Tunnel. exhaustion. From there, they walked 7km more to Camp
Government included: Socialist party. O’Donnel . Some 56,000 reached the prison camp alive on
Jan 2, the Japanese forces entered Manila. People April 15, 1942.
a. the creation of new offices: National Economic Entry of the Japanese Forces evacuated to the mountain side for refuge. Others dug
Council, Census Commission, and Commission of underground shelters. Almost everywhere , there was panic The conditions of the POWs deteriorated because of dirty
Mindanao and Sulu The country was drawn into World War II (1939-1945) and fear. surroundings, hunger and diseases which further reduced
because it was an ally of America. their number.
b. Filipinization of the judiciary (women suffrage/public Filipinos listened to the American broadcast called the
defenders) The Japanese assault in the country was meant to cut Voice of America. Everyday, people could hear the Japanese bombings
America’s line of communication in the Pacific as Japan particularly in Bataan.
c. New chartered cities were established ( Cebu, Iloilo, sought to expand her empire in the region. There was no stopping the Japanese in occupying the
Bacolod, Davao, Zamboanga, San Pablo, Quezon Philippines. Their immediate task was to reinstate order. Inside the Malinta Tunnel, a radio station had been
City, Cavite and Tagaytay.) While Admiral Nomura was in Washington to present They demanded for obedience from the people. established. This was called the Voice of Freedom. It was
Japan’s peace proposal, the Japanese forces bombed the headed by Major Carlos P. Romulo. He was assisted by
Three Amendments to the 1935 constitution were: Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941. It was the main The Bataan Defense Force (BDF) deactivated the North Salvador Lopez and Leon Ma. Guerrero as script writers.
base of the US Pacific Fleet. This resulted to the death of Luzon forces. For three months, the FilAm troops were
a. Tenure of office of the President and VP was 4 years 2897 men. outnumbered. Many soldiers and civilians died of General Wainwright surrendered Corregidor on May 6. He
with a reelection for another term malnutrition, dysentery and malaria. signed the terms according to Homma’s wishes.
The Japanese also launched offensive attacks in Malaya,
b. Establishment of the bicameral congress Hongkong, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island and the The US government protected Quezon by asking him to Mac Arthur however advised Gen. Sharp in Visayas to
Philippines. move to the US. He set sail for California on April 30, 1942. continue on their fight.
c. Creation of an independent COMELEC
The US immediately declared war against Japan. Mac Arthur left the country for Australia because the Meanwhile Filipinos resorted to guerilla warfare.
Decade of Unrest USAFFE was deactivated but made his famous line:” I shall
At dawn of Dec 8, Japanese bombers under Gen. return”. JAPANESE OCCUPATION
In 1940, Japan occupied the northern part of Indo-China Masaharu Homma conducted air attacks in various places
and the following year, the whole French colony. in the Philippines. They destroyed the air and naval Meanwhile, Homma failed to conquer the country in time Japanese Martial Law
defenses. The Americans on ground were caught by because of the withdrawal of some Japanese troops.
America and Britain imposed economic sanctions in Japan. By early 1942, the Philippines, Burma, Singapore, Dutch
surprise.
Small military actions were still happening in the provinces. East Indies, French Indochina and other territories were
The Philippines- worried that it will be Japan’s next target. Davao was bombarded twice on Dec 8. On Dec 9 the city The Japanese also resorted to propaganda sending out under the Japanese rule.
It tried to lay its groundwork for any contingency. This of Manila experienced its first wartime air raid. On Dec. leaflets urging the Filipino soldiers to leave their American
included: 12,the Us Asiatic fleet withdrew to Indonesia. comrades. On Jan 3, 1942, Gen Homma issued a proclamation
announcing the end of the American occupation and placed
a. Compulsory military training for Filipino youths under Capt. Jesus Villamor was able to destory the enemy plane Hagonoy, Bulacan became a point of deliverance for the the Philippines under martial law.
MacArthur (creation of the USAFFE or United States in the Nichols Field. majority of evacuees in Luzon.
