GradeIX-Ch-15ImprovementinfoodResources-StudyMaterial

BIRLA PUBLIC SSCHOOL, DOHA- QATAR
GRADE- IX
Notes- Chapter- 15 Improvement in food resources
Introduction
 All living organisms need food for health, growth and development.
 Food provides nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, protein, vitamins and
minerals.
 Plants and animals are major sources of food.
 To feed the growing population we need more and more grains.
 This can be done by farming on more land, but India is already
intensively cultivated.
 Hence, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of production for both
crops and livestock.
Methods to enhance the crop yield
Factors by which crop improvement can be done are:
1. Use of good and healthy seeds
2. Hybridization: It is the process of crossing between two or more
genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new variety with good properties
of both the crops.
 Irrigation proper nutrient management etc are very essential for
increasing crop yield.
Types of Manures
1. Compost: The process in which animal excreta (like cow dung), kitchen
waste, plant remains, waste food, sewage waste etc. are decomposed in pits
is known as composting.
2. Vermicompost: Compost prepared by using earthworms to hasten the

process of decomposition of plants and animals refuse is called
vermicompost.
3. Green manure: Some plants like sun hemp, guar etc. are grown and
after some time mulched by ploughing in the field. These green plants turn
into green manures. They are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Animal husbandry is a scientific management of domestic animals in an
efficient manner to obtain food and other useful products from them.
1. Cattle farming
Purpose of cattle farming:
 For getting milk

 Ploughing fields
 Bull cart for transportation
Types of cattle:
a) Milch animals: These includes milk producing animals (female cattle).
b) Draught animals: Those animals which do not produce milk and
are used for agricultural work.

Lactation period: The period of milk production between birth of a young
one and the next pregnancy is called lactation period.
2. Poultry Farming
 Poultry farming is done for eggs and meat. They both provide protein to
our diet.
 Broilers: Birds grown for obtaining meat are called broilers. They can
be used after 6-8 weeks from their birth.
Layers: Birds grown for obtaining egg are called layers. They can be
used after 20 weeks when sexual maturity has been attempt to lay eggs.
3. Pisci culture or Fish Production

 Fish production is a great source of protein to our diet.
 Fish production is of two types:
Methods to obtain fish
1. Capture fishing: Naturally living fishes in various water bodies are
captured.
2. Culture fishing: Fishes of desired variety are cultivated in confined
areas with utmost care to get maximum yield. This is also
called aquaculture.
Aquaculture can be done in oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds etc. When it is done
in oceans, it is called mariculture.
Types of fish culture
Inland fishing: It includes fish production in fresh water like ponds, rivers,
lakes, reservoirs and brackish water (where sea water and freshwater mix
together) like estuaries.
Composite Fish Culture
 In such a system, a combination of five or six species is used in a single
fish pond.
 These species are selected so that they do not compete for food among
Them.
 As a result, the maximum food available in all parts of the pond is used.
Bee-keeping- Apiculture
It is the practice of keeping, caring & management of honeybees on a large
scale for obtaining honey and wax.
Many farmers use bee-keeping for additional small income. Also, there are
big farms called apiaries/bee farms.
Apiary: The setting up of several bee hives in desirable location in a
systematic manner that allows maximum pollen and nectar collection.
Some common Indian varieties of bees include Apis indica (Indian bee),
Apis dorsata (rock bee), Apis flora (little bee).
Apis mellifera is an Italian speciesss used in India for commercial large-

scale production of honey.
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BIRLA PUBLIC SSCHOOL, DOHA- QATAR

2. Vermicompost: Compost prepared by using earthworms to hasten the

 For getting milk

are used for agricultural work.

3. Pisci culture or Fish Production

Apis mellifera is an Italian speciesss used in India for commercial large-

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