Applied Dc and Ac Machines

DR: Amir Raouf Adly

 Introduction
Most of the electrical machine in service are AC type.
DC machine are of considerable industrial importance.
DC machine mainly used as DC motors and the DC
generators are rarely used.
DC motors provides a fine control of the speed which
can not be attained by AC motors.
DC motors can developed rated torque at all speeds
from standstill to rated speed.
Developed torque at standstill is many times greater
than the torque developed by an AC motor of equal
power and speed rating.
Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 3

Application of DC Machines

The d.c. machine can operate as either a motor or a

generator, at present its use as a generator is limited because
of the widespread use of ac power.

Large d.c. motors are used in machine tools, printing

presses, fans, pumps, cranes, paper mill, traction, textile mills
and so forth.

Small d.c. machines (fractional horsepower rating) are

used primarily as control device-such as tachogenerators for
speed sensing and servomotors for position and tracking.

Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 4

 Application of
DC Machines

DC Motor

Paper Mills
Oil Rigs

Steel Mills Robots

Dr. Adel GastliMining MCTE3210: Machine

Electromechanical
ToolsSystems & Actuators Petrochemical 5

Advantages & Disadvantages Of D.C. Motors

Advantages
• High starting torque
• Rapid acceleration and deceleration.
• Speed can be easily controlled over wide speed range.
• Used in tough gobs (traction motors, electric trains,
electric cars,….)
• Built in wide range of sizes.

Disadvantages
• Needs regular maintenance
• Cannot be used in explosive area
• High cost
Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 6
 Introduction

Electric Machine

Mechanical Electrical Electrical Motor Mechanical

Generator
Input Output Input Output

Electromechanical Energy Conversion

i
+ Ideal ω T Mechanical system
Electrical system v Electric Machine
_
Motor
Energy Flow v i=T ω
Generator

Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 7

Construction of DC Machine

Parts of a DC Machine
Armature core
Leading pole tip
Armature winding

Field coil

Rotation
Pole axis

Shaft Pole core

Trailing pole tip

Pole face
Field yoke

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 Construction of DC Machine
Shaft
Armature

Commutator

Stator

Field coil

Dr. Adel Gastli 2 Pole DC

MCTE3210: Machine
Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 9

Construction of DC Machine: Field System

The field system is to produce uniform magnetic field within which the armature
rotates. This consists of Yoke or frame: Acts as a mechanical support of the
machine

2000HP DC Motor field System

Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 10
 Construction of DC Machine: Armature

The rotor or the armature core, which carries the rotor or armature winding, is
made of sheet-steel laminations. The laminations are stacked together to form a
cylindrical structure
Teeth
Slots
Slots for wedges The armature coils that make the
armature winding are located in
the slots

Non-conducting slot liners are

wedged in between the coil and the
slot walls for protection from
abrasion, electrical insulation and
mechanical support

Cooling ducts for

air circulation
Portion of an armature lamination of a dc machine showing slots and teeth
Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 11

Construction of DC Machine: Armature

Armature of a DC Machine

Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 12

 Construction of DC Machine: Commutator
Commutator: is a mechanical rectifier, which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brush. It is
made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica and mounted on
the shaft of the machine. The armature windings are connected to the
commutator segments.

Commutator
Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 13

Construction of DC Machine: Brush

The purpose of the brush is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating
commutator and stationary external load circuit. It is made of carbon and rest
on the commutator.

Commutator and Brushes

Dr. Adel Gastli MCTE3210: Electromechanical Systems & Actuators 14

 Construction of DC Machine: Armature Winding

Top
coil sides

Top Bottom
coil sides coil sides

Commutator 1 2 3 1 2
Brush Brush

Elements of Lap Winding Elements of Wave Winding

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Construction of DC Machine: Armature Winding

End connection

Conductors

Turn Coil Winding

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 Construction of DC Machine: Armature Winding
a b c d e Lap Winding a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

N S N S
f g h f g h

19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
+ - + -

+ + Ia -
+ + +
+
- - - a=b= p
Icoil
// paths brushes poles
+ -
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Construction of DC Machine: Armature Winding

Wave Winding
a b c d e a b c d e

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

N S N S

i j k f g h
h
g
f
i j k
17 18 19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
- + - +

+ Ia +
+ + - +
+

Icoil a=2
- - Nb. of // paths
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-