Quality Food Quality Life

QUALITY FOOD, QUALITY LIFE
FOOD
OBTAIN ENERGY
NUTRIENTS Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals GROWTH DEVELOPMENT HEALTH
India Densely populated Nation
LOT OF FOOD IS REQUIRED MORE LAND

CULTIVATION
INDIAINTENSIVELY CULTIVATED
NEED FOR BETTER METHODS TO IMPROVE FOOD PRODUCTION & QUALITY OF CROPS IN ALREADY CULTIVATED LAND
GREEN REVOLUTION
Before 1965, there was famine in many parts of India. Therefore Government decided to use Fertilizers,Better methods of irrigation & High yielding variety of seeds .
To improve food production
Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug, an American agronomist
FATHER OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION
WHITE REVOLUTION
In 1970, Indian National Dairy & Development Board (NDDB) started OPERATION FLOOD To make milk grid to make milk available in plenty Now, India has become the largest producer of milk and milk products. Anand Milk Union Limited [ AMUL] was the driving force behind this movement.
Prof. Verghese Kurien Chairman of the NDDB
FATHER OF WHITE REVOLUTION
BETTER CROP YIELDS
Cereals Pulses Oilseeds
Rice, Wheat, maize. Gram, Black gram,green gram, Pea,lentil. Soyabean,Groundnut, Mustard ,sesame etc
Fruits, Vegetables, Spices
Fodder Crops
Rhodes grass, Barseem, sudan grass
livestock
What is CROP ???

Defined as Plants of same variety Particular place Same time & on large scale.
DIFFERENT CROPS
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE PHOTOPERIODS SEASON SPECIFIC
CULTIVATION includes several activities done by Farmers. These activities are spread over a period of time.
Modern Techniques of Farming
PROTECTION OF CROPS
BETTER variety of seeds

Hybridization
Technique of cross breeding two different varieties of crop plants each having the desired characteristics
To obtain new variety having a combination of desired characteristics.
hybrid seeds
Higher yields Better quality Better resistance to diseases & pests Short period of maturation
High yielding variety (hyv)
EXAMPLES OF HYBRID VARIETIES
RICE
JAYA T 141 SONALIKA ARJUN SONARA 64
WHEAT
BETTER CARE OF CROP PLANTS
Yield of crop
Cropping pattern
Method of irrigation Nutrients added to the soil
NUTRIENTS ---FOOD FOR PLANTS

16 Elements
MICRONUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
IRON ZINC CHLORINE
CARBON OXYGEN HYDROGEN NITROGEN CALCIUM SULPHUR PHOSPHORUS MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM
MANGANESE
BORON COPPER MOLYBDENUM
Repeated cultivation Decreases primary nutrients Therefore, to make up the deficiency of nutrients in soil
it has to be enriched by required nutrients in the form of MANURES & FERTILIZERS.
What is Manure
Product obtained by decomposition ANIMAL Plant residue Human waste
Organic matter
1] Enriches soil & adds humus to the soil 2] Enhances the fertility of soil
What is Fertilizer
Is a Compound containing primary plant nutrients
Nitrogen, Potassium & Phosphorus
Good vegetative growth, healthy plants

FERTILIZER TYPE NITROGENOUS EXAMPLE Ammonium sulphate,Urea, Ammonium nitrate Super phosphate, Ammophos, Ammonium phosphate Potassium chloride, Potassium sulphate, Potassium nitrate
PHOSPHATIC
POTASSIC
FERTILIZERS
ADVANTAGES Soluble in water & easily absorbed by the plants. It is compact and concentrated. Easy to handle.
DISADVANTAGES
Continuous use makes the soil infertile. Reduces the organic matter content of soil. Harms the natural microbial flora of the soil.
Therefore, there is
Implementation of ORGANIC FARMING
It is a farming system with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers , pesticides etc. System uses organic manures, recycled farm wastes & biological agents to enhance fertility of soil & pest control.
IRRIGATION
Agriculture in India is dependent on the monsoons. BUT, rains in our country are not consistent. Poor monsoons cause crop failure.
TO OVERCOME THIS PROBLEM, Alternative source of water IRRIGATION
The method of supplying water to crops through canals,wells, reservoirs, tube-wells etc. is called as IRRIGATION.
CROPPING PATTERN
Mixed cropping or
Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously on same piece of land. Example - Wheat.+gram,wheat +mustard, etc. Crop failure decreases.
Crop rotation
Growing different crops on the same piece of land alternately. e.g.-pulses are grown in between seasons of cereals. 2-3 crops grown together.
INTERCROPPING
IS METHOD OF MIXED OR MULTIPLE CROPPING
Inter - Cropping
Is a method of growing crops wherein two or more crops are grown simultaneously on the same piece of land in a particular pattern.
Example Soyabean, + maize + tur
Their nutrients are different.So, there is maximum utilization of nutrients.
Protection of crops before & after HETEROTROPHS harvesting