Armed Forces in the Far East) One of his first orders was the surrender of arms. Those
On Dec 10, Japanese invaders made their first landing in The POWs who escaped the Death March were protected who were caught were thrown to Fort Santiago.
b. the Civilian Emergency Administration was organized by Filipino families. They were fed, hid their uniforms and
Aparri and Vigan. Days, later they were all over. Lt. Homma
landed in Pangasinan. the older women acted as their mothers. Detention camps became places of torture. ( water cure,
c. The Phil. National Red Cross conducted practice pulling of fingernails and toenails, pouring and burning with
evacuation drills At the onset of the attack, horrific scenes surprised The exodus to Hagonoy increased its population from gasoline and severe beatings)
everyone with structures destroyed and dead bodies 25,000 to 90,000. The RVM congregation provided for the
d. Simulated blackout were done (July 10, 1941) needs of the needy. UST became an interment camp for American and foreign
everywhere.
allies of America and Great Britain. Other camps were in
Agricultural problems were the following: By the end of March, Homma’s reinforcement arrived. By Los Banos and Cabanatuan
On Dec 14, 14 fortresses were withdrawn to Fort Darwin
Australia for repair services. This left Gen. MacArthur with April 3, a massive offensive was launched in Bataan which
a. Living conditions of the farmers did not improve Priest suspected of engaging in subversion were
few fighters and observation planes. was brought to smoke…
despite growth in agricultural production imprisoned. One of them was Fr. Rufino Santos, a young
Mac Arthur was forced to use War Plan Orange 3 (WPO- General Edward King continued the resistance but later priest . (He became later the first Filipino Cardinal and the
b. Land rental increased
3). This was later renamed as Rainbow 5. The plan was: surrendered as more lives were taken. On April 9, around first Archbishop of Manila)
78,000 soldiers surrendered. Meanwhile Gen. Wainwright
c. There was arbitrary ejection of farmers General Homma allowed the laws then enforce the
a. Withdrawal of all island forces to Bataan peninsula had escaped to Corregidor.
Commonwealth to stay for the moment. He ordered all
d. Many lands were sold to private American
b. Delaying action while waiting for US reinforcements The Japanese refused the surrender of Gen. King because public officials to continue to discharge their duties.
entrepreneurs and big Filipino landowners
he was not a senior officer of the Philippines but they
c. Evacuation of all civilians accepted the surrender of arms of each unit.
Jorge Vargas, the Mayor of the Greater Manila had been The schools were made open to the public. Books were In the afternoon, the Pact of Alliance was signed between The Japanese occupation changed the outlook of the
instructed by Quezon and Mac Arthur to cooperate with the used except those which shows American culture. The Japanese Ambassador Shozo Murata and Minister of Filipinos. They became more pragmatic and less
enemy hoping that the occupation might be less severe. Japanese language was taught in schools. Prizes were Foreign Affairs Claro M. Recto. materialistic
given to attract Filipinos to learn their language.
On the same day when Manila was occupied, Vargas met The president was elected by the National Assembly with Resistance and Restoration
the Japanese forces to see to it that peace and order be Because of the restrictions on the supply of grains, sugar a six year term. There was no vice president. The cabinet
maintained and that public utilities be restored. and other crops, Filipinos were forced to eat lugaw and ministers were there to help the president. The surrender of Bataan and Corregidor didn’t stop the
binatog (boiled corn with grated coconut). Filipinos to fight for their country’s freedom. Many Filipinos
Later, Vargas received a notice from Homma to assume the Everything was in order except that the civil administration signed up to join guerilla movements. They kept their faith
position Executive Commissioner. It was a puppet position Currency and banks were closely monitored. They was ineffectual. in democracy. Many waited for the return of the Americans.
and he was forced to follow orders. circulated their own money. This was called as military pass
money or war notes. Later, this was called as Mickey Laurel created the National Education Board to study the The USAFIF of North Luzon was one of the earliest guerilla
Curfew was enforced from 8 pm to 6 am, then from 12 Mouse Money. Other terms for this was apa and gurami. curriculum changes and develop a more suitable units to be organized after the fall of Bataan and Corregidor.
midnight to 6 am. educational program. It gave emphasis on the study of
The peso was equivalent to 2 yen. In 1943, new war notes national language and history. It also recommended the Guillermo Nakar and Manuel P. Enriquez led the First
Meanwhile, arbitrary arrest and executions were done by circulated . These were 1, 5 and 10 pesos. Since there was teaching of Asian history and culture. Guerilla Regiment by USAFFE headquarters.
the Japanese military police called the “Kempetai”. severe inflation, people would bring bayongs of money to
buy goods in the market. The government also sent Pensionados to Japan to study. Walter Cushing – an American mine operator in the
The most dreaded Japanese word was “cura” which meant mountain province who led the first ambush against the
come (inward wave of hand) or scram (outward wave of the To meet the rice shortage, they introduced the Horai rice There was control over media and culture. This was Japanese. He organized 200 Filipino guerillas. He died on
hand). from Taiwan. This didn’t solve the problem because of enforced by the Hoodobu. Movies, stage shows, radio Sept 19, 1942 in the hands of the Japanese in Jones,
heavy rains and pests in 1942 programs, and even letters at the post office were Isabela.
For the slightest offense, civilians were slapped by the monitored.
kempetai. The cotton industry failed. There was also a shortage in the American soldiers in Northern Luzon who did not surrender
meat supply. Filipina and The Republic, both new periodicals portrayed with General Jonathan Wainwright placed themselves
Many were executed on mere suspicion of being with the a more Filipino perspective about the new Republic. under the command of Capt. Nakar and Capt. George
resistance movement. To save on matches, Filipinos used dry cakes or carabao Barnett.
manures as light in the evening. New stamps were also printed depicting a Filipina wearing
No one could travel without a pass from the Japanese a traditional attire. Other American officers who managed to escape from
army. There was price control, registration and issuance of Bataan like Major Russell Volckmann set up secret training
permits, and a ration system for basic commodities. Cigarette boxes were used for the propaganda. (example camps for his guerilla units.
People used the streetcar, bicycles, dokars (wartime was the Independencia cigarettes)
carriages pulled by horses) and casco (a large banca). Hoarding and profiteering were banned. The north Luzon guerillas were consolidated under his
There was a move to Filipinize the Catholic Church but the overall command. Among the prominent guerillas leaders
Publications such as Taliba, La Vanguardia, Tribune and Life became harder for the Filipinos. They sold their government tried to control it (example was the reporting of under his direction were Governor Roque Ablan of Ilocos
Liwayway were allowed but censored by the government. valuables just to secure food for their respective families. donations made to the church) and Bado Dangwa in Baguio. They also established a
communication and intelligence network, which reported
Movie houses and stage shows still entertained the The industry that flourished was cigarette making and The Kabataang Pangarap ni Rizal and the Revtrufilnism the movements of the enemy. Reports from this network
Filipinos. making fake and forged documents. were organized to develop nationalism consciousness. were transmitted to Mac Arthur’s headquarters in Australia.

The only thing respected by the Japanese was the religion Because of the conditions of the Filipinos, many died of Pre-war American films were still shown in some movie Volckman’s Northern Luzon guerilla army was responsible
of the the Filipinos. It was Col. Murosawa who assured the malaria, malnutrition tuberculosis and other diseases. theaters but in between Japanese films were shown as part for driving General Tomoyuki Yamashita’s troops from the
Filipinos our freedom of religion. But the priest were used Sulfathiazole became the wonder drug at that time. of their cultural propaganda. mountain province in the last days of the war in the
to talk to people to accept Japanese rule. Philippines.
Reforming the Philippine Government Filipinos were discouraged to write in English but rather
The Japanese showed leniency to the Muslims while some promoted the use of Tagalog to rediscover the richness of Marcos V. Agustin, a bus driver before the war, formed a
protestant ministers were imprisoned at the UST camp. On Dec. 2, 1942, the non-political organization called the our language. guerilla unit centered in Antipolo. This eventually became
KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) one of the largest in Luzon . In its ranks were soldiers,
Life During the Wartime Years was established as political parties had been dissolved. Liwayway, was the only Tagalog weekly allowed to continue teachers, lawyers, writers etc. Some Chinese and
publication. Americans joined Agustin’s group.
Neighborhood and district associations were created to Its aim was to bring about the rapid reconstruction of the
reduce anti-Japanese sentiments. country and the rehabilitation of the people. Many writers began to create short stories and verses The Hunter’s ROTC guerilla group were headed by young
similar to the Japanese haiku. PMA cadets – Eleuterio Adevoso and Miguel Ver. After the
Each association consists of at least 10 families. The mayor Jorge Vargas and Benigno Aquino were involved in this surrender of Bataan, the group moved to Antipolo.
appoints the leaders of these groups. organization. They were involved in the recognition of Two popular magazines those days were Philippine Review
Philippine indepence. and Pillars During the later stages of the war, the group cut Japanese
The head of each family reports to the Japanese any communication lines, blew up roads and bridges and
suspected movements including births and deaths within This led to the inauguration of the Second Republic of the Freedom of Expression was suppressed. The popular destroyed convoys passing through their territory.
his family. Philippines with Jose P. Laurel as the President. theme for writers were about rural scenes. The writers were
not well compensated. Their newspapers, Thunderclap, often changed its place of
The propaganda section of the Japanese army was called The Second Republic of the Philippines publication to confuse the enemy forces.
the Sendenbu/Hoodobu. Their role is to promote the In 1943, the Dramatic Philippines Inc was formed to stage
cultural ideas of the New Order. On October 14, 1943, around 800,000 Filipinos gathered to popular plays in English, adapted in Tagalog. Also created
witness the inauguration of the new republic. was the Musical Philippines Inc which enabled classical
musicians to present their performances at the theater.
Capt Alejo Santos organized the Philippine Legion at his The Ganaps were the former pro-Japanese sakdalistas This period seen the new type of vehicles used by the
hometown in Bustos, Bulacan. The aim of this group is to who served as spies for the Japanese military authorities. Americans.. This later were transformed into jeeps made
destroy enemy intelligence groups. It is also aimed to by the Filipinos.
gather information on military installations as well as The Pulahanes from Samar acted as guides for the
political and economic activities sponsored by the Japanese in their efforts to arrest people who supported the On February 3, Filipino guerillas rescued suffering
Japanese government. Filipino members were also guerilla cause. prisoners at the Santo Tomas Internment Camp
directed to eliminate Filipino traitors.
The Palaaks, armed with bamboo spears, worked as By March 3, 1945, Americans won the war in Manila.
Santos was also appointed as head of the Bulacan Military guards for the japanese army.
Area (BMA). The Japanese made their last stand in the Million Dollar hill.
The United Nippon, armed with rifles, wore army uniforms They were headed by General. Tomoyuki Yamashita known
BMA had four regiments. In 1944, it had a force over as part of the Japanese military. The members were as the “Tiger of Malaya”.
18,000. Then it had regrouped into 10 regiments. These recruited from the Ganap Party
were named after famous personages and places in the Three infantry divisions entrapped the enemies in Northern
province of Bulacan. The Pampas were also armed with rifles. They were Luzon.
organized in 1943 by Japanese authorities in the Rizal
Procurement groups were organized to collect arms and province. They wore blue denim uniforms with short pants. Japan formally announced through radio broadcast its final
ammunitions. Some Bulacan guerillas went back to Bataan surrender on August 14, 1945 after the bombing of
to look for weapons buried. They even raided some The most dreadful was the Makapili. This was headed by Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and later in Nagasaki (Aug. 9).
municipal buildings to get arms and ammunitions. Artemio Ricarte, Benigno Ramos and Pio Duran. It was
formally launched in 1944. During its gala ceremony, Yamashita ordered the laying down of arms on September
Assaults were carried out by BMA fighters against General Yamashita was present. 2, 1945.
Japanese garrisons.