Crops in the field
PESTS, WEEDS & DISEASES
Unwanted plants which grow in the field along with crop plants. Example are grasses, wild oats.
1.Take up nutrients, Organisms which cause Moderate to heavy damage of standing crop. e.g. birds, insects, mites, aphids, rodents, ticks 2.Compete for food, space, light.
PESTS
HOW TO PROTECT THE CROPS FROM PESTS?
2 METHODS
Chemical Control
Biological Control
Methods to control pests

Chemical Control Method Biological Control Method
Pests are destroyed using pesticides. Chemicals used to destroy pests. Spraying of pesticides by Hand-operated machine or sprayer. Fumigation & dusting are methods of using pesticides.
Certain birds, insects or other living organisms are deliberately let out in fields. Destroy pests selectively & save the crops.
Slow process, does not pollute environment.
Interesting Fact
In California, Orange orchards were infested by a pest called as Scale insects.. The attack was bad enough to damage the citrus fruits and plants.
Australian ladybirds were let loose in these orchards. These destroyed all the scale insects in about two years and save the plants & fruits.
Diseases of plants
CROP
BAJRA RICE WHEAT BANANA TOMATO
NAME OF THE DISEASE

ERGOT LEAF SPOT RUST BUNCHY TOP WILT
CAUSATIVE ORGANISM
FUNGUS FUNGUS FUNGUS VIRUS BACTERIA
Storage of Food Material

Necessary to ensure safe storage of food materials
Availability throughout the year
Does stored food grains or food stuffs get spoiled? How?

Stored food-grains / food stuff can be damaged by 2 factors.
2 FACTORS
ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
DAMAGE OF FOOD
BIOTIC FACTORS ABIOTIC FACTORS
Rodents, Birds, Other animals Insects, Worms, Microbes Action of enzymes THEREFORE
Temperature Moisture content of food Humidity of surrounding
Safe and proper storage of grains, pulses,fruits & vegetables is essential.
Large quantities of food grains are stored in warehouses known as GRANARIES
The FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA (FCI) is one of the biggest granaries in india.
The branch of agriculture which deals with
FEEDING , SHELTER, HEALTH AND BREEDING of domestic animals.

It is the Scientific and Systematic management of livestock .
Animal husbandry practices includes: .

1] Proper feed and clean drinking water. 2] Proper shelter. 3] Proper methods for breeding. 4] Prevention and cure of diseases.
CATTLE FARMING
Indian varieties
For milk
MILCH ANIMALS
Draught labour: Tilling ,irrigation, carting.

DRAUGHT ANIMALS
Hybrid varieties yield
Bos indicus (cows)
Bos bubalis ( buffaloes)
milk
Resistance to diseases.
HYBRID VARITIES SELECTED AT NATIONAL LEVEL
Lal Khandhari, Devani, Killari, Dangi

Approximately 5-6litres of milk can be obtained from Indian cow per day. BUT, hybrid varieties yield nearly 10-12litres milk/day.
CARE: 1.
2.
Sheltered - well-ventilated roofed shed. Sloping floor----- To stay dry and clean.
FOOD: A) Nutritive diet Carbohydrates, proteins, fats , vitamins, minerals. B) Roughagelargely and water.. C) Food additives containing micronutrients promotes health, milk output.
DISEASES: May cause death, reduce milk production. EXTERNAL: Live on the skin--- skin diseases. PARASITES INTERNAL: WORMS(stomach), intestines, flukes-(liver) Bacteria, virus--- infectious diseases & prevented by VACCINATIONS.
egg
LAYERS
Domestic fowl ---- Chicken meat

BROILERS
Rhode Island
&
LEGHORN (EXOTIC)
NEW VARIETIES
Number & quality of eggs &chicks.

White leghorn lays200 to 250 eggs per year.
NUTRITION:
Protein & vitamin rich food given to Increase their weight.
VACCINATIONS
Reduces attack by virus, fungi, bacteria, parasites

PREVENTS OUTBREAK OF DISEASES .
&
Nutritional deficiencies.
A major sources of food.

Rearing of fish on a large scale ----- PISCICULTURE PLACE IS --- NURSERY OR HATCHERY. Natural : Pond, lake, canal. Fish farming Sometimes done with a crop plant--paddy
Capture: Nets, fishing boats. Caught using special fishing boats or mechanized boats
called as fishing trawlers.
BEE-KEEPING:
APICULTURE
HONEY BEE---- Honey-nutritive value and bees wax. Seen in buildings, fields, forests. Technique of rearing honey bees at commercial level for the Production of honey APICULTURE
RECTANGULAR CONTAINERS APIARY ,
These have frames for the bees to build hives They collect nectar and convert it into honey.
Apiaries ----khadi and village industry commision. They provide guidance and financially.
Needs low investments.
Farmers use it as additional income.
Honey is easily absorbed in the blood.
It is a medium for administering drugs---AYURVEDA SYSTEM

Indian bee
Rock bee Little bee
Apis cerana
Apis dorsata
Apis florae

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QUALITY FOOD, QUALITY LIFE

NUTRIENTS Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Vitamins Minerals GROWTH DEVELOPMENT HEALTH

India Densely populated Nation

LOT OF FOOD IS REQUIRED MORE LAND

To improve food production

Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug, an American agronomist

FATHER OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION

Prof. Verghese Kurien Chairman of the NDDB

FATHER OF WHITE REVOLUTION

BETTER CROP YIELDS

Cereals Pulses Oilseeds

Fruits, Vegetables, Spices

Rhodes grass, Barseem, sudan grass

What is CROP ???

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS TEMPERATURE PHOTOPERIODS SEASON SPECIFIC

Modern Techniques of Farming

BETTER variety of seeds

To obtain new variety having a combination of desired characteristics.

High yielding variety (hyv)

EXAMPLES OF HYBRID VARIETIES

JAYA T 141 SONALIKA ARJUN SONARA 64

BETTER CARE OF CROP PLANTS

NUTRIENTS ---FOOD FOR PLANTS

IRON ZINC CHLORINE

CARBON OXYGEN HYDROGEN NITROGEN CALCIUM SULPHUR PHOSPHORUS MAGNESIUM POTASSIUM

it has to be enriched by required nutrients in the form of MANURES & FERTILIZERS.

Nitrogen, Potassium & Phosphorus

Good vegetative growth, healthy plants

Their nutrients are different.So, there is maximum utilization of nutrients.

Protection of crops before & after HETEROTROPHS harvesting

PESTS, WEEDS & DISEASES

HOW TO PROTECT THE CROPS FROM PESTS?

Methods to control pests

Slow process, does not pollute environment.

NAME OF THE DISEASE

Storage of Food Material

Availability throughout the year

Does stored food grains or food stuffs get spoiled? How?

Temperature Moisture content of food Humidity of surrounding

Safe and proper storage of grains, pulses,fruits & vegetables is essential.

Large quantities of food grains are stored in warehouses known as GRANARIES

The branch of agriculture which deals with

FEEDING , SHELTER, HEALTH AND BREEDING of domestic animals.

Animal husbandry practices includes: .

Draught labour: Tilling ,irrigation, carting.

Hybrid varieties yield

Bos indicus (cows)

Bos bubalis ( buffaloes)

HYBRID VARITIES SELECTED AT NATIONAL LEVEL

Lal Khandhari, Devani, Killari, Dangi

Domestic fowl ---- Chicken meat

Number & quality of eggs &chicks.

Protein & vitamin rich food given to Increase their weight.

Reduces attack by virus, fungi, bacteria, parasites

A major sources of food.

Farmers use it as additional income.

Honey is easily absorbed in the blood.

It is a medium for administering drugs---AYURVEDA SYSTEM

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