Japanese Propaganda circulated but Filipinos wanted their Japan signed the treaty of surrender on board the USS
In August 1944, the submarine Narwrhal landed arms and freedom back. Missouri at Tokyo Bay.
ammunition, signal equipment and other supplies in
Tayabas. Some officers and men of the BMA with the tribal The young Blas Ople joined the BMA and worked for the Ten days after the surrender, Laurel was arrested by the
group Dumagats went to Bulacan to bring the military liberation of the Philippines. US Army. He was confined in Sugamo Prison for almost a
supplies. year and returned to the Manila in July 1946.
In June 1944, The Battle of the Philippine sea began. The
Another Filipino who was a big help for the Americans was air raid strikes started in Guam to neutralize Japanese The Japanese forces were brought to Camp John Hay in
Capt. Bartolome Cabangbang. He was a PMA graduate offensive. In desperation Japanese suicide pilots known as Baguio for its formal surrender then to the National Bilibid
and was trained in the. Philippine Constabulary School. He the Kamikaze (divine wind in Japanese) engaged in dog- Prison in and was Muntinlupa.
boarded submarine Gabriela to Australia and was trained fight air battles against American warplanes.
in communications and jungle warfare. Yamashita went on a trial in October 1945 and was
Casualties ran high in the Pacific because of the Japanese convicted of war atrocities on December 7.
One of the most famous guerilla group was the communist- feeling that surrender meant dishonor.
led Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (Hukbalahap). Yamashita was executed by hanging on a tree on top of a
On Sept . 21, 1944, President Laurel proclaimed martial law hill overlooking UP College of agriculture In Los Banos,
The Huk was organized on March 29,1942. Luis Taruc in the country by virtue of Proclamation No. 29. Laguna. The execution was carried out by Col. Charles
headed the Committee. Other Partido Komunista ng Halderman.
Pilipinas members became leaders of the Huk as well. News about Gen. Mac Arthur’s forces nearing the
Philippines made the Japanese fiercer. Pres. Osmena, who succeeded Quezon, tackled the task
The guiding principles of the Huks were found in the of rehabilitating the land, which had been cruelly damaged
document - The Fundamental Spirit. The duties and On Oct. 20, The Leyte beaches were severely bombarded by war.
privileges of a Huk soldier were discussed in The Iron by American bombers and fighter planes. The path to Leyte
Discipline. The kind of discipline imposed on its members was cleared on the same day, paving the way for the return Quezon died in on August 1, 1944 in Saranac Lake, New
was quite tough. One of its leaders was even executed by of Mac Arthur with his allied forces, landing at the Palo York.
his own men. beach. Warships formed a line of defense to protect the
American forces in the island. On March 7, 1945, Osmena signed an Executive Order
Katubusan ng Bayan is the prinicipal publication of the Huk. providing for the restoration of the executive departments.
It started in the mid 1942. It was issued weekly producing The American flag was raised at Hill 120 in Dulag, Leyte. The following day, he sworn into office the new members of
at least 3,000-5,000 copies. Its editors included peasant the Cabinet.
leaders, union members and university people. They The Battle of Leyte Gulf, the greatest naval battle in history
chronicled the Huk victories against the Japanese. was fought from October 24-26. By July, 1945, the Commonwealth was reestablished in
Manila.
The Huks did their best to regain the areas taken by the On Dec.21, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to
Japanese. They occupied a number of towns in central Baguio. The Japanese forces retreated to the Yamashita A national election was done in April 23, 1946 resulting to
Luzon . They also targeted exploitative landlords. line along the jungle of Sierra Madre. While retreating, the victory of the Liberal Party headed by Manuel Roxas
Japanese took some provisions from civilians, massacred and Elpidio Quirino.
There were some Filipinos who opted to cooperate with innocent people and burned towns and villages.
the Japanese by aiding them in apprehending the guerillas On May 6, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last
Despite kamikaze attacks, the American fighters together president of the Philippine Commonwealth.
and their supporters.
with Filipino volunteers continued to fight heavily the
These fanatical pro-Japanese included the Ganaps, the enemies. P6: 1 PRACTICAL QUESTION 10 PTS
Pulahanes, the Palaaks, the United Nippon , the Pampas
and the MAKAPILIs